From Jesus to Christ
GA 131
7 October 1911, Karlsruhe
Lecture III
We must now turn our attention to the relation between ordinary religious consciousness and the knowledge that can be gained through higher clairvoyant powers concerning the higher worlds in general, and in particular—this is specially relevant to our theme—concerning the relation of Christ Jesus to these higher worlds.
It will be clear to you all that the evolution of Christianity so far has been such that most persons have not been able to attain through their own clairvoyant knowledge to the mysteries of the Christ-Event. It must be granted that Christianity has entered into the hearts of countless human beings, and to a certain degree its essential nature has been recognised by countless souls; but these hearts and souls have not been able to look up to the higher worlds and so to receive clairvoyant vision of what really took place in human evolution through the Mystery of Golgotha and everything connected with it. Hence the knowledge that can be gained through clairvoyant consciousness itself, or through a person having accepted on one or other ground the communications of the seer concerning the mysteries of Christianity, must be carefully distinguished from the religious inclination to Christ and the intellectual leanings towards Him of a person who knows nothing of clairvoyant investigation.
Now you will all agree that during the centuries since the Mystery of Golgotha there have been men of all degrees of intellectual culture who have accepted the mysteries of Christianity in a deep inner way, and from what has been said lately in various lectures you will have felt that this is quite natural, for—as has been emphasised again and again—it is only in the twentieth century that a renewal of the Christ-Event will take place, for this is when a certain general heightening of human powers of cognition begins. It brings with it the possibility that in the course of the next 3,000 years, and without special clairvoyant preparation, more and more persons will be able to attain a direct vision of Christ Jesus.
This has never happened before. Until now there have been only two—or later on today we may perhaps discover three—sources of knowledge concerning the Christian mysteries for persons who could not rise by training to clairvoyant observation. One source was the Gospels and all that comes from the communications in the Gospels, or in the traditions connected with them. The second source of knowledge arose because there have always been clairvoyant individuals who could see into the higher worlds, and through their own knowledge brought down the facts of the Christ-Event. Other persons followed these individuals, receiving from them a ‘never-ending Gospel’, which could continually come into the world through those who were clairvoyant. These two seem at first to be the only two sources in the evolution of Christian humanity up to the present time. And, now from the twentieth century onwards, a third begins. It arises because for more and more people an extension, an enhancement, of their cognitional powers, not brought about through meditation, concentration and other exercises will occur. As we have often said, more and more persons will be able to renew for themselves the experience of Paul on the road to Damascus. Hence we can say of the ensuing period that it will provide a direct means of perceiving the significance and the Being of Christ Jesus.
Now the first question that will naturally occur to you is this: What is the essential difference between the clairvoyant vision of Christ which has always been possible as a result of the esoteric development described yesterday, and the vision of Christ which will come to people, without esoteric development, in the next 3,000 years, beginning from our twentieth century?
There is certainly an important difference. And it would be false to believe that what the seer through his clairvoyant development sees today in the higher worlds concerning the Christ-Event, and what has been seen clairvoyantly concerning the Christ-Event since the Mystery of Golgotha, is exactly the same as the vision which will come to an ever greater and greater number of people. These are two quite different things. As to how far they differ, we must ask clairvoyant research how it is that from the twentieth century onwards Christ Jesus will enter more and more into the ordinary consciousness of men. The reason is as follows.
Just as on the physical plane in Palestine, at the beginning of our era, an event occurred in which the most important part was taken by Christ Himself—an event which has its significance for the whole of humanity—so in the course of the twentieth century, towards the end of the twentieth century, a significant event will again take place, not in the physical world, but in the world we usually call the world of the etheric. And this event will have as fundamental a significance for the evolution of humanity as the event of Palestine had at the beginning of our era. Just as we must say that for Christ Himself the event of Golgotha had a significance that with this very event a God died, a God overcame death—we will speak later concerning the way this is to be understood; the deed had not happened before and it is an accomplished fact which will not happen again—so an event of profound significance will take place in the etheric world. And the occurrence of this event, an event connected with the Christ Himself, will make it possible for men to learn to see the Christ, to look upon Him.
What is this event? It consists in the fact that a certain office in the Cosmos, connected with the evolution of humanity in the twentieth century, passes over in a heightened form to the Christ. Occult clairvoyant research tells us that in our epoch Christ becomes the Lord of Karma for human evolution. This event marks the beginning of something that we find intimated also in the New Testament: He will come again to separate, or to bring about the crisis for, the living and the dead.1Acts 10:42 "to testify that He is the one ordained by God to be judge of the living and dead." and II Timothy 4:1 "Christ Jesus who is to judge the living and the dead." Only, according to occult research, this is not to be understood as though it were a single event for all time which takes place on the physical plane. It is connected with the whole future evolution of humanity. And whereas Christianity and Christian evolution were hitherto a kind of preparation, we now have the significant fact that Christ becomes the Lord of Karma, so that in the future it will rest with Him to decide what our karmic account is, how our credit and debit in life are related.
This has been common knowledge in Western occultism for many centuries, and is denied by no occultist who knows these things. But recently it has been verified again with the utmost care, by every means available to occult research. We will now enter more exactly into these matters.
Ask all those who know something of the truth about these things, and you will find everywhere one fact confirmed, but a fact which only at this present stage in the development of our Movement could be made known. Everything which can make our minds receptive towards such a fact had first to be gathered together. You can find in occult literature information concerning these matters if you wish to search for it. However, I shall take no account of the literature; I shall only bring forward the corresponding facts.
When certain conditions are described, including those I have dealt with myself, a picture has to be given of the world a man enters on passing through the gate of death. Now there are a great many men, especially those who have gone through the development of Western civilisation—these things are not the same for all peoples—who experience a quite definite event in the moment following the separation of the etheric body after death. We know that on passing through the gate of death we separate ourselves from the physical body. The individual is at first still connected for a time with his etheric body, but afterwards lie separates his astral body and also his Ego from the etheric body. We know that he takes with him an extract of his etheric body; we know also that the main part of the etheric body goes another way; generally it becomes part of the cosmic ether, either dissolving completely—this happens only under imperfect conditions—or continuing to work on as an enduring active form. When the individual has stripped off his etheric body he passes over into the Kamaloka region for the period of purification in the soul-world. Before this, however, he undergoes a quite special experience which has not previously been mentioned, because, as I said, the time was not ripe for it. Now, however, these things will be fully accepted by all who are qualified to judge them.
Before entering Kamaloka, the individual experiences a meeting with a quite definite Being who presents him with his karmic account. And this Being, who stood there as a kind of bookkeeper for the karmic Powers, had for many men the form of Moses. Hence the mediaeval formula which originated in Rosicrucianism: Moses presents man in the hour of death—the phrase is not quite accurate, but that is immaterial here—Moses presents man in the hour of his death with the record of his sins, and at the same time points to the ‘stern law’. Thus the man can recognise how he has departed from this stern law which he ought to have followed.
In the course of our time—and this is the significant point—this office passes over to Christ Jesus, and man will ever more and more meet Christ Jesus as his Judge, his karmic Judge. That is the super-sensible event. Just as on the physical plane, at the beginning of our era, the event of Palestine took place, so in our time the office of Karmic Judge passes over to Christ Jesus in the higher world next to our own. This event works into the physical world, on the physical plane, in such a way that men will develop towards it the feeling that by all their actions they will be causing something for which they will be accountable to the judgment of Christ. This feeling, now appearing quite naturally in the course of human development, will be transformed so that it permeates the soul with a light which little by little will shine out from the individual himself, and will illuminate the form of Christ in the etheric world. And the more this feeling is developed—a feeling that will have stronger significance than the abstract conscience—the more will the etheric Form of Christ be visible in the coming centuries. We shall have to characterise this fact more exactly in the next few days, and we shall then see that a quite new event has come to pass, an event which works into the Christ-development of humanity.
With regard to the evolution of Christianity on the physical plane, let us now ask whether for the non-clairvoyant consciousness there was not also a third way, over against the two already given. Such a third way was in fact always there, for all Christian evolution. It had to be there. The objective evolution of humanity is not directed in accordance with the opinions of men, but in accordance with objective facts.
Concerning Christ Jesus there have been many opinions in the course of the centuries, or the Councils and Church assemblies and theologians would not have disputed so much among themselves; and in no period, perhaps, have so many people held various views of the Christ as in our own. Facts, however, are not determined by human opinions, but by the forces actually present in human evolution. These facts could be recognised by many more people simply through noticing what the Gospels have to say, if people had the patience and perseverance to look at things really without prejudice, and if they were not too quick and biased in considering the objective facts. Most people, however, do not want to form a picture of Christ according to the facts, but one that suits their own likings and represents their own ideal. And it must be said that in a certain respect Theosophists of all shades of opinion do this very thing today. When, for example, certain highly developed individuals who have attained an advanced stage of human evolution are spoken of in theosophical literature as Masters, or Adepts, this is a truth that cannot be disputed by anyone who knows the facts. It applies to individuals who have had many incarnations; through exercises and holy life they have pressed on in advance of mankind and have acquired powers which the rest of humanity will acquire only in the future. It is natural and right that a student of Theosophy who has acquired some knowledge concerning the Masters, the Adepts, should feel the highest respect for such lofty individuals. If we go on to contemplate so sublime a life as that of Buddha, we must agree that Buddha should be looked on as one of the highest Adepts. And we shall then be able to gain through our minds and feelings an inward relationship to such a person.
Now because the Theosophist approaches the figure of Christ Jesus on the ground of this theosophical knowledge and feeling, he will naturally feel a certain need—and a very comprehensible need—to connect with his Christ Jesus the same concept he has formed of a Master, of an Adept, perhaps of Buddha; and he may be impelled to say: ‘Jesus of Nazareth must be thought of as a great Adept!’ This preconceived opinion would turn upside down any knowledge of the real nature of Christ. And it would be no more than a preconceived opinion only prejudice, although an understandable one. How shall someone who has won the deepest, most intimate relationship to the Christ not place the bearer of the Christ-Being in the same rank as the Master, the Adept, or the Buddha? Why should he not? This must seem to us quite comprehensible. Perhaps to such a person it would seem like a depreciation of Jesus of Nazareth if we were not to do so. But by applying this concept to Jesus of Nazareth we are led away from directing our thought according to the facts, at least as these facts have found their way to us through tradition. Anyone who examines without bias the traditional records—disregarding all opinions offered by Church Councils and Fathers and so on—will not fail to recognise one fact: Jesus of Nazareth cannot be called an Adept.
Where in tradition do we find anything which allows us to apply to Jesus of Nazareth the concept of the Adept as we have it in theosophical teaching? In the first periods of Christianity one thing was emphasised: that Jesus of Nazareth was a man like any other, a weak man like any other. And those who uphold the saying, ‘Jesus was truly man’ understand most nearly who it was that came into the world. Thus if we pay proper heed to the tradition, no idea of ‘Adept’ is to be found there. And if you remember all that has been said in past lectures concerning the development of Jesus of Nazareth—the history of the Jesus-child in whom up to his twelfth year Zarathustra lived, and the history of the other Jesus-child in whom Zarathustra then lived up to his thirtieth year—you will certainly say: Here we have to do with a special man, a man for whose existence the world's history, the world's evolution, made the greatest preparations, evident from the fact that two human bodies were formed, and in one of them up to the twelfth year, and in the other from the twelfth to the thirtieth year, the Zarathustra-individuality dwelt.
Since these two Jesus-figures were such significant individualities, Jesus of Nazareth certainly stands high; but not in the same way as an Adept does, for the Adept goes forward continuously from incarnation to incarnation. And apart from this: in the thirtieth year, when the Christ-Individuality enters into the body of Jesus of Nazareth, this very Jesus of Nazareth forsakes his body, and from the moment of the Baptism by John—even if we do not now speak of the Christ—we have to do with a human being who must be designated in the truest sense of the word as a ‘mere man’, save that he is the bearer of the Christ. But we must distinguish between the bearer of the Christ and the Christ Himself. Once the body which was to be the bearer of the Christ had been forsaken by the Zarathustra-individuality, there dwelt in it no human individuality who had attained any specially high development. The stage of development shown by Jesus of Nazareth sprang from the fact that the Zarathustra-individuality dwelt in him. As we know, however, this human nature was forsaken by the Zarathustra-individuality. Thus it was that this human nature, directly the Christ-Individuality had taken possession of it, brought against Him all that otherwise comes forth from human nature—the Tempter. That is why the Christ could go through the extremities of despair and sorrow, as shown to us in the happenings on the Mount of Olives.
Anyone who leaves out of account these essential points cannot come to a real knowledge of the Being of the Christ. The Christ-bearer was truly man—not an Adept. Recognition of this fact will open for us a first glimpse into the whole nature of the events of Golgotha, the events of Palestine. If we were to look upon Christ Jesus simply as a high Adept, we should have to place Him in a line with other Adept-natures. Some people may perhaps tell us that we do not do this because from the very outset, owing to some preconceived idea, we want to place Christ Jesus beyond all other Adepts, as a still higher Adept. Those who might say this are not aware of what we have to impart as the results of occult research in our time.
The question is not in the very least whether the prestige of other Adepts would be impaired. Within the world-conception to which we must adhere according to the occult results of the present time, we know just as well as others that there existed as a contemporary of Christ Jesus another significant individuality whom we regard as a true Adept. And unless we go into exact details, it is even difficult for us to distinguish inwardly this human being from Christ Jesus, for he really appears quite like Him. When, for instance, we hear that this contemporary of Christ Jesus was announced before his birth by a heavenly vision, it reminds us of the annunciation of the birth of Jesus, as told in the Gospels. When we hear that he was not designated merely as of human birth, but as a son of the Gods, this reminds us again of the beginning of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. When we hear that the birth of this individuality took his mother by surprise, so that she was overwhelmed, we are reminded of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth, and of the events in Bethlehem, as told in the Gospels. When we hear that the individuality grew up and surprised all around him by his wise answers to the questions from the priests, it reminds us of the scene of the twelve-year-old Jesus in the Temple. When we are told that this individuality came to Rome and met there the funeral procession of a young girl, that the procession was brought to a halt and that he awakened the dead, we are reminded of an awakening from the dead in the Gospel of Luke. And if we wish to speak of miracles, numberless miracles are recorded in connection with this individuality, who was a contemporary of Christ Jesus. Indeed, the similarity goes so far that after the death of this individuality he is said to have appeared to men, as Christ Jesus appeared after His death to the disciples. And when from the Christian side all possible reasons are brought forward either to depreciate this being or to deny altogether his historical existence, this is no less ingenious than what is said against the historical existence of Christ Jesus Himself. The individuality in question is Apollonius of Tyana, and of him we speak as a really high Adept.
If we now ask about the essential difference between the Christ Jesus event and the Apollonius event, we must be clear what the important point in the Apollonius event is.
Apollonius of Tyana is an individuality who went through many incarnations; he won for himself high powers and reached a certain climax in his incarnation at the beginning of our era. Hence the individual we are considering is he who lived in the body of Apollonius of Tyana and had therein his earthly field of action. It is with him that we are concerned. Now we know that a human individuality takes part in the building up of his earthly body. Hence we must say: the body of this individuality was built up by him to a certain form for his own particular use. This we cannot say of Christ Jesus. In the thirtieth year of Jesus of Nazareth the Christ came into the physical body, etheric body, and astral body of Jesus; hence He had not himself built up this body from childhood. The relationship between the Christ-Individuality and this body is quite different from that between the Apollonius-individuality and his body. When in the spirit we turn our gaze to Apollonius of Tyana, we say: ‘It is the concern of this individuality, and his concern plays itself out as the life of Apollonius of Tyana.’ If we want to represent in a diagram a life-course of this kind, we can do it like this:

Let the continuous individuality be shown by the horizontal line; then we have in (a) a first incarnation, in (b) a life between death and a new birth, in (c) a second incarnation followed again by (d) a life between death and a new birth, then a third incarnation, (e) and so on. That which passes through all these incarnations—the human individuality—is like a thread of human life, independent of the sheaths of the astral body, etheric body and physical body, and also, between death and a new birth, independent of those parts of the etheric body and astral body which remain behind. Thus the life-thread is always separated from the external Cosmos.

If we want to represent the nature of the Christ-life, we must draw it otherwise. When we consider the preceding incarnations of Jesus of Nazareth, the Christ-life certainly develops in a certain way. But when we draw the life-thread, we have to show that in the thirtieth year of the life of Jesus of Nazareth the individuality forsakes this body, so that from now onwards we have only the sheaths of physical body, etheric body and astral body.
The forces which the individuality develops, however, are not in the external sheaths. They lie in the life-thread of the Ego, which goes from incarnation to incarnation. Thus the forces which belonged to the Zarathustra-individuality, and were present in the body of Jesus of Nazareth, preparing that body, pass out with the Zarathustra-individuality. Hence the sheaths which remain are a normal human organism, not in any sense the organism of an Adept, but the organism of a simple man, a weak man. And now the objective event occurs: whereas in other cases the life-thread simply goes farther, as in (a) and (b), it now turns along a side path (c); for through the Baptism by John in Jordan the Christ-Being entered into the threefold organism. In this organism the Christ-Being lived from the Baptism until the thirty-third year, until the Event of Golgotha, as we have often described.
Whose concern, then, is the life of Christ Jesus from the thirtieth to the thirty-third year? It is not the concern of the individuality who went from incarnation to incarnation, but of that Individuality who from out of the Cosmos entered into the body of Jesus of Nazareth; the concern of an Individuality, a Being who was never before connected with the earth, who from out of the Universe connected Himself with a human body. In this sense the event which took place between the thirtieth and thirty-third years of the life of Christ Jesus, between the John-Baptism and the Mystery of Golgotha, are those of the Divine Being, Christ, not of a man. Hence this event was not a concern of the earth but a concern of the super-sensible worlds, for it had nothing to do with a man. As a sign of this—that it had to do with no man—the human being who had dwelt in this body up to the thirtieth year forsook it.
These happenings have originally something to do with events that took place before such a life-thread as our human one had passed into a physical human organization. We must go back to the ancient Lemurian time, into the age wherein human individualities, coming from Divine heights, incarnated for the first time in earthly bodies; back to the event which is indicated for us in the Old Testament as the Temptation through the Serpent. This event is of a very remarkable kind. From its outcome all men suffer as long as they are subject to incarnation. For if this event had not happened, the whole evolution of mankind on the earth would have been different, and men would have passed in a much more perfect condition from incarnation to incarnation. Through this event, however, they become more closely entangled in matter, allegorically designated as the ‘Fall of Man’. But it was the Fall that first called man to his present individuality; so that, as he goes as an individuality from incarnation to incarnation, he is not responsible for the Fall. We know that the Luciferic spirits were responsible for the Fall. Hence we must say that before man became man in the earthly sense, there occurred the divine, super-sensible event by which a deeper entanglement in matter was laid upon him. Through this event man has indeed attained to the power of love and to freedom, but through it something was laid upon him that he could not lay upon himself by his own power. This becoming entangled in matter was not a human act, but a deed of the Gods, which happened before men could cooperate in their own fate. It is something which the Higher Powers of progressive evolution arranged with the Luciferic powers. We shall have to go into all these events and characterise them more exactly. Today we will place only the chief point before our minds.
What happened at that time needed a counterpoise. The pre-human event—the Fall of Man—needed a counterpoise, but this again was a concern not of human beings, but of the Gods among themselves. And we shall see that this action had to take its course as deeply in matter as the first action had taken place above it. The God had to descend as deeply into matter as He had allowed man to sink into matter.
Let this fact work upon you with its full weight; then you will understand that this incarnation of the Christ in Jesus of Nazareth was something that concerned Christ Himself. And what part was man called upon to take in it? First of all, as spectator, to see how the God compensates for the Fall, how He provides the compensating act. It would not have been possible to do this within the personality of an Adept, for an Adept is one who by his own efforts has worked his way out of the Fall. It was possible only in a personality who was truly man—who, as man, did not surpass other men. This personality had surpassed them before he was thirty years of age—but no longer. Through that which then took place, a Divine event was accomplished in the evolution of mankind, just as had been done at the beginning of human evolution in the Lemurian time. And men were partakers in a transaction which had taken place among Gods; men could look upon it, because the Gods had to make use of the world of the physical plane in order to let their transaction play itself out to the end. Hence it is much better to say: ‘Christ offered to the Gods the atonement which He could offer only in a physical human body’, than to use any other form of words. Man was a spectator of a Divine occasion.
Through this atonement something had happened for human nature. Men simply experienced it in the course of their development. Thereby the third way was opened, besides the two already indicated.
Men who have gone deeply into the nature of Christianity have often pointed out these three ways. From among the large number of those who could be named I will mention only two who have given eminent testimony to the fact that Christ—who from the twentieth century onwards will be seen through the more highly developed faculties—can be recognised, felt, experienced, through feelings which were not possible in the same form before the Event of Golgotha.
There is, for example, a man who in his whole cast of mind can be looked upon as a sharp opponent of what we have characterised as Jesuitism: Blaise Pascal, a great figure in spiritual history, standing forth as one who has set aside all that had arisen to the detriment of the old Churches, but has also absorbed nothing of modern rationalism. As always with great minds, he really remained alone with his thoughts. But what is the fundamental feature of his thinking at the beginning of the modern period? When we look into the matter we see from the writings he left behind, particularly from his inspiring Pensées—a book accessible to anyone—how he perceived and felt what man must have become if the Christ-Event had not taken place in the world.
In the secrecy of his soul, Pascal set himself the question: What would have become of man if no Christ had entered into human evolution? And he replied: We can feel that in his soul man encounters two dangers. One danger is that he should recognise God as identical with his own being: knowledge of God in knowledge of man. Whither does this lead? When it arises so that man recognises himself as God, it leads to pride, haughtiness, arrogance; and man destroys his best powers because he hardens them in haughtiness and pride. This is a knowledge of God that would always have been possible, even if no Christ had come, even if the Christ-Event had not worked as an impulse in the hearts of all men. Human beings would always have been able to recognize God, but they would have become proud through this consciousness in their own breasts. Or there might be human beings who hide themselves from the knowledge of God, who want to know nothing about God. Their gaze falls on something else; it falls on human powerlessness, on human misery, and then of necessity there follows human despair. That would have been the other danger, the danger of those who had put away from them the knowledge of God.
Only these two ways, said Pascal, are possible: pride and arrogance, or despair. Then the Christ-Event entered into human evolution, and worked so that every man received a power which not only enabled him to experience God, but the very God who had become like unto men, who had lived with men. That is the sole remedy for pride: when we turn our gaze upon the God who bowed Himself to the Cross; when the soul looks to Christ bowing Himself to death on the Cross. And that, too, is the only healing for despair. For this is not a humility that makes a man weak, but a humility that gives healing strength which transcends despair. As the mediator between pride and despair, there dawns in the human soul the Helper, the Saviour, as Pascal understood Him. This can be felt by every man, even without clairvoyance. This is the preparation for the Christ who from the twentieth century onwards will be visible for all men; who as the Healer for pride and despair will arise in every human breast, but earlier could not be felt in the same way.
The second witness I would summon from the long line of men who have this feeling, a feeling that every Christian can make his own, is one already mentioned in many other connections, Vladimir Soloviev. Soloviev also points to two powers in human nature, between which the personal Christ must stand as a mediator. There is a duality, he says, for which the human soul longs: immortality, and wisdom or moral perfection; but neither belongs to human nature from the start. Human nature shares the characteristic of all natures, and nature leads not to immortality, but to death. In beautiful meditations this great thinker of modern times works out how external science shows that death extends over everything. If we look at external nature, our knowledge replies, ‘Death is!’ But within us lives the longing for immortality. Why? Because of our longing for perfection. We have only to glance into the human soul to see that a longing for perfection lives in us. Just as truly, says Soloviev, as the red rose is endowed with red colour, so truly is the human soul endowed with the longing for perfection. But to strive after perfection without longing for immortality, he continues, is to give the lie to existence. It would be meaningless if the soul were to end with death, as all natural being ends. Yet all natural existence tells us, ‘Death is!’ Hence the human soul is under the necessity of going beyond natural existence and seeking the answer elsewhere.
Proceeding from this thought, Soloviev says: Look at the natural scientists, what answer do they give when they wish to teach the connection of the human soul with nature? A mechanical natural order, they say, prevails and man is part of it. And what do the philosophers answer? That the spiritual, meaning an empty abstract thought-world which pervades all the facts of nature, is to be recognised philosophically. Neither of these statements is an answer for a man who is conscious of himself, and asks from out of his consciousness, ‘What is perfection?’ If he is conscious that he has a longing for perfection, a longing for the life of truth, if he asks what Power can satisfy this longing, there opens for him an outlook into a realm, the realm of Grace over and above nature, which at first stands before the soul as a riddle; and unless the answer to it can be found, the soul is constrained to regard itself as a falsehood. No philosophy, no natural science, can connect the realm of Grace with existence, for natural forces work mechanically, and thought-powers have only thought-reality. But what is it that is able, with full reality, to unite the soul with nature? He Who is the personal Christ working in the world. And only the living Christ, not one that is merely thought of, can give the answer. Anything that works merely in the soul leaves the soul alone, for the soul cannot of itself give birth to the kingdom of Grace. That which transcends nature, which like nature itself stands there as a real fact, the personal historic Christ—He it is who gives not an intellectual answer but a real answer.
And now Soloviev comes to the most complete, the most fully spiritual answer that can be given at the end of the period now closing, before the doors open to that which has so often been intimated to you: the vision of Christ which will have its beginning in the twentieth century. In the light of these facts, a name can be given to the consciousness which Pascal and Soloviev have so memorably described: we can call it Faith. So, too, it has been named by others.
With the concept of Faith we can come from two directions into a strange conflict regarding the human soul. Go through the evolution of the concept of Faith and see what the critics have said about it. Today men are so far advanced that they say Faith must be guided by knowledge, and a Faith not supported by knowledge must be put aside. Faith must be dethroned, as it were, and replaced by knowledge. In the Middle Ages the things of the Higher Worlds were apprehended by Faith, and Faith was held to be justified on its own account.
The fundamental principle of Protestantism, also, is that Faith, alongside knowledge, is to be looked upon as justified. Faith is something which goes forth from the human soul, and alongside of it is the knowledge which ought to be common to all. It is interesting to see how Kant, whom many consider a great philosopher, did not get beyond this concept of Faith. His idea is that what a man should attain concerning such matters as God, immortality and so forth, ought to shine in from quite other regions, but only through a moral faith, not through knowledge.
The highest development of the concept of Faith comes with Soloviev, who stands before the closed door as the most significant thinker of his time, pointing already to the modern world. For Soloviev knows a Faith quite different from all previous concepts of it. Whither has the prevailing concept of Faith led humanity? It has brought humanity to the atheistic, materialistic demand for mere knowledge of the external world, in line with Lutheran and Kantian ideas, or in the sense of the Monistic philosophy of the nineteenth century; to the demand for the knowledge which boasts of knowledge, and considers Faith as something that the human soul had framed for itself out of its necessary weakness up to a certain time in the past. The concept of Faith has finally come to this, because Faith was regarded as merely subjective. In the preceding centuries Faith had been demanded as a necessity. In the nineteenth century Faith is attacked just because it finds itself in opposition to the universally valid knowledge which should stem from the human soul.
And then comes a philosopher who recognises and prizes the concept Faith in order to attain a relationship to Christ that had not previously been possible. He sees this Faith, in so far as it relates to Christ, as an act of necessity, of inner duty.
For with Soloviev the question is not, ‘to believe or not to believe’; Faith is for him a necessity in itself. His view is that we have a duty to believe in Christ, for otherwise we paralyse ourselves and give the lie to our existence. As the crystal form emerges in a mineral substance, so does Faith arise in the human soul as something natural to itself. Hence the soul must say: ‘If I recognise the truth, and not a lie about myself, then in my own soul I must realise Faith. Faith is a duty laid upon me, but I cannot do otherwise than come to it through my own free act.’ And therein Soloviev sees the distinctive mark of the Christ-Deed, that Faith is both a necessity and at the same time a morally free act. It is as though it were said to the soul: You can do nothing else. If you do not wish to extinguish the self within you, you must acquire Faith for yourself; but it must be by your own free act! And, like Pascal, Soloviev brings that which the soul experiences, in order not to feel itself a lie, into connection with the historic Christ Jesus as He entered into human evolution through the events in Palestine. Because of this, Soloviev says: If Christ had not entered into human evolution, so that He has to be thought of as the historic Christ; if He had not brought it about that the soul perceives the inwardly free act as much as the lawful necessity of Faith, the human soul in our post-Christian times would feel itself bound to extinguish itself and to say, not ‘I am’, but ‘I am not’. That, according to this philosopher, would have been the course of evolution in post-Christian times: an inner consciousness would have permeated the human soul with the ‘I am not’.1Cf. Carlyle's famous account in Sartor Resartus, Book II, Chapter VII, of his encounter with a repudiation of the ‘Everlasting No’. (Translator's note.) Directly the soul pulls itself together to the point of attributing real existence to itself, it cannot do otherwise than turn back to the historic Christ Jesus.
Here we have, for exoteric thought also, a step forward along the path of Faith in establishing the third way. Through the message of the Gospels, a person not able to look into the spiritual world can come to recognition of Christ. Through that which the consciousness of the seer can impart to him, he can likewise come to a recognition of the Christ. But there was also a third way, the way of self-knowledge, and as the witnesses cited, together with thousands and thousands of other human beings, can testify from their own experience, it leads to a recognition that self-knowledge in post-Christian time is impossible without placing Christ Jesus by the side of man and a corresponding recognition that the soul must either deny itself, or, if it wills to affirm itself, it must at the same time affirm Christ Jesus.
Why this was not so in pre-Christian times will be shown in the next few days.
Dritter Vortrag
Was uns zunächst beschäftigen muß, ist das Verhältnis des allgemeinen religiösen Bewußtseins zu jenem Wissen, zu jener Erkenntnis, welche sich der Mensch verschaffen kann von den höheren Welten im allgemeinen und — für unser Thema kommt ja das besonders in Betracht — zu jener Erkenntnis, von der Beziehung des Christus Jesus zu diesen höheren Welten, die zu erlangen ist durch höhere hellseherische Kräfte. Denn Ihnen allen ist ja klar, daß weitaus für die meisten Menschen die Entwickelung des Christentums bisher so war, daß diese Menschen nicht durch eigene hellsichtige Erkenntnis zu den Geheimnissen des christlichen Geschehens kommen konnten. Oder mit anderen Worten: Es muß zugegeben werden, daß das Christentum in unzählige Menschenherzen eingezogen ist, bis zu einem gewissen Grade in seiner Wesenheit auch von unzähligen Seelen erkannt worden ist, ohne daß diese Herzen und Seelen imstande gewesen wären hinaufzublicken zu den höheren Welten, um aus der Erkenntnis der höheren Welten eine hellseherische Anschauung von dem zu bekommen, was eigentlich mit dem Mysterium von Golgatha und alledem, was damit zusammenhängt, für die Menschheitsentwickelung vorgegangen ist. Wir werden deshalb von der Hinneigung der Religionen und der Erkenntnishinneigung desjenigen Menschen, der noch nichts weiß von übersinnlicher Forschung, zum Christus, genau unterscheiden müssen das, was nur gewußt werden kann entweder durch das hellsichtige Bewußtsein selber oder dadurch, daß man aus irgendwelchem Grunde die Mitteilung der hellseherischen Forscher über die Geheimnisse des Christentums empfängt.
Nun werden Sie alle zugeben, daß im Verlaufe der Jahrhunderte, die vergangen sind seit dem Mysterium von Golgatha, in inniger, tiefer Weise Menschen aller Grade von Geistesbildung sich zu den Geheimnissen des Christentums bekennend gefunden haben. Und Sie werden aus dem, was in den verschiedenen Vorträgen gerade der letzten Zeit gesagt worden ist, den Eindruck erhalten haben, daß dies im Grunde genommen eine ganz natürliche Tatsache ist; denn erst im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert — das ist ja immer wieder betont worden — wird in einer gewissen Weise eine Erneuerung des Christus-Ereignisses stattfinden, indem eine gewisse höhere Entwickelung der allgemeinen menschlichen Erkenntniskräfte beginnt, und dadurch die Möglichkeit herbeigeführt wird, daß im Laufe der nächsten drei Jahrtausende, auch ohne eine besondere hellseherische Vorbereitung, immer mehr und mehr Menschen eine unmittelbare Anschauung von dem Christus Jesus werden erlangen können. Aber das war eben bis jetzt nicht der Fall. Bis jetzt gab es sozusagen nur zwei — oder wir werden vielleicht gerade heute herausbringen — drei Erkenntnisquellen für die christlichen Geheimnisse bei denjenigen Menschen, die nicht zu hellsichtigen Betrachtungen künstlich aufstiegen.
Die eine Quelle waren die Evangelien und alles, was aus den Mitteilungen der Evangelien oder der sich daran anschließenden 'Tradition kommt. Die andere Erkenntnisquelle erfloß dadurch, daß eben immer hellseherische Menschen da waren, die hineinschauen konnten in die höheren Welten und durch ihre eigene Erkenntnis die Tatsachen des Christus-Ereignisses heruntertrugen und daß sich ihnen Menschen anschlossen, gleichsam auf ein immerwährendes Evangelium hin, das durch die hellseherischen Menschen immerdar in die Welt kommen konnte. Das scheinen zunächst die zwei einzigen Quellen zu sein in der bisherigen Entwickelung der christlichen Menschheit.
Und jetzt vom zwanzigsten Jahrhundert ab beginnt eine weitere. Sie tritt dadurch auf, daß bei immer mehr und mehr Menschen eine Erweiterung, eine Erhöhung der nicht durch Meditationen, Konzentrationen und sonstige Übungen herbeigeführten Erkenntniskräfte stattfindet. Immer mehr und mehr Menschen werden für sich selber erneuern können — wie wir öfter gesagt haben — das PaulusEreignis vor Damaskus. Dadurch wird ein Zeitalter beginnen, von dem wir sagen können: es liefert eine direkte Anschauungsweise von der Bedeutung und der Wesenheit des Christus Jesus.
Nun wird natürlich zunächst bei Ihnen die Frage entstehen: Welches ist denn nun eigentlich der Unterschied zwischen dem, was immer schon möglich war für das hellseherische Bewußtsein, zwischen der Anschauung des Christus Jesus, wie sie gestern als eine Folge der esoterischen Entwickelung geschildert worden ist, und dem, was ohne diese esoterische Entwickelung die Menschen sehen werden in den nächsten drei Jahrtausenden, von unserm zwanzigsten Jahrhundert angefangen?
Da ist allerdings ein beträchtlicher Unterschied. Und es würde falsch sein, zu glauben, daß das, was der Hellseher heute durch seine hellseherische Entwickelung in den höheren Welten über das ChristusEreignis erschaut, und das was die Hellseher seit dem Mysterium von Golgatha über dieses Christus-Ereignis gesehen haben, etwa ganz genau dasselbe sei wie das, was da kommen wird als anschaulich für eine immer größere und größere Anzahl von Menschen. Das sind zwei ganz voneinander verschiedene Dinge. Und wenn wir eine Antwort haben wollen auf die Frage, inwiefern diese zwei Dinge verschieden sind, dann können wir sie uns nur dadurch geben, daß wir zunächst die hellseherische Forschung fragen: Woher kommt es denn überhaupt, daß vom zwanzigsten Jahrhundert ab der Christus Jesus immer mehr hereintreten wird in das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein der Menschen? — Das hat folgenden Grund.
Ebenso wie auf dem physischen Plan im Beginne unserer Zeitrechnung in Palästina ein Ereignis sich abgespielt hat, in welchem der Christus die wesentlichste Rolle spielte, ein Ereignis, das Bedeutung hat für die ganze Menschheit, so wird sich im Laufe des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts, gegen das Ende des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts zu, wiederum ein bedeutsames Ereignis abspielen; allerdings nicht in der physischen Welt, sondern in den höheren Welten, und zwar in derjenigen Welt, die wir zunächst als die Welt des Ätherischen bezeichnen. Und dieses Ereignis wird ebenso grundlegende Bedeutung für die Entwickelung der Menschheit haben, wie das Ereignis von Palästina im Beginne unserer Zeitrechnung. Gerade wie wir sagen müssen: für den Christus selber hatte das Ereignis von Golgatha die Bedeutung, daß eben mit diesem Ereignisse ein Gott gestorben ist, ein Gott den Tod überwunden hat — in welcher Weise das zu verstehen ist, darüber werden wir noch sprechen, das war vorher nicht geschehen, und nachher ist es eine vollzogene Tatsache —, so wird sich ein Ereignis abspielen von tiefgehender Bedeutung, das nur nicht auf dem physischen Plane sich vollzieht, sondern in der ätherischen Welt. Und dadurch, daß dieses Ereignis sich vollzieht, daß mit dem Christus selber sich ein Ereignis vollzieht, dadurch wird die Möglichkeit geschaffen, daß eben die Menschen den Christus sehen lernen, schauen werden.
Welches ist dieses Ereignis?
Dieses Ereignis ist kein anderes, als daß ein gewisses Amt im Weltenall für die menschheitliche Entwickelung in dem zwanzigsten Jahrhundert übergeht — in einer erhöhteren Weise übergeht, als das bis jetzt der Fall war — an den Christus. Und zwar lehrt uns die okkulte, die hellseherische Forschung, daß in unserm Zeitalter das Wichtige eintritt, daß der Christus der Herr des Karma für die Menschheitsentwickelung wird. Und dies ist der Beginn für dasjenige, was wir auch in den Evangelien mit den Worten angedeutet finden: Er werde wiederkommen, zu scheiden oder die Krisis herbeizuführen für die Lebendigen und die Toten. — Nur ist im Sinne der okkulten Forschung dieses Ereignis nicht so zu verstehen, als ob es ein einmaliges Ereignis wäre, das auf dem physischen Plan sich abspielt, sondern es hängt mit der ganzen zukünftigen Entwickelung der Menschheit zusammen. Und während das Christentum und die christliche Entwickelung bisher eine Art von Vorbereitung bedeutet, tritt jetzt das Bedeutsame ein, daß der Christus der Herr des Karma wird, daß ihm es obliegen wird, in der Zukunft zu bestimmen, welches unser karmisches Konto ist, wie unser Soll und Haben im Leben sich zueinander verhalten.
Dies, was jetzt gesagt wird, ist eine gemeinsame Erkenntnis des abendländischen Okkultismus seit vielen Jahrhunderten und wird von keinem Okkultisten, der diese Dinge weiß, geleugnet. Aber es ist insbesondere in den letzten Zeiten mit allen sorgfältigen Mitteln der okkulten Forschung wiederum erneut festgestellt. Und wir wollen uns einmal eine genauere Vorstellung von dem bilden, was jetzt gesagt worden ist.
Fragen Sie alle diejenigen, welche über diese Dinge etwas Wahrhaftiges wissen, so werden Sie überall eine Tatsache bestätigt finden, welche allerdings, um ausgesprochen zu werden, sozusagen unsern jetzigen Zeitpunkt anthroposophischer Entwickelung erst fordert; weil alles, was unser Gemüt geeignet machen kann, um eine solche Tatsache hinzunehmen, erst zusammengetragen werden mußte. Dennoch können Sie selbst in der okkulten Literatur darüber Ausdrücke finden, wenn Sie sie suchen wollen. Aber ich nehme auf die Literatur keine Rücksicht, sondern will nur die entsprechenden Tatsachen heranziehen.
Es mußte bei der Darstellung gewisser Verhältnisse, auch sofern sie von mir gegeben wurde, die Tatsachenwelt geschildert werden, die in Betracht kommt, wenn der Mensch durch die Pforte des "Todes schreitet. Nun gibt es eine große Anzahl von Menschen, und vorzugsweise sind es solche, welche die abendländische Kulturentwicklung mitgemacht haben — diese Dinge sind eben nicht für alle Menschen dieselben —, die eine ganz bestimmte Tatsache erleben in dem Augenblick, der auf die Trennung des Ätherleibes nach dem Tode folgt. Wir wissen, daß das menschliche Durchschreiten durch die Pforte des Todes so geschieht, daß wir uns abtrennen von dem physischen Leibe. Da ist der Mensch zunächst noch eine Zeitlang mit dem Ätherleibe verbunden; dann aber trennt er sich mit dem Astralleib und Ich auch von dem AÄtherleib ab. Wir wissen, daß er von seinem Ätherleibe einen Extrakt mit sich führt; wir wissen aber auch, daß der Ätherleib in der Hauptsache andere Wege geht, im allgemeinen aber mitgeteilt wird dem allgemein Kosmischen. Entweder löst er sich vollkommen auf, was aber nur bei unvollkommenen Zuständen der Fall wäre, oder aber es verhält sich so, daß er als eine geschlossene Form von Wirkungen weiterkraftet. — Wenn dann der Mensch diesen Ätherleib abgestreift hat, tritt er in die Region des Kamaloka über, in die Läuterungszeit der Seelenwelt. Aber vor diesem Eintritt in die Läuterungszeit der Seelenwelt findet doch ein ganz spezielles Erlebnis statt, auf das bisher, wie gesagt, nicht hingedeutet worden ist, weil die Sache erst reif werden mußte. Aber jetzt werden diese Dinge von allen, die das, was wir hier betrachten wollen, wirklich beurteilen können, voll aufgenommen werden. Da erlebt der Mensch die Begegnung mit einer ganz bestimmten Wesenheit, die ihm sein karmisches Konto vorhält. Und diese Individualität, die sozusagen für die Menschen dastand wie eine Art Buchführer der karmischen Mächte, war eben für eine große Anzahl von Menschen die Gestalt des Moses. Daher die mittelalterliche Formel, die aus dem Rosenkreuzertum heraus stammt: Moses halte dem Menschen in der Stunde des Todes — das ist nicht genau gesprochen, aber daran liegt hier nichts — das Sündenregister vor und weise zugleich auf das scharfe Gesetz, damit der Mensch erkennen könne, wie er abgewichen ist von dem scharfen Gesetz, nach dem er sich hätte verhalten sollen.
Dieses Amt geht im Verlaufe unserer Zeit — und das ist die bedeutungsvolle Sache — über an den Christus Jesus, und der Mensch wird immer mehr und mehr dem Christus Jesus als seinem Richter, als seinem karmischen Richter begegnen. Das ist das übersinnliche Ereignis. Genau ebenso, wie sich auf dem physischen Plan zu Beginn unserer Zeitrechnung das Ereignis von Palästina abgespielt hat, so spielt sich die Übertragung des karmischen Richteramtes an den Christus Jesus in unserm Zeitalter in der nächst-höheren Welt ab. Und diese Tatsache ist es, die so hereinwirkt in die physische Welt, auf den physischen Plan, daß der Mensch ein Gefühl dafür entwickeln wird in der Art: mit alledem, was er tut, schafft er etwas, gegenüber dem er dem Christus Rechenschaft schuldig sein wird. Und dieses Gefühl, das in einer ganz natürlichen Art im Verlaufe der Menschheitsentwickelung nunmehr auftritt, wird sich umgestalten, so daß es die Seele mit einem Lichte durchtränkt, das von dem Menschen selber ausgeht nach und nach, und das beleuchten wird die Christus-Gestalt innerhalb der ätherischen Welt. Und je mehr dieses Gefühl, das eine erhöhtere Bedeutung noch haben wird als das abstrakte Gewissen, sich ausbilden wird, desto mehr wird die Äthergestalt des Christus in den nächsten Jahrhunderten sichtbar werden. Wir werden diese Tatsache in den nächsten Tagen noch genauer zu charakterisieren haben und werden dann sehen: wir haben damit ein ganz neues Ereignis hingestellt, ein Ereignis, welches in die Christus-Entwickelung der Menschheit hereinwirkt.
Charakterisieren wir jetzt einmal, wie es mit der Christus-Enrwickelung auf dem physischen Plan für das nicht-hellseherische Bewußtsein war, indem wir uns fragen: Gibt es nicht vielleicht gegenüber den zwei gekennzeichneten Wegen noch einen dritten?
Ein solcher dritter Weg war in der 'Tat für alle christliche Entwickelung immer da, und er mußte ja da sein. Denn die objektive Entwickelung der Menschheit richtete sich ja nicht nach dem, was die Menschen für Meinungen gehabt haben, sondern eben nach den objektiven Tatsachen. Über den Christus Jesus hat man viele Meinungen gehabt im Laufe der Jahrhunderte, sonst hätten die Konzilien, die Kirchenversammlungen und die Theologen nicht so viel miteinander zu streiten gehabt, und vielleicht hat keine Zeit in bezug auf die vielen Menschen zugleich so viel an Anschauungen gehabt von dem Christus, als gerade die unsrige, Aber die Tatsachen richten sich nicht nach den Anschauungen der Menschen, sondern nach dem, was wirklich an Kräften in der Menschheitsentwickelung vorhanden ist. Diese Tatsachen könnten für eine viel größere Anzahl von Menschen erkennbar sein auch durch die bloße Betrachtung dessen, was zum Beispiel in den Evangelien überliefert ist, wenn die Menschen die Geduld und Ausdauer hätten, die Dinge wirklich unbefangen zu betrachten, wenn die Menschen nicht vorschnell und parteiisch wären in der objektiven Betrachtung der Tatsachen. So aber waren die meisten Menschen darauf aus, sich ein Christus-Bild nicht nach den Tatsachen zu schaffen, sondern wie sie es gerne mochten, wie sie es als ihr Ideal hinstellten. Und in einer gewissen Beziehung, muß man sagen, tun das auch die Theosophen aller Schattierungen heute. Wenn es zum Beispiel innerhalb der theosophischen Literatur populär geworden ist, von höher entwickelten menschlichen Individualitäten zu sprechen, die einen gewissen Vorsprung gewonnen haben in der menschlichen Entwickelung, so ist das eine Wahrheit, die niemand bestreiten kann, der konkret denkt. Der Begriff des Meisters, der höheren Individualität, der Begriff selbst des Adepten muß von einem konkreten Denken zugegeben werden. Nur ein Denken, das nicht an die Entwickelung glaubt, würde diese Begriffe nicht zugeben. Wenn wir nun den Begriff des Meisters oder des Adepten ins Auge fassen, so müssen wir sagen: diese Individualität ist eine solche, die durch viele Inkarnationen hindurchgegangen ist und durch Übungen, durch ein gottseliges Leben etwas anderes erlangt hat als die andern Menschen, so daß sie der Menschheit vorausgeeilt ist und Kräfte sich angeeignet hat, welche die übrige Menschheit sich erst in der Zukunft aneignen wird. Es ist nun selbstverständlich und soll so sein, daß der, welcher aus der theosophischen Erkenntnis eine solche Anschauung von derartigen Individualitäten erlangt, ein Gefühl höchster Ehrfurcht vor der Individualität der Meister, der Adepten und so weiter erlangt. Und steigen wir von einem solchen Begriff hinauf bis zu einem solch hehren Leben, als das uns das BuddhaLeben erscheint, so daß wir im Sinne theosophischer Erkenntnis zugeben: Buddha soll angesehen werden als der höchsten Adepten einer, — dann werden wir für unsern Verstand wie für unser Gemüt und unsere Empfindungen gegenüber einer solchen Individualität einen Seelengehalt und ein Verhältnis zu ihr gewinnen können.
Indem nun auf dem Boden einer solchen theosophischen Erkenntnis und Empfindung der Theosoph sich der Christus- Jesus-Gestalt naht, entsteht bei ihm selbstverständlich ein gewisses Bedürfnis — man wird gar nicht leugnen können, daß es in einem gewissen Sinne ganz begreiflich ist, daß ein solches Bedürfnis entsteht —, ein Bedürfnis, das darin besteht, daß er seinen Christus Jesus mit demselben Idealbegriff verbindet, den er sich von einem Meister, von einem Adepten, vielleicht von unserm Buddha gemacht hat. Und er wird vielleicht gedrängt zu sagen: Jesus von Nazareth muß ebenso vorgestellt werden als ein großer Adept! Dieses Vorurteil würde die Erkenntnis des wirklichen christlichen Wesens auf den Kopf stellen. Und es wäre nur ein Vorurteil, wenn auch ein begreifliches Vorurteil. Denn wie soll der, welcher das tiefste, intimste Verhältnis zu dem Christus gewonnen hat, den Träger des Christus-Wesens nicht in dieselbe Linie stellen mit dem Meister, mit dem Adepten, mit dem Buddha zum Beispiel? Wie sollte er das nicht? Das muß uns ganz begreiflich erscheinen. Vielleicht würde es einem solchen als eine Herabwürdigung des Jesus von Nazareth erscheinen, wenn man es nicht machte. — Dadurch wird man davon abgelenkt, sich nach den Tatsachen zu richten, wie sie wenigstens in der Überlieferung durch sickern.
Eines könnte jeder aus den Tatsachen der Überlieferung erkennen, wenn er nur eingehen würde auf das, was man trotz aller Konzilienmeinungen und trotz alles dessen, was die einzelnen Menschen als Kirchenväter, Kirchenlehrer und so weiter geschrieben haben, bei unbefangener Betrachtung der Überlieferung gewahr werden kann, was durch die Überlieferungen durchsickert: daß der Jesus von Nazareth zum Beispiel nicht ein Adept genannt werden darf. Denn jeder könnte sich fragen: Wo ist in der Überlieferung etwas davon enthalten, was den Begriff des Adepten, wie wir ihn in der theosophischen Lehre haben, auf den Jesus von Nazareth anwenden läßt? — Das eine wurde gerade in den ersten Zeiten des Christentums betont: daß derjenige, der Jesus von Nazareth genannt wird,ein Mensch war wie jeder andere, ein schwacher Mensch wie jeder andere. Und diejenigen kommen dem Sinn dessen, der in die Welt gekommen ist, am nächsten, die das Wort vertreten: Jesus war ein wahrer Mensch! Also nichts von einem Adeptenbegriff ist eigentlich in der Überlieferung, wenn wir sie ordentlich betrachten, zu erkennen. Und wenn Sie sich an alles erinnern, was in den verflossenen Vorträgen gesagt worden ist über die Entwickelung des Jesus von Nazareth — über die Entwickelung des einen Jesusknaben, in dem Zarathustra bis zum zwölften Jahre gelebt hat, und über die Entwickelung des anderen Jesusknaben, in welchem Zarathustra dann bis zum dreißigsten Jahre gelebt hat —, so werden Sie sich zwar sagen: da hat man es mit einem besonderen Menschen zu tun, mit einem Menschen, zu dessen Wesen sozusagen die Weltgeschichte, die Weltentwickelung die größten Anstalten machte schon dadurch, daß sie zwei menschliche Leiber schafft und den einen menschlichen Leib bis zum zwölften Jahre, den anderen vom zwölften bis zum dreißigsten Jahre bewohnt sein läßt von der Zarathustra-Individualität —, aber wir werden uns auch sagen: dadurch, daß diese zwei Jesus-Gestalten so bedeutende Individualitäten waren, stand der Jesus von Nazareth auch hoch, ist aber nicht auf demselben Wege wie eine Adepten-Individualität, die kontinuierlich von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation schreitet, hochgestiegen. Doch selbst abgesehen davon: im dreißigsten Jahre, wo die Christus-Individualität in den Leib des Jesus von Nazareth einzieht, verläßt ja gerade der Jesus von Nazareth diesen Leib, und wir haben es von dem Moment der Johannes-Taufe ab zu tun — wenn wir jetzt nicht von dem Christus sprechen — mit einem Menschen, den wir im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes als einen bloßen Menschen zu bezeichnen haben, nur daß er der Träger des Christus ist. Aber wir haben zu unterscheiden den Träger des Christus — und den Christus selbst in diesem Träger. In diesem Leib, der der Christus-Träger ist, wohnte, weil sie von der Zarathustra-Individualität verlassen ist, keine menschliche Individualität, die etwa eine besonders hohe Entwickelung erlangt hatte. Die Entwickelung, die der Jesus von Nazareth zeigte, diese Entwickelungsstufe rührte davon her, daß die Zarathustra-Individualität in ihm wohnte. Aber diese menschliche Natur ist von der Zarathustra-Individualität, wie wir wissen, verlassen. Deshalb war es auch, warum diese menschliche Natur sogleich, als die Christus-Individualität von ihr Besitz ergriffen hatte, ihr alles das entgegensandte, was sonst aus der menschlichen Natur herauskommt: den Versucher. Deshalb war es auch, daß der Christus alle Verzweiflung und alle Sorgen durchmachen konnte, wie sie uns als die Vorgänge auf dem Olberg geschildert werden. Wer außer acht läßt, daß die Christus-Wesenheit nicht in einem Menschen gewohnt hat, der eine besondere Adeptenhöhe erlangt hatte, sondern in einem einfachen Menschen, der sich dadurch von den andern unterschied, daß er nur der zurückgelassene menschliche Hüllenorganismus war, in dem Zarathustra gelebt hatte, wer das nicht beachtet, der kann nicht zu einer wirklichen Erkenntnis des Wesens des Christus vordringen. Was der Christus-Träger war, ist wahrer Mensch, ist nicht ein Adept! Dadurch aber, daß wir das erkennen, wird sich uns erst ein wenig Aussicht eröffnen auf die ganze Natur des Golgatha- und des Palästina-Ereignisses überhaupt. Würden wir den Christus Jesus einfach als einen hohen Adepten auffassen, so würden wir ihn in eine Linie stellen müssen mit anderen Adepten-Naturen. Wir tun das nicht. Es mag vielleicht solche Leute geben, die uns sagen: Wir tun das nicht, weil wir von vornherein aus irgendeinem Vorurteil heraus den Christus Jesus über alle anderen Adepten als einen noch höheren Adepten stellen wollen. Die das sagen würden, wüßten nicht, was wir als die Ergebnisse der okkulten Forschung in unserer Zeit verkündigen müssen.
Nicht darum handelt es sich, daß dadurch das allergeringste den anderen Adepten entzogen würde. Innerhalb der Weltanschauung, der wir angehören nach den okkulten Ergebnissen der Gegenwart, wissen wir es ebensogut als andere, daß als Zeitgenosse des Christus Jesus eine andere bedeutende Individualität dastand, von der wir sagen: sie war ein wirklicher Adept. Und es wird uns sogar schwierig, wenn wir nicht auf die genaueren Tatsachen eingehen, dieses Menschenwesen innerlich von dem Christus Jesus zu unterscheiden; denn es nimmt sich dieser Zeitgenosse wirklich ganz ähnlich aus. Wenn wir da zum Beispiel hören, daß dieser Zeitgenosse des Christus Jesus angekündigt wird durch eine himmlische Erscheinung vor seiner Geburt, so erinnert uns das an die Ankündigung des Jesus in den Evangelien. Wenn wir hören, daß dieser Zeitgenosse nicht bloß genannt werden dürfte als aus menschlichem Samen stammend, sondern als ein Sohn der Götter, so erinnert es uns wieder an den Anfang des Matthäusund des Lukas-Evangeliums. Wenn wir dann hören, daß die Geburt dieser Individualität die Mutter überrascht, so daß sie überwältigt war, so erinnert uns das an die Geburt des Jesus von Nazareth und an die Ereignisse in Bethlehem, wie sie in den Evangelien erzählt werden. Wenn wir dann hören, daß diese Individualität heranwächst und in ihrer Umgebung durch weise Antworten auf die Fragen der Priester alle überrascht, so erinnert dies an die Szene des zwölfjährigen Jesus im Tempel. Und wenn uns dann gar erzählt wird: diese Individualität kam nach Rom, begegnete dort dem Leichenzuge eines jungen Mädchens, der Leichenzug wurde zum Stehen gebracht, und diese Individualität weckte die Tote auf, so erinnert uns das wieder an eine Totenauferweckung im Lukas-Evangelium. Und unzählige Wunder, wenn wir von Wundern sprechen wollen, werden uns erzählt von dieser Individualität, die der Zeitgenosse des Christus Jesus ist. Ja, bis zu dem Grade ähnlich ist sie dem Christus Jesus, daß von ihr erzählt wird, daß sie nach dem Tode den Menschen erschien, wie der Christus Jesus nach dem Tode den Jüngern erschien. Und wenn von christlicher Seite alle möglichen Gründe vorgebracht werden, entweder um von dieser Wesenheit gering zu sprechen, oder sie gar als historische Persönlichkeit zu leugnen, so ist das nicht minder geistreich als das, was gegen die Historität des Christus Jesus selber vorgebracht wird. Diese Individualität ist die des Apollonius von Tyana, und von ihm sprechen wir als von einem wirklichen hohen Adepten, der der Zeitgenosse des Christus Jesus war.
Wenn wir uns jetzt fragen: worauf kommt es nun an beim Uhnterschiede des Christus- Jesus-Erlebnisses und des Apollonius-Erlebnisses? so müssen wir uns dazu einmal klarmachen, worauf es beim Apollonius-Erlebnis ankommt.
Apollonius von Tyana ist eine Individualität, die viele Inkarnationen durchgemacht hat, sich hohe Kräfte errungen hat und einen gewissen Höhepunkt zeigt in der Inkarnation, die sich im Beginne unserer Zeitrechnung abspielte. Diese Individualität, die wir überschauen, wie sie durch viele Inkarnationen der Vorzeit geht, sie ist da, als sie sich in dem Leibe des Apollonius von Tyana auslebt, auf ihrem irdischen Schauplatz. Mit der haben wir es zu tun. Und weil wir wissen, daß eine menschliche Individualität beteiligt ist an dem Aufbau des menschlichen Leibes, daß das nicht einfach eine Zweiheit ist, sondern daß sich die menschliche Individualität erarbeitet die Gestalt, die Form, wie dieser Leib ist, so müssen wir sagen: Es war der Leib dieser Individualität bis zu einer gewissen Form im Sinne dieser Individualität aufgebaut. Das können wir in bezug auf den Christus Jesus nicht sagen. Der Christus kam im dreißigsten Jahre des Jesus von Nazareth in den physischen Leib, Ätherleib und Astralleib hinein, hat sich also nicht von Kindheit an diesen Leib auferbaut. Wir haben es also da mit einem ganz anderen Verhältnis der ChristusIndividualität zu dem Leib zu tun, als bei der Apollonius-Individualität zu ihrem Leib. Wenn wir im Geiste unsern Blick hinwenden nach jener Individualität des Apollonius von Tyana, so sagen wir uns: Es ist eine Angelegenheit dieser Individualität, und diese Angelegenheit spielt sich ab als das Leben des Apollonius von Tyana. Und wollten wir uns eine graphische Zeichnung machen, etwa durch ein äußeres Zeichen einen solchen Lebensgang andeuten, so könnten wir das in folgender Weise machen. Die fortlaufende Individualität sei angedeutet durch die horizontale Linie; dann haben wir in a eine erste Inkarnation, darauf in 5 ein Leben zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt, dann in c eine zweite Inkarnation, darauf wieder ein Leben zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt, dann eine dritte Inkarnation und so weiter. Das, was sich da hindurchzieht durch alle diese Inkarnationen, die menschliche Individualität, die steht gleichsam wie der Faden des menschlichen Lebens außerhalb des Bereiches der Hüllen, außerhalb der Hülle des Astralleibes, Ätherleibes und physischen Leibes — aber auch zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt außerhalb dessen, was zurückbleibt vom Ätherleib und Astralleib, und dadurch ist der Lebensfaden immerdar abgeschlossen von dem, was der äußere Kosmos ist.

Wollen wir uns das Wesen des Christus-Lebens charakterisieren, so müssen wir das anders machen.
Da müssen wir sagen: dieses Christus-Leben, wenn wir jetzt auf die vorhergehenden Inkarnationen des Jesus von Nazareth schauen, entwickelt sich allerdings auch so in einer gewissen Weise. Wenn wir aber den Lebensfaden ziehen, so müssen wir sagen: Im dreißigsten Jahre des Lebens des Jesus von Nazareth verläßt die Individualität diesen Leib, so daß wir von jetzt ab nur die Hülle des physischen Leibes, des Ätherleibes und des astralischen Leibes haben. Die Kräfte aber, welche die Individualität entwickelt, liegen nicht in den äußeren Hüllen, sondern sie liegen in dem Lebensfaden des Ich, der von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation geht. Also etwa die Kräfte, die einer Zarathustra-Individualität angehörten, die zur Vorbereitung in dem Leib des Jesus von Nazareth waren, sie gehen fort mit der Zarathustra-Individualität. Deshalb werden wir sagen: Was jetzt als Hülle da ist, das ist eine normale menschliche Organisation, ist aber keine menschliche Organisation, die — insofern die Individualität in Betracht kommt — etwa eine Adepten-Organisation zu nennen wäre, sondern sie ist einfacher Mensch, schwacher Mensch. Und nun tritt das objektive Ereignis ein: während sonst der Lebensfaden einfach weiter geht wie bei a und c, geht er jetzt bei e einen Seitenweg; dafür aber tritt durch die Johannes-Taufe im Jordan die Christus-Wesenheit in die dreifache Organisation ein. Diese Christus-Wesenheit lebt bis zum dreiunddreißigsten Jahre, bis zum Ereignis von Golgatha, von der Johannes-Taufe ab, nurmehr als die Christus-Wesenheit, wie wir es öfter beschrieben haben. Wessen Angelegenheit also ist denn das Leben des Christus Jesus vom dreißigsten bis zum dreiunddreißigsten Jahre? Es ist nicht die Angelegenheit der Individualität, die von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation gegangen ist, sondern die Angelegenheit derjenigen Individualität, die aus dem Kosmos in den Leib des Jesus von Nazareth eingezogen ist, die Angelegenheit einer Individualität, einer Wesenheit, die nie vorher mit der Erde verbunden war, die aus dem Weltenall herein sich mit einem menschlichen Leib verbunden hat. In diesem Sinne sind die Ereignisse, die sich abspielen zwischen dem dreißigsten und dreiunddreißigsten Jahre des Lebens des Christus Jesus, das heißt zwischen der Johannes-Taufe und dem Mysterium von Golgatha, die Ereignisse des Gottes Christus, nicht die Ereignisse eines Menschen. Daher ist es nicht eine Angelegenheit der Erde, die sich hier abspielt, sondern eine Angelegenheit der übersinnlichen Welt; denn es hatte mit keinem Menschen etwas zu tun. Zum Zeichen dafür, daß es mit keinem Menschen etwas zu tun hatte, hat derjenige Mensch, der diesen Leib bis zum dreißigsten Jahre bewohnt hat, diesen Leib verlassen.

Was da geschieht, hat zunächst etwas mit jenen Ereignissen zu tun, die sich abgespielt haben, bevor überhaupt ein solcher Lebensfaden wie der unserige menschliche in eine physische menschliche Organisation hineingezogen ist. Wir müssen zurückgehen bis in die alte lemurische Zeit, in jenes Zeitalter, da zum ersten Male menschliche Individualitäten, aus den göttlichen Höhen herabsteigend, sich in irdische Leiber verkörperten, bis zu jenem Ereignis, das uns angedeutet wird im Alten Testament als die Verführung durch die Schlange. Dieses Ereignis ist sehr merkwürdiger Art. An den Folgen dieses Ereignisses litten alle Menschen, während sie sich verkörperten. Denn wäre dieses Ereignis nicht gekommen, so würde die ganze Entwickelung der Menschheit auf der Erde eine andere geworden sein, und die Menschen würden in einem viel vollkommeneren Zustande von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation gegangen sein. Sie sind aber durch dieses Ereignis tiefer in die Materie verstrickt worden, was allegorisch bezeichnet wird mit dem Sündenfall. Der Sündenfall aber ist es erst, der den Menschen aufgerufen hat zu seiner jetzigen Individualität; so daß der Mensch, wie er als Individualität von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation geht, nicht für den Sündenfall verantwortlich ist. Wir wissen aber, daß die luziferischen Geister für den Sündenfall verantwortlich sind. Deshalb müssen wir sagen: Bevor der Mensch im irdischen Sinne zum Menschen geworden ist, war das göttliche, das übersinnliche Ereignis geschehen, durch das dem Menschen ein tieferes Verstricktwerden mit der Materie auferlegt worden ist. Durch dieses Ereignis ist der Mensch zwar zur Kraft der Liebe und zur Freiheit gekommen, aber es ist ihm dadurch etwas auferlegt worden, was er nicht durch eigene Kraft sich auferlegen konnte. Dieses Verstricktwerden in die Materie war nicht eine menschliche Tat, sondern eine Gottestat, die geschehen ist, bevor die Menschen mittun konnten an ihrem Schicksal. Das ist etwas, was die höheren Mächte der fortlaufenden Entwickelung mit den luziferischen Mächten abgemacht haben. Wir werden auf alle diese Ereignisse noch genauer charakterisierend einzugehen haben und wollen sie heute nur der Hauptsache nach vor unsere Seele stellen.
Was damals geschehen war, brauchte einen Ausgleich. Die vormenschliche, im Menschen geschehene 'Tatsache — der Sündenfall — brauchte einen Ausgleich; etwas, was sozusagen wiederum nicht eine Angelegenheit der Menschen war, sondern eine Angelegenheit der Götter untereinander. Und wir werden sehen, daß sich diese Angelegenheit so tief unterhalb der Materie abspielen mußte, wie sich die andere Angelegenheit, bevor der Mensch sich in die Materie verstrickt hatte, über der Materie abgespielt hat. Der Gott mußte so tief in die Materie eintauchen, als er die Menschen hat in dieselbe versinken lassen.
Lassen Sie diese Tatsache in ihrer ganzen Schwere auf sich wirken, dann werden Sie begreifen, daß diese Inkarnation des Christus in dem Jesus von Nazareth eine Angelegenheit des Christus selber war. Und wozu war der Mensch dabei berufen? Zunächst um zuzuschauen, wie der Gott die Tat des Sündenfalles wieder ausgleicht, wie er ihre Gegentat schafft. Das zu tun wäre nicht möglich gewesen innerhalb einer Adeptenpersönlichkeit; denn eine Adeptenpersönlichkeit hat sich durch sich selbst wieder heraufgearbeitet aus dem Fall in die Materie. Das war nur möglich in einer Persönlichkeit, die ganz wahrer Mensch war, die als Mensch nicht die anderen Menschen überragte. Sie hat sie überragt, bevor sie dreißig Jahre alt geworden ist, aber dann nicht mehr. Durch das, was da geschehen ist, ist also ebenso ein göttliches Ereignis der Menschheitsentwickelung mitgeteilt worden, wie am Anfang der Menschheitsentwickelung in der lemurischen Zeit. Und die Menschen waren Teilnehmer einer Angelegenheit, die sich unter Göttern abgespielt hat, konnten sie anschauen, weil die Götter zu Hilfe nehmen mußten die Welt des physischen Planes, um diese ihre Angelegenheit sich abspielen zu lassen. Deshalb sagt man also viel besser: der Christus brachte den Göttern die Sühne dar, die er nur darbringen konnte in einem physischen Menschenleib — als daß man irgendeine andere Formel gebraucht. Und ein Zuschauen bei einer göttlichen Angelegenheit ist es für den Menschen.
Damit war für die menschliche Natur etwas geschehen. Das haben die Menschen einfach in ihrer Entwickelung empfunden. Und damit eröffnete sich der dritte Weg, der eben möglich war neben den zwei angedeuteten. Diese drei Wege haben in ihrer Christlichkeit tiefgehende Menschen oftmals angedeutet. Ich will aus der großen Reihe heraus, die genannt werden könnte, nur zwei Menschen nennen, die in ganz hervorragender Weise Zeugnis dafür abgelegt haben, daß der Christus — der vom zwanzigsten Jahrhundert ab geschaut werden wird durch die höher entwickelten menschlichen Fähigkeiten — durch die Empfindungen, die vor dem Ereignis von Golgatha nicht in derselben Form möglich waren, erkannt, gefühlt, erlebt werden kann.
Da ist zum Beispiel derjenige Geist, der in seiner ganzen Seelenentwickelung als ein scharfer Gegner dessen angesehen werden kann, was wir charakterisiert haben als den Jesuitismus: Blaise Pascal, der groß dasteht in der Geistesentwickelung, wie ein Geist, der alles abgelegt hat, was an Schäden der alten Kirchen heraufgekommen ist, der aber auch nichts von dem modernen Rationalismus aufgenommen hat. Wie große Geister immer, so ist auch er im Grunde genommen einsam geblieben mit seinen Gedanken. Aber was liegt seinen Gedanken im Beginne der neueren Zeit zugrunde? Wenn man darauf eingeht, sieht man aus den Schriften, die er hinterlassen hat, namentlich aus seinen anregenden «Gedanken», die für jeden leicht zugänglich sind, da sie in der Reclamschen Universal-Bibliothek erschienen sind, was er darüber empfand, wie die Menschen hätten werden müssen, wenn das Christus-Ereignis nicht in die Welt gekommen wäre, Im Geheimen seiner Seele hat sich Pascal die Frage vorgehalten: Was wäre aus den Menschen geworden, wenn kein Christus in die Menschheitsentwickelung eingegriffen hätte? Und er hat sich gesagt: Das können wir fühlen, daß der Mensch in seiner Seele zwei Gefahren entgegengeht. Die eine Gefahr liegt darin, daß der Mensch den Gott erkennt als mit seiner eigenen Wesenheit identisch: Gottes-Erkenntnis in der Menschheits-Erkenntnis. Wozu führt sie? Wenn sie nur so auftritt, daß der Mensch den Gott selbst erkennt, so führt sie zum Stolz, zum Hochmut, zum Übermut; und der Mensch vernichtet seine besten Kräfte, weil er sie verhärtet im Hochmut und Stolz. Das wäre eine Gottes-Erkenntnis, die immer möglich gewesen wäre, auch wenn kein Christus gekommen wäre, wenn das Christus-Ereignis nicht als ein Impuls in allen Menschenherzen gewirkt hätte. Gott hätten die Menschen immer erkennen können, aber stolz wären sie geworden durch das Bewußtsein in ihrer eigenen Brust. Oder aber es hätte Menschen geben können, die sich gegen die Gottes-Erkenntnis verschließen, die nicht den Gott erkennen wollen. Deren Blick fällt nun auf etwas anderes: auf die menschliche Ohnmacht, auf das menschliche Elend — und dann folgt notwendig die menschliche Verzweiflung. Das wäre die andere Gefahr gewesen, die Gefahr derer, die die Gottes-Erkenntnis abgelehnt hätten. Diese zwei Wege, sagt Pascal, sind nur möglich: Stolz und Hochmut — oder Verzweiflung. Da trat das Christus-Ereignis in die Menschheitsentwickelung und bewirkte, daß jeder Mensch eine Kraft empfing, die ihn nicht nur den Gott empfinden läßt, sondern denjenigen Gott, der mit den Menschen gleich gewesen ist, der mit den Menschen gelebt hat. Das ist die einzige Heilung des Stolzes, wenn man den Blick hinrichtet auf den Gott, der sich dem Kreuze gebeugt hat; wenn die Seele hinblickt auf den unter dem Kreuzestode sich beugenden Christus. Das ist aber auch der einzige Heiler von aller Verzweiflung. Denn diese Demut ist nicht eine, die schwach macht, sondern die eine Kraft gibt, die über alle Verzweiflung heilend hinausgeht. Als der Mittler zwischen Stolz und Verzweiflung dämmert auf in der Menschenseele der Helfer, der Heiland, im Sinne eines Pascal. Das kann aber jeder Mensch fühlen, auch ohne Hellsehen. Und das ist die Vorbereitung für den Christus, der vom zwanzigsten Jahrhundert ab für alle Menschen sichtbar sein wird, der als der Heiler für Stolz und Verzweiflung in jeder Menschenbrust auferstehen wird, der nur eben früher nicht in derselben Art gefühlt werden konnte.
Und der zweite Zeuge, den ich aufrufen möchte aus der großen Reihe der Menschen, die dies fühlen, was jedem Christen eigen sein kann, ist der in manchem anderen Zusammenhange schon erwähnte Wladimir Solowjow. Solowjow wieder weist hin auf zwei Kräfte in der Menschennatur, zwischen denen als der Mittler der persönliche Christus drinnenstehen soll. Er sagt: Ein Zweifaches ist es, wonach sich die Menschenseele sehnt: nach Unsterblichkeit und nach Weisheit oder sittlicher Vervollkommnung. Beide aber sind nicht von vornherein der menschlichen Natur eigen. Denn die menschliche Natur teilt die Eigentümlichkeit aller Naturen, und die Natur führt nicht zur Unsterblichkeit, sondern zum Tode. Und in schönen Betrachtungen führt nun der große Denker der Gegenwart aus, wie auch die äußere Wissenschaft zeigt, wie sich der Tod über alles breitet. Schauen wir also in die äußere Natur, so antwortet sie unserer Erkenntnis: der Tod ist! In uns aber lebt die Sehnsucht nach Unsterblichkeit. Warum? weil die Sehnsucht nach Vervollkommnung in uns lebt. Und um zu sehen, daß die Sehnsucht nach Vervollkommnung in uns lebt, dazu gehört nur ein Blick in die menschliche Seele. Ebenso wahr, sagt Solowjow, wie die rote Rose mit der roten Farbe behaftet ist, ebenso wahr ist die menschliche Seele behaftet mit der Sehnsucht nach Vervollkommnung. Ein Vollkommenheitsstreben aber ohne Sehnsucht nach Unsterblichkeit ist die Lüge des Daseins, meint Solowjow. Denn unsinnig wäre es, wenn die Seele wie alles Naturdasein mit dem Tode enden würde. Aber alles Naturdasein antwortet uns: der Tod ist! Daher ist die menschliche Seele genötigt, über das Naturdasein hinauszugehen, um die Antwort sich anderswo zu suchen im Sinne des genannten Philosophen. Und er sagt nun: Sehet hin auf die Naturforscher: was geben sie euch für eine Antwort, wenn sie den Zusammenhang der menschlichen Seele mit der Natur lehren wollen? Eine mechanische Naturordnung, sagen sie, waltet, und der Mensch ist darin eingefügt. Und was antworten euch die Philosophen? Eine leere abstrakte Gedankenwelt durchziehe alle Naturtatsachen als das Geistige, was philosophisch zu erkennen ist. Beides ist keine Antwort, wenn der Mensch sich bewußt wird und aus diesem Bewußtsein heraus frägt: Was ist Vervollkommnung? — Wenn er sich bewußt wird, daß er die Sehnsucht nach Vervollkommnung, nach Wahrheitsleben haben muß, und wenn er nach der Kraft fragt, welche ihm diese Sehnsucht befriedigen kann, da eröffnet sich ihm der Ausblick auf ein Reich, das zunächst dasteht wie eine Frage, das da sein muß für die menschliche Seele wie eine Rätselfrage, ohne deren Realisierung sich die menschliche Seele nur für eine Lüge halten kann: das Reich der Gnade über der Natur. Das Reich der Gnade kann keine Philosophie, keine Naturwissenschaft mit dem Dasein verbinden; denn die Naturkräfte wirken mechanisch, und die Gedankenkräfte haben nur Gedankenrealität. Was aber hat eine volle Realität, um die Seele zu verbinden mit der Unsterblichkeit? Das hat der in der Welt wirkende persönliche Christus. Und nur der lebendige Christus, nicht der bloß gedachte, kann die Antwort geben. Der bloß in der Seele wirkende ließe ja die Seele doch allein; denn die Seele kann sich nicht allein das Reich der Gnade gebären. Was über die Natur hinausgeht, was als eine reale Tatsache dasteht wie die Natur selber: der persönliche, der historische Christus, der ist es, der nicht eine Gedankenantwort, sondern eine reale Antwort gibt.
Und jetzt kommt dieser Philosoph zu derjenigen Antwort, die die äußerste, die geistvollste ist, die gegeben werden kann am Ende des Zeitalters, das unmittelbar abschließt, bevor die Tore sich öffnen im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert zu dem, was Ihnen so oft angedeutet worden ist: Es wird ein Schauen des Christus sein, was im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert seinen Ausgangspunkt nehmen wird.
Und diese Tatsache fühlend, nannte man jenes Bewußtsein, das Pascal und Solowjow klassisch geschildert haben, einen Glauben. So haben es auch die anderen genannt. Mit dem Glaubensbegriff kann man in bezug auf die menschliche Seele nach zwei Richtungen hin in einen sonderbaren Konflikt kommen. Gehen Sie die Entwicklung des Glaubensbegriffes durch, und sehen Sie sich die Kritik an in bezug auf den Glaubensbegriff. Heute ist man so weit, daß man sagt, es müsse der Glaube durch das Wissen gelenkt werden, und es müsse ein Glaube abgelehnt werden, der sich nicht auf ein Wissen stützt. Der Glaube soll sozusagen abgesetzt werden und ersetzt werden durch ein Wissen. Im Mittelalter stellte man gerade die Gegenstände der höheren Welten als Glauben hin und man betrachtete den Glauben als etwas Berechtigtes. Das ist auch der Grundnerv des Protestantismus, daß der Glaube neben dem Wissen als etwas Berechtigtes angesehen wird. So ist der Glaube etwas, was aus der menschlichen Seele hervorgeht, neben den das Wissen hingestellt ist, das für alle gemeinschaftlich sein soll. Es ist interessant noch zu sehen, wie über diesen Glaubensbegriff ein Philosoph, den viele für einen großen halten, nicht hinausgekommen ist: Kant. Denn sein Glaubensbegriff geht dahin, daß der Mensch das, was er über solche Dinge wie Gott, Unsterblichkeit und so weiter gewinnen soll, hereinleuchten haben soll aus ganz anderen Regionen; aber nur durch einen sittlichen Glauben, nicht durch ein Wissen.
Die höchste Ausbildung erlangt der Glaubensbegriff gerade bei demjenigen Philosophen, den ich Ihnen eben genannt habe, bei Solowjow, der als der bedeutendste vor dem Toresschluß erscheint, schon sozusagen hineinweisend in die neuere Welt. Denn Solowjow kennt einen ganz anderen Glauben, als alle Glaubensbegriffe bisher waren. Wozu hat der bisherige Glaubensbegriff die Menschheit geführt? Er hat die Menschheit eben gebracht zu der atheistisch-materialistischen Forderung nach bloßem Wissen der äußeren Welt — sagen wir im lutherischen, im kantischen oder im Sinne des Monismus des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts — nach dem Wissen, das auf das Wissen pocht und den Glauben als etwas betrachtet, was die Menschenseele bis zu einem gewissen Zeitpunkte aus der notwendigen Schwäche heraus sich gebildet hat. Dazu ist der Glaubensbegriff endlich gekommen, weil er als ein bloß Subjektives gegolten hat. Hatte man in den vorhergehenden Jahrhunderten den Glauben noch gefordert als eine Notwendigkeit, das neunzehnte Jahrhundert hat den Glauben gerade deshalb angegriffen, weil er im Gegensatz sich befinde zu dem Wissen, das als ein allgemein gültiges aus der menschlichen Seele stammen soll.
Und nun kommt ein Philosoph, der in einer gewissen Weise anerkennt den Glaubensbegriff, um zu dem Christus ein Verhältnis zu gewinnen, das bisher nicht möglich war, der aber nun die Sache so ansieht, daß er in diesem Glauben, insofern er sich auf den Christus bezieht, eine Tat der Notwendigkeit, der inneren Pflicht anerkennt. Denn für Solowjow heißt der Gegensatz jetzt nicht: «Glauben — oder nicht glauben», sondern für ihn wird jetzt der Glaube eine Notwendigkeit durch sich selbst. Er meint, wir sind verpflichtet an den Christus zu glauben, weil wir uns sonst selbst aufheben und unser Dasein als eine Lüge bezeichnen müßten. Wie die Kristallgestalt bei einer mineralischen Substanz, so tritt der Glaube auf in der menschlichen Seele als ihre eigentliche Natur, Daher muß die Seele sagen: Erkenne ich die Wahrheit an — und nicht die Lüge von mir selber, dann muß ich in meiner eigenen Seele den Glauben realisieren. Ich bin zu dem Glauben verpflichtet; aber ich kann nicht anders dazu kommen als durch meine eigene freie Tat. — Und darin sieht Solowjow gleichsam das Auszeichnende der Christus-Tat, daß der Glaube zugleich eine Notwendigkeit und zugleich eine sittlich freie Tat ist. Es wird der Seele gleichsam gesagt: Du kannst gar nicht anders, wenn du dich nicht selbst auslöschen willst: den Glauben mußt du dir erwerben; aber er muß deine eigene freie 'Tat sein! Und ebenso wie Pascal bringt dieser Philosoph das, was da die Seele erlebt, um sich nicht als Lüge zu empfinden, in Zusammenhang mit dem historischen Christus Jesus, wie er durch die Ereignisse in Palästina eingetreten ist in die Menschheitsentwickelung. Deshalb sagt Solowjow: Wäre Christus nicht eingetreten in die menschliche Entwickelung, wie er als historischer Christus gedacht werden muß, hätte er nicht gebracht, daß die Seele sowohl die innerlich freie Tat wie auch die gesetzliche Notwendigkeit des Glaubens empfindet, so würde die menschliche Seele in der nachchristlichen Zeit verpflichtet sein, sich selber auszulöschen und nicht zu sagen: Ich bin, sondern zu sagen: Ich bin nicht! — Das wäre im Sinne dieses Philosophen die Entwickelung in der nachchristlichen Zeit gewesen, daß ein inneres Bewußtsein die Menschenseele durchdrungen hätte von dem «Ich bin nicht»! In dem Augenblicke, wo die Seele sich aufrafft zu der Tat, das Sein sich selbst beizulegen, kann sie nicht anders als sich zurückzuführen auf den historischen Christus Jesus.
Damit haben wir auch für die äußere Exoterik in Feststellung des dritten Weges einen Fortschritt auf dem Glaubensweg. Durch die Evangeliennachrichten kann der, welcher nicht selber in die geistige Welt schaut, zur Anerkennung des Christus kommen. Durch das, was das hellseherische Bewußtsein ihm immer sagen konnte, kann er ebenfalls zur Anerkennung des Christus kommen. Aber es gab eigentlich drei Wege: den der Selbsterkenntnis noch, und der führe — wie uns diese angeführten Zeugen sagen können als das, was sie selbst mit vielen Tausenden und aber Tausenden von Menschen erlebt haben — der führt zu der Erkenntnis, daß die menschliche Selbsterkenntnis in der nachchristlichen Zeit ohne das Hinstellen des Christus Jesus neben den Menschen eine Unmöglichkeit ist; daß sich die Seele entweder selbst verneinen muß, oder wenn sie sich bejahen will, mit sich selbst den Christus Jesus bejahen wird.
Warum das in der vorchristlichen Zeit nicht so war, davon in den nächsten Tagen.
Third lecture
What must first occupy us is the relationship between general religious consciousness and that knowledge, that insight which human beings can gain from the higher worlds in general and—particularly relevant to our topic—that insight into the relationship of Christ Jesus to these higher worlds, which can be attained through higher clairvoyant powers. For it is clear to all of you that, for the vast majority of people, the development of Christianity has been such that they have not been able to gain insight into the mysteries of the Christian event through their own clairvoyant knowledge. Or, in other words, it must be admitted that Christianity has entered into countless human hearts and, to a certain degree, has also been recognized in its essence by countless souls, without these hearts and souls having been able to look up to the higher worlds in order to gain a clairvoyant view of what actually happened in the mystery of Golgotha and everything connected with it for the development of humanity. We will therefore have to distinguish precisely between the inclination of religions and the inclination toward knowledge of those people who still know nothing about supersensible research toward Christ, and that which can only be known either through clairvoyant consciousness itself or through receiving, for whatever reason, the communication of clairvoyant researchers about the mysteries of Christianity.
Now you will all admit that in the course of the centuries that have passed since the Mystery of Golgotha, people of all degrees of spiritual development have found themselves professing the mysteries of Christianity in a heartfelt and profound way. And you will have gained the impression from what has been said in the various lectures, especially in recent times, that this is basically a completely natural fact; for it is only in the twentieth century — as has been emphasized again and again — that a certain renewal of the Christ event will take place, in that a certain higher development of the general human powers of cognition will begin, and thereby bringing about the possibility that, in the course of the next three millennia, even without special clairvoyant preparation, more and more people will be able to gain a direct insight into the Christ Jesus. But that has not been the case until now. Until now, there have been, so to speak, only two — or perhaps we will reveal today that there are three — sources of knowledge of the Christian mysteries for those people who have not artificially elevated themselves to clairvoyant contemplation.
One source was the Gospels and everything that comes from the messages of the Gospels or the tradition that followed them. The other source of knowledge arose from the fact that there have always been clairvoyant people who could look into the higher worlds and, through their own knowledge, bring down the facts of the Christ event, and that people joined them, as it were, in a perpetual Gospel that could always come into the world through clairvoyant people. These seem to be the only two sources in the development of Christian humanity thus far.
And now, beginning in the twentieth century, another source is emerging. It is appearing because more and more people are experiencing an expansion, an elevation of their powers of knowledge that has not been brought about by meditation, concentration, or other exercises. More and more people will be able to renew for themselves — as we have often said — the event of Paul before Damascus. This will usher in an age of which we can say: it provides a direct insight into the meaning and essence of Christ Jesus.
Now, of course, the question will arise in your minds: What is the difference between what has always been possible for clairvoyant consciousness, between the view of Christ Jesus as described yesterday as a consequence of esoteric development, and what people will see in the next three millennia, beginning with our twentieth century, without this esoteric development?
There is indeed a considerable difference. And it would be wrong to believe that what clairvoyants today see in the higher worlds through their clairvoyant development concerning the Christ event, and what clairvoyants have seen since the Mystery of Golgotha concerning this Christ event, is exactly the same as what will come as a visual experience for an ever-increasing number of people. These are two completely different things. And if we want an answer to the question of how these two things differ, we can only give it by first asking clairvoyant research: Where does it come from that, starting in the twentieth century, Christ Jesus will increasingly enter into the ordinary consciousness of human beings? — The reason is as follows. Just as an event took place on the physical plane at the beginning of our calendar in Palestine, in which Christ played the most essential role, an event that has significance for the whole of humanity, so too will a significant event take place in the course of the twentieth century, toward the end of the twentieth century; not in the physical world, however, but in the higher worlds, namely in the world we initially refer to as the etheric world. And this event will have just as fundamental a significance for the development of humanity as the event in Palestine at the beginning of our era. Just as we must say that for Christ himself, the event on Golgotha had the significance that with this event a God died, a God conquered death — in what way this is to be understood, we will speak about later, this had not happened before, and afterwards it is a completed fact — so an event of profound significance will take place, which will not take place on the physical plane, but in the etheric world. And through the fact that this event takes place, that an event takes place with Christ himself, the possibility is created that human beings will learn to see Christ, will see him.
What is this event?
This event is none other than that a certain office in the universe for the development of humanity in the twentieth century is passing over — passing over in a higher way than has been the case until now — to Christ. Occult, clairvoyant research teaches us that something important is happening in our age, namely that Christ is becoming the Lord of Karma for human development. And this is the beginning of what we also find hinted at in the Gospels with the words: He will come again to separate or bring about the crisis for the living and the dead. However, in the sense of occult research, this event is not to be understood as a one-time event taking place on the physical plane, but rather as something connected with the entire future development of humanity. And while Christianity and Christian development have so far been a kind of preparation, something significant is now happening: Christ is becoming the Lord of Karma, and it will be his task in the future to determine what our karmic account is, how our debits and credits in life relate to each other.
What is now being said has been common knowledge in Western occultism for many centuries and is not denied by any occultist who knows these things. But it has been confirmed once again, especially in recent times, by all the careful means of occult research. And we want to form a more precise idea of what has now been said.
Ask all those who know anything true about these things, and you will find everywhere a fact confirmed which, however, in order to be spoken of, requires, so to speak, our present stage of anthroposophical development; for everything that can make our minds ready to accept such a fact had first to be gathered together. Nevertheless, you can find expressions of this in occult literature if you want to look for them. But I am not concerned with literature; I only want to draw on the relevant facts.
In describing certain circumstances, even as I have presented them, it was necessary to describe the world of facts that comes into consideration when a person passes through the gate of death. Now there are a large number of people, and especially those who have undergone Western cultural development — these things are not the same for all people — who experience a very specific fact at the moment following the separation of the etheric body after death. We know that the human passage through the gate of death occurs in such a way that we separate from the physical body. At first, the human being is still connected to the etheric body for a while; but then the astral body and the I also separate from the etheric body. We know that he carries an extract from his etheric body with him; but we also know that the etheric body mainly goes other ways, generally communicating with the universal cosmos. Either it dissolves completely, which would only be the case in imperfect states, or it continues to exert its influence as a closed form of effects. When the human being has then cast off this etheric body, he enters the region of Kamaloka, the period of purification of the soul world. But before this entry into the period of purification of the soul world, a very special experience takes place, which, as I have said, has not been mentioned until now because the matter had to mature first. But now these things will be fully accepted by all who can truly judge what we are considering here. Man experiences an encounter with a very specific entity that presents him with his karmic account. And this individuality, which stood before man as a kind of bookkeeper of the karmic forces, was for a large number of people the figure of Moses. Hence the medieval formula, which originates from Rosicrucianism: Moses holds up the register of sins to man in the hour of death — this is not stated precisely, but that is not important here — and at the same time points to the strict law, so that man may recognize how he has deviated from the strict law according to which he should have behaved.
In the course of our time, this office is passing over to Christ Jesus, and human beings will increasingly encounter Christ Jesus as their judge, as their karmic judge. This is the supernatural event. Just as the event in Palestine took place on the physical plane at the beginning of our era, so the transfer of the karmic office of judge to Christ Jesus is taking place in our age in the next higher world. And it is this fact that has such an effect on the physical world, on the physical plane, that human beings will develop a feeling that in everything they do, they are creating something for which they will be accountable to Christ. And this feeling, which is now emerging in a completely natural way in the course of human evolution, will be transformed so that it will saturate the soul with a light that will gradually emanate from the human being himself and illuminate the Christ figure within the etheric world. And the more this feeling, which will have a higher meaning than the abstract conscience, develops, the more the etheric form of Christ will become visible in the coming centuries. We will have to characterize this fact more precisely in the coming days, and then we will see that we have presented a completely new event, an event that will have an effect on the Christ development of humanity.
Let us now characterize how the Christ development appeared on the physical plane to non-clairvoyant consciousness by asking ourselves: Is there not perhaps a third way in addition to the two paths we have described?
Such a third path was indeed always there for all Christian development, and it had to be there. For the objective development of humanity was not directed by what people believed, but by objective facts. Many opinions have been held about Christ Jesus over the centuries; otherwise the councils, church councils and theologians would not have had so much to argue about, and perhaps no age has had as many views of Christ as ours, but facts are not determined by people's views, but by what forces are actually at work in human development. These facts could be recognizable to a much larger number of people simply by considering what has been handed down in the Gospels, for example, if people had the patience and perseverance to look at things impartially, if people were not hasty and biased in their objective consideration of the facts. But most people were intent on creating an image of Christ not based on facts, but rather on how they wanted him to be, how they presented him as their ideal. And in a certain sense, it must be said that theosophists of all shades do the same today. For example, if it has become popular in theosophical literature to speak of higher developed human individualities who have gained a certain advantage in human development, this is a truth that no one who thinks concretely can deny. The concept of the Master, the higher individuality, the very concept of the adept must be accepted by concrete thinking. Only a way of thinking that does not believe in evolution would deny these concepts. When we consider the concept of the master or adept, we must say that this individuality is one that has passed through many incarnations and, through practice and a godly life, has attained something different from other human beings, so that it has advanced ahead of humanity and acquired powers that the rest of humanity will only acquire in the future. It is now self-evident and should be so that those who, through theosophical knowledge, attain such a view of such individualities, attain a feeling of the highest reverence for the individuality of the masters, the adepts, and so on. And if we ascend from such a concept to such a noble life as the life of Buddha appears to us, so that we admit in the sense of theosophical knowledge that Buddha should be regarded as the highest adept of a — then we will be able to gain for our intellect, as well as for our mind and our feelings, a soul content and a relationship to such an individuality.
Now, as the theosophist approaches the figure of Christ Jesus on the basis of such theosophical knowledge and feeling, a certain need naturally arises in him — one cannot deny that in a certain sense it is quite understandable that such a need arises — a need that consists in connecting his Christ Jesus with the same ideal concept which he has formed from a master, from an adept, perhaps from our Buddha. And he may feel compelled to say: Jesus of Nazareth must also be regarded as a great adept! This prejudice would turn the recognition of the true Christian nature on its head. And it would be only a prejudice, albeit an understandable one. For how could someone who has attained the deepest, most intimate relationship with Christ not place the bearer of the Christ nature in the same line as the master, the adept, the Buddha, for example? How could he not? This must seem quite understandable to us. Perhaps it would seem to such a person to be a denigration of Jesus of Nazareth if one did not do so. — This distracts one from focusing on the facts as they at least seep through in the tradition.
Everyone could recognize one thing from the facts of tradition if they would only consider what can be perceived through an unbiased examination of tradition, despite all the opinions of the councils and despite everything that individual people have written as Church Fathers, Church Teachers, and so on: that Jesus of Nazareth, for example, cannot be called an adept. For anyone could ask themselves: Where in tradition is there anything that allows the term adept, as we have it in theosophical teaching, to be applied to Jesus of Nazareth? — One thing was emphasized in the early days of Christianity: that the one called Jesus of Nazareth was a human being like any other, a weak human being like any other. And those who come closest to the meaning of the one who came into the world are those who uphold the saying: Jesus was a true human being! So, if we look at the tradition properly, there is actually nothing in it that points to the concept of an adept. And if you remember everything that has been said in the previous lectures about the development of Jesus of Nazareth — about the development of the one Jesus boy in whom Zarathustra lived until the age of twelve, and about the development of the other Jesus boy in whom Zarathustra then lived until the age of thirty — you will say to yourselves: we are dealing with a special human being, with a human being whose nature, so to speak, the world history, the world development, made the greatest preparations for by creating two human bodies and allowing one human body to be inhabited by the Zarathustra individuality until the age of twelve and the other from the age of twelve to the age of thirty — but we will also say to ourselves: because these two Jesus figures were such significant individualities, the Jesus of Nazareth also stood high, but he did not ascend in the same way as an adept individuality that progresses continuously from incarnation to incarnation. But even apart from that: in the thirtieth year, when the Christ individuality enters the body of Jesus of Nazareth, Jesus of Nazareth leaves this body, and from the moment of John's baptism — if we are not now speaking of the Christ — we are dealing with a human being whom we must describe in the truest sense of the word as a mere human being, except that he is the bearer of the Christ. But we must distinguish between the bearer of Christ and Christ Himself in this bearer. In this body, which is the bearer of Christ, there dwelt no human individuality that had attained a particularly high level of development, because it had been abandoned by the Zarathustra individuality. The development that Jesus of Nazareth showed, this stage of development, came from the fact that the Zarathustra individuality dwelt in him. But this human nature has been abandoned by the Zarathustra individuality, as we know. That is why, as soon as the Christ individuality took possession of it, this human nature immediately sent back to it everything that otherwise comes out of human nature: the tempter. That is also why Christ was able to go through all the despair and all the worries that are described to us as the events on the Mount of Olives. Anyone who disregards the fact that the Christ being did not dwell in a human being who had attained a special level of adeptship, but in a simple human being who differed from others in that he was only the abandoned human shell in which Zarathustra had lived, anyone who disregards this cannot arrive at a real understanding of the nature of Christ. What the Christ-bearer was is a true human being, not an adept! But it is only when we recognize this that we gain a little insight into the whole nature of the events at Golgotha and in Palestine. If we were to regard Christ Jesus simply as a high adept, we would have to place him in line with other adept natures. We do not do that. There may be people who say to us: We do not do that because we want to place Christ Jesus above all other adepts as a still higher adept out of some preconceived prejudice. Those who would say that do not know what we must proclaim as the results of occult research in our time.
It is not a question of taking away the slightest thing from the other adepts. Within the worldview to which we belong, according to the occult findings of the present, we know as well as others that there was another significant individuality who was a contemporary of Christ Jesus, of whom we say: he was a real adept. And it is even difficult for us, if we do not go into the precise facts, to distinguish this human being inwardly from Christ Jesus; for this contemporary really appears very similar. When we hear, for example, that this contemporary of Christ Jesus was announced by a heavenly apparition before his birth, it reminds us of the announcement of Jesus in the Gospels. When we hear that this contemporary should not be called merely a descendant of human seed, but a son of the gods, it reminds us again of the beginning of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. When we then hear that the birth of this individuality surprised the mother so much that she was overwhelmed, this reminds us of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth and the events in Bethlehem as recounted in the Gospels. When we then hear that this individuality grew up and surprised everyone around him with wise answers to the priests' questions, this reminds us of the scene of the twelve-year-old Jesus in the temple. And when we are told that this individuality came to Rome, encountered the funeral procession of a young girl, brought the procession to a halt, and this individuality awakened the dead girl, this reminds us again of the raising of the dead in the Gospel of Luke. And countless miracles, if we want to speak of miracles, are told us about this individuality, who is the contemporary of Christ Jesus. Yes, she is so similar to Christ Jesus that it is said of her that after her death she appeared to people, just as Christ Jesus appeared to his disciples after his death. And when Christians put forward all kinds of reasons either to belittle this being or even to deny that he was a historical person, this is no less ingenious than what is put forward against the historicity of Christ Jesus himself. This individuality is that of Apollonius of Tyana, and we speak of him as a real high adept who was a contemporary of Christ Jesus.
If we now ask ourselves: what is the difference between the experience of Christ Jesus and the experience of Apollonius? We must first clarify what is important in the Apollonius experience.
Apollonius of Tyana is an individuality that has undergone many incarnations, has attained high powers, and shows a certain culmination in the incarnation that took place at the beginning of our calendar. This individuality, which we can see passing through many incarnations in ancient times, is present when it lives out its life in the body of Apollonius of Tyana, on its earthly stage. This is what we are dealing with. And because we know that a human individuality is involved in the construction of the human body, that this is not simply a duality, but that the human individuality works out the shape and form of this body, we must say: It was the body of this individuality that was built up to a certain form in accordance with this individuality. We cannot say this about Christ Jesus. Christ came into the physical body, the etheric body, and the astral body in the thirtieth year of Jesus of Nazareth, so he did not build up this body from childhood. We are therefore dealing with a completely different relationship between the Christ individuality and the body than in the case of the Apollonius individuality and his body. When we turn our spiritual gaze to the individuality of Apollonius of Tyana, we say to ourselves: this is a matter for this individuality, and this matter plays out as the life of Apollonius of Tyana. And if we wanted to make a graphic drawing, perhaps using an external sign to indicate such a life course, we could do so in the following way. The continuous individuality is indicated by the horizontal line; then we have in a a first incarnation, followed by a life between death and new birth in 5, then a second incarnation in c, followed again by a life between death and new birth, then a third incarnation, and so on. That which runs through all these incarnations, human individuality, stands, as it were, like the thread of human life outside the realm of the shells, outside the shell of the astral body, etheric body, and physical body—but also between death and rebirth outside what remains of the etheric body and astral body, and thus the thread of life is always closed off from what is the outer cosmos.
If we want to characterize the essence of the Christ life, we must do so differently.
We must say that this Christ life, when we now look at the previous incarnations of Jesus of Nazareth, does indeed develop in a certain way. But if we pull the thread of life, we must say: in the thirtieth year of the life of Jesus of Nazareth, individuality leaves this body, so that from now on we only have the shell of the physical body, the etheric body, and the astral body. But the forces that the individuality develops do not lie in the outer shells, but in the thread of life of the I, which passes from incarnation to incarnation. So, for example, the forces that belonged to a Zarathustra individuality, which were in the body of Jesus of Nazareth for preparation, pass away with the Zarathustra individuality. That is why we say: What is now present as a shell is a normal human organization, but it is not a human organization that could be called, for example, an adept organization insofar as individuality is concerned. Rather, it is simply a human being, a weak human being. And now the objective event occurs: while the thread of life otherwise simply continues as in a and c, it now takes a side path at e; but in return, through the baptism of John in the Jordan, the Christ being enters into the threefold organization. This Christ-being lives until the age of thirty-three, until the event of Golgotha, from the baptism of John onwards, only as the Christ-being, as we have often described. Whose business, then, is the life of Christ Jesus from the age of thirty to the age of thirty-three? It is not the business of the individuality that has gone from incarnation to incarnation, but the business of the individuality that entered from the cosmos into the body of Jesus of Nazareth, the business of an individuality, a being that had never before been connected with the earth, that entered from the universe and connected itself with a human body. In this sense, the events that took place between the thirtieth and thirty-third years of the life of Christ Jesus, that is, between the baptism of John and the mystery of Golgotha, are the events of the God Christ, not the events of a human being. Therefore, what is happening here is not a matter of the earth, but a matter of the supersensible world, for it had nothing to do with any human being. As a sign that it had nothing to do with any human being, the human being who inhabited this body until the age of thirty left this body.
What is happening here has something to do, first of all, with those events that took place before such a thread of life as ours entered into a physical human organization. We must go back to the ancient Lemurian era, to that age when human individualities descended from the divine heights and incarnated themselves in earthly bodies, to that event which is hinted at in the Old Testament as the seduction by the serpent. This event is of a very peculiar nature. All human beings suffered the consequences of this event while they were incarnated. For if this event had not occurred, the entire development of humanity on Earth would have been different, and human beings would have passed from incarnation to incarnation in a much more perfect state. However, through this event, they became more deeply entangled in matter, which is allegorically referred to as the Fall. But it is the Fall that has called man to his present individuality, so that man, as he passes from incarnation to incarnation as an individual, is not responsible for the Fall. We know, however, that the Luciferic spirits are responsible for the Fall. Therefore, we must say: Before man became man in the earthly sense, the divine, supersensible event took place through which man was imposed a deeper entanglement with matter. Through this event, human beings did indeed gain the power of love and freedom, but something was imposed on them that they could not impose on themselves through their own power. This entanglement in matter was not a human act, but an act of God that took place before human beings could participate in their own destiny. This is something that the higher powers of ongoing development agreed upon with the Luciferic powers. We will have to go into all these events in more detail later, but for now we will only present the main points before our souls.
What happened then needed to be compensated for. The pre-human 'fact' that occurred in human beings — the Fall — needed to be compensated for; something that was, so to speak, not a matter for human beings, but a matter between the gods themselves. And we will see that this matter had to take place as far below matter as the other matter took place above matter before human beings became entangled in matter. God had to descend as far into matter as He allowed human beings to sink into it. Let this fact sink in with all its gravity, and you will understand that this incarnation of Christ in Jesus of Nazareth was a matter for Christ himself. And what was man called to do in this? First of all, to watch how God compensates for the act of the Fall, how he creates its counteract. This would not have been possible within an adept personality, for an adept personality has worked its way up out of the fall into matter through its own efforts. This was only possible in a personality that was completely human, that did not tower above other human beings as a human being. It towered above them before it reached the age of thirty, but then no longer. Through what happened there, a divine event in the evolution of humanity was communicated, just as at the beginning of human evolution in the Lemurian epoch. And human beings were participants in a matter that took place among the gods; they were able to watch because the gods had to take the world of the physical plane to help them carry out their matter. That is why it is much better to say that Christ offered the gods the atonement that he could only offer in a physical human body, rather than using any other formula. And for human beings, it is like watching a divine event.
Something had happened to human nature. People simply felt this in their development. And this opened up the third path, which was possible alongside the two already mentioned. People with a deep Christian nature have often hinted at these three paths. From the long list that could be mentioned, I will name only two people who have testified in an outstanding way that Christ — who will be seen from the twentieth century onwards through the higher developed human faculties — can be recognized, felt, and experienced through the feelings that were not possible in the same form before the event of Golgotha.
There is, for example, the spirit who, in his entire soul development, can be regarded as a sharp opponent of what we have characterized as Jesuitism: Blaise Pascal, who stands tall in spiritual development as a spirit who has cast off everything that has come down from the old churches, but who has also taken nothing from modern rationalism. Like all great spirits, he remained fundamentally lonely with his thoughts. But what lies at the root of his thoughts at the beginning of the modern era? If we look into this, we can see from the writings he left behind, particularly from his stimulating “Thoughts,” which are easily accessible to everyone since they were published in Reclam's Universal Library, what he felt about how people would have become if the Christ event had not come into the world. In the secret of his soul, Pascal asked himself the question: What would have become of human beings if Christ had not intervened in human evolution? And he said to himself: We can feel that human beings face two dangers in their souls. One danger lies in recognizing God as identical with their own being: knowledge of God in knowledge of humanity. Where does this lead? If it only manifests itself in such a way that man recognizes God Himself, it leads to pride, arrogance, and hubris; and man destroys his best powers because he hardens them in pride and arrogance. That would be a recognition of God that would always have been possible, even if Christ had not come, if the Christ event had not worked as an impulse in all human hearts. Human beings could always have recognized God, but they would have become proud through the consciousness in their own hearts. Or there could have been people who closed themselves off to the recognition of God, who did not want to recognize God. Their gaze now falls on something else: on human powerlessness, on human misery — and then human despair necessarily follows. That would have been the other danger, the danger of those who rejected the knowledge of God. These two paths, says Pascal, are the only ones possible: pride and arrogance — or despair. Then the event of Christ entered into human development and caused every human being to receive a power that allows them not only to feel God, but to feel the God who was equal to human beings, who lived with human beings. This is the only cure for pride, when one fixes one's gaze on the God who bowed down on the cross; when the soul looks at Christ bowing down under the cross. But this is also the only healer of all despair. For this humility is not one that makes one weak, but one that gives a power that goes beyond all despair and heals. As the mediator between pride and despair, the helper, the savior, dawns in the human soul in the sense of Pascal. But every human being can feel this, even without clairvoyance. And this is the preparation for the Christ who will be visible to all people from the twentieth century onwards, who will rise as the healer of pride and despair in every human breast, who simply could not be felt in the same way before.
And the second witness I would like to call upon from the great ranks of people who feel what every Christian can feel is Vladimir Solovyov, who has already been mentioned in some other context. Solovyov again points to two forces in human nature, between which the personal Christ is to stand as mediator. He says: There are two things for which the human soul longs: immortality and wisdom or moral perfection. But neither of these is inherent in human nature. For human nature shares the characteristic of all natures, and nature does not lead to immortality, but to death. And in beautiful reflections, the great thinker of our time explains how death spreads over everything, as external science also shows. If we look at external nature, it answers our knowledge: death is! But within us there lives a longing for immortality. Why? Because the longing for perfection lives within us. And to see that the longing for perfection lives within us, we need only look into the human soul. Just as true as the red rose is red, says Soloviev, so true is the human soul imbued with the longing for perfection. But striving for perfection without a longing for immortality is the lie of existence, says Soloviev. For it would be absurd if the soul, like all natural existence, ended with death. But all natural existence answers us: death is! Therefore, the human soul is compelled to go beyond natural existence in order to seek the answer elsewhere, in the sense of the aforementioned philosopher. And he now says: Look at the natural scientists: what answer do they give you when they want to teach you about the connection between the human soul and nature? A mechanical natural order, they say, prevails, and man is part of it. And what do the philosophers answer you? An empty, abstract world of ideas pervades all natural facts as the spiritual, which is to be recognized philosophically. Neither of these is an answer when man becomes conscious and asks himself out of this consciousness: What is perfection? — When he becomes conscious that he has a longing for perfection, for a life of truth, and when he asks for the power that can satisfy this longing, a view opens up to him of a realm that at first stands there like a question, that must exist for the human soul like a riddle, without the realization of which the human soul can only consider itself a lie: the realm of grace above nature. No philosophy, no natural science can connect the realm of grace with existence, for the forces of nature act mechanically, and the forces of thought have only a reality in thought. But what has a full reality that can connect the soul with immortality? This is possessed by the personal Christ working in the world. And only the living Christ, not the merely thought Christ, can give the answer. The Christ who works merely in the soul would leave the soul alone, for the soul cannot give birth to the realm of grace on its own. That which goes beyond nature, that which stands as a real fact like nature itself: the personal, historical Christ is the one who gives not a thought answer, but a real answer.
And now this philosopher comes to the answer that is the most extreme, the most spiritual that can be given at the end of the age that is coming to a close, before the gates open in the twentieth century to what has so often been hinted at to you: it will be a seeing of Christ that will take its starting point in the twentieth century.
And feeling this fact, the consciousness that Pascal and Soloviev classically described was called faith. Others have called it that too. With the concept of faith, one can come into a strange conflict in two directions in relation to the human soul. Go through the development of the concept of faith and look at the criticism of it. Today we have reached the point where we say that faith must be guided by knowledge and that faith which is not based on knowledge must be rejected. Faith is to be abolished, so to speak, and replaced by knowledge. In the Middle Ages, the objects of the higher worlds were presented as faith, and faith was regarded as something justified. This is also the fundamental nerve of Protestantism, that faith is regarded as something justified alongside knowledge. Thus, faith is something that arises from the human soul, alongside which knowledge is placed, which is supposed to be common to all. It is interesting to see how a philosopher whom many consider great, Kant, did not go beyond this concept of faith. For his concept of faith is that what man is to gain about such things as God, immortality, and so on, must come to him from entirely different regions; but only through moral faith, not through knowledge.
The concept of faith reaches its highest form in the work of the philosopher I just mentioned, Soloviev, who appears to be the most important philosopher before the fall of the Berlin Wall, pointing, so to speak, to the new world. For Soloviev knows a completely different faith than all previous concepts of faith. Where has the previous concept of faith led humanity? It has led humanity to the atheistic-materialistic demand for mere knowledge of the external world—let us say in the Lutheran, Kantian, or nineteenth-century monistic sense—for knowledge that insists on knowledge and regards faith as something that the human soul has formed out of necessary weakness up to a certain point in time. The concept of faith has finally come to this because it has been regarded as merely subjective. Whereas in previous centuries faith was still demanded as a necessity, the nineteenth century attacked faith precisely because it stood in contrast to knowledge, which was supposed to originate from the human soul as something universally valid.
And now comes a philosopher who, in a certain sense, acknowledges the concept of faith in order to gain a relationship to Christ that was not previously possible, but who now views the matter in such a way that he recognizes in this faith, insofar as it relates to Christ, an act of necessity, of inner duty. For Soloviev, the contrast is no longer “believe or do not believe,” but rather, faith becomes a necessity in and of itself. He believes that we are obliged to believe in Christ because otherwise we would have to negate ourselves and declare our existence to be a lie. Like the crystal form in a mineral substance, faith appears in the human soul as its very nature. Therefore, the soul must say: If I recognize the truth—and not the lie of myself—then I must realize faith in my own soul. I am obliged to believe; but I cannot come to this except through my own free act. And in this Soloviev sees, as it were, the distinguishing feature of Christ's deed, that faith is at once a necessity and a morally free act. The soul is told, as it were: You cannot do otherwise if you do not want to destroy yourself: you must acquire faith; but it must be your own free act! And just like Pascal, this philosopher connects what the soul experiences in order not to feel itself as a lie with the historical Christ Jesus, as he entered human development through the events in Palestine. That is why Soloviev says: If Christ had not entered into human development as he must be conceived as the historical Christ, he would not have brought about the soul's perception of both the inner free act and the legal necessity of faith, and the human soul in the post-Christian era would be compelled to annihilate itself and say not, “I am,” but “I am not!” — According to this philosopher, this would have been the development in the post-Christian era, that an inner consciousness would have permeated the human soul with the “I am not”! At the moment when the soul summons itself to the act of imposing being upon itself, it cannot help but refer back to the historical Christ Jesus.
This also represents progress on the path of faith for the outer exoteric teaching in establishing the third way. Through the Gospel accounts, those who do not themselves look into the spiritual world can come to recognize Christ. Through what clairvoyant consciousness has always been able to tell them, they can likewise come to recognize Christ. But there were actually three paths: that of self-knowledge, which leads—as these witnesses can tell us from their own experience with many thousands upon thousands of people—to the realization that human self-knowledge in the post-Christian era is impossible without placing Christ Jesus alongside human beings; that the soul must either deny itself, or, if it wants to affirm itself, will affirm Christ Jesus with itself. Why this was not the case in pre-Christian times will be explained in the next few days.