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Man in the Light of Occultism, Theosophy and Philosophy
GA 137

2 June 1912, Oslo

Lecture I

My dear Friends,

We have spoken together in earlier lecture cycles on many important subjects that arise in connection with the theosophical outlook on the world. On the present occasion we have chosen a subject that is among the very most important of all for theosophical life and thought—man himself. For every branch of human knowledge this is a subject of the first importance and value, and for theosophy unquestionably so. In theosophy there should really be a fresh feeling of what the Greek understood by the word “Anthropos.” If we would find a true modern rendering of the Greek word, we might say “one who looks up into the heights.” This is the definition of man which finds expression in the word “anthropos,”—he who looks up into the heights to find the source and origin of his life. Such is man, according to the Greek. To recognise man as a being of this nature is the very raison d'être of theosophy, Theosophy wants to rise above the details of sense existence and of the outer activity of life, into the heights of spiritual experience where we are able to learn whence man has come and whither he is going. Man himself, rightly the object of study for every world outlook, must pre-eminently be so for theosophy.

In this cycle of lectures we propose to consider man in his spiritual nature from three standpoints from which a study of man has been pursued in every serious world-conception, although in ordinary external life they do not generally find the same recognition. I refer to the standpoints of occultism, theosophy and philosophy.

Now it is obvious that we shall first have to come to an understanding together of what these three words mean. When we speak of occultism, then for the majority of the educated world today we are speaking of something totally unknown. For ordinary everyday life occultism, in its original and proper form, has always been something secret and hidden. Occultism starts, indeed, from the idea that in order to come to a knowledge and experience of his own being, man cannot remain at the kind of vision that ordinary consciousness affords, but must go forward to an altogether different vision, an altogether different kind of knowledge.

Let me make this clear by a comparison. We live perhaps in a certain town and we see the experiences of a few individuals in that town. If the town is a fairly large one, we really know nothing more than a few small details of all that is to be seen and known in it. Suppose we want to take a survey of the whole town. We must seek out some elevated position in the environment whence to obtain a view such as we never could have so long as we remained in the town. And if we want to connect up and survey the whole intellectual and moral life of the place then we shall have to betake ourselves to a spiritual height above the experiences of every day.

This is the very thing man has to do when he wants to get beyond the experiences of ordinary consciousness, for these experiences show him in reality only a part of what goes to make the whole of life in all its connections. Knowledge must go out beyond itself; it must ascend to a vantage point above ordinary consciousness and ordinary knowledge. It follows naturally that the details—in all their intensity of colour and light and shade—tend to disappear. When we go up to a height in order to get a wider view over some town, we see it as a whole and lose the finer details that a closer individual experience can afford. It is the same with a point of view that is raised above ordinary consciousness. It has to forgo a great deal that belongs to the more detailed and individual part of life. But it gives on the other hand something that is of first importance for a knowledge of the nature of man, it gives a Vision of that which lies at the very foundation of man's nature and is the same in all men.

The only way to arrive at such a vantage point is to undertake a path of development and attain what is usually called clairvoyant knowledge. You can read about it in books on the subject and learn what souls have to do in order to come to clairvoyant knowledge. You will find described how the ordinary means of knowledge—perception with the senses and reflection with the ordinary faculty of understanding and judgment—are here not enough; and it is shown how these have to be overcome and superseded. Quite new means of acquiring knowledge, means that lie hidden in the soul like a seed in the earth, have to be discovered and developed.

You will probably already have learned from the literature on the subject that three stages are to be distinguished on the path to clairvoyant or occult knowledge. The first is the stage of Imaginative knowledge, the second the stage of Inspired knowledge, and the third that of Intuitive knowledge. If we wanted to describe in popular language the results of the self-knowledge attained by means of Imagination, Inspiration and Intuition, we should have to say that it enables man to behold things that are hidden from ordinary consciousness. In order to bring home to you in a simple manner what is attained in occult knowledge and clairvoyant vision, I need only point to the contrast between sleeping and waking. When he is awake man has around him the world of the senses, it forms his environment, and he judges it with his intellect and his other faculties of knowledge. When he enters into the condition of sleep, then consciousness—that is, ordinary consciousness—is darkened But man does not cease to be when he falls asleep, nor come newly into being when he wakes up. Man is alive in the time that passes between falling asleep and awakening; only, he has not sufficient strength and energy of soul to perceive what is in his environment when he is asleep. To put it in another way, man's powers of knowledge require to be sharpened by the physical organs, the senses and the nerves before he can become aware of what is in his environment. At night when man is away from his sense organs and his nervous system, the forces in the soul are too weak for him to be able to rouse himself and perceive his environment. Now it is possible, through the means employed for training in occult knowledge, to bring the soul, which is too weak in the night to perceive its environment, into a condition where it can under certain circumstances perceive even when it is in the state of ordinary sleep. In this way there is opened to man's perception a new and wider world; one might say—only the expression is from a certain aspect unjustified—a higher world.

We have thus to do with a change in the soul, and a change that is in the direction of strengthening the inner forces of the soul, increasing the soul's energy. As this change comes about, man learns to know what is the real nature of that which goes out of the body in sleep and comes into it again on awakening. He learns that the part of him which is outside the body during sleep contains that inner seed and kernel of his being, which enters into the body at birth and passes out of it again when he goes through the gate of death. Further, man comes to know that during the time between death and a new birth he lives in the world of soul and spirit. In short, he learns to have knowledge that is spiritual and he becomes familiar with an environment which is of a spiritual nature and hidden from ordinary consciousness. In the spiritual world lie the foundations of all existence, including physical existence; so that by following the path of occult knowledge man acquires the faculty to behold the deepest and original foundations of existence. He is, however, only able to acquire this faculty by first himself undergoing change; he has to become a different kind of “knower” from what he is in ordinary consciousness.

Occultism can only find its way to man, when man sets out to apply to his own soul the means that are given for attaining occult knowledge. It has lain in the very nature of things up to the present time—you will often find indications of it in literature—that it was not the concern of every single human being so to educate himself as to be able to have direct vision of the spiritual world and penetrate to the original foundations of existence. The means to do so were imparted only to small circles of persons, and strict care was taken that before a man was given the means of attaining occult knowledge, he should have a preparation and training which would make him ripe to apply these means to his own soul.

It is easy to understand why this had to be. Higher occult knowledge leads, as we have seen, to the foundations of all existence, it leads to the world from which our world is derived and made. At the same time man acquires faculties he did not have before; and so, when he becomes able to penetrate to the foundations of existence, he is in a position to execute deeds that cannot be carried out with the ordinary means of knowledge. To make myself clear, I must here refer to a fact on which I shall have more to say later: for the moment, I only want to cite it to demonstrate how impossible it was to give occult knowledge into the hands of everyone. Man has to have egoism implanted into him during Earth evolution. Without egoism he could not fulfil his task on Earth, for his task on Earth consists in evolving from egoism into love; through love he has to ennoble and subdue and spiritualise egoism. At the end of Earth evolution man will be permeated through and through with love, but he could never evolve up to this love in freedom, had not egoism been implanted into his nature from the beginning. Now, egoism is in the highest degree dangerous and harmful when it is a question of undertaking to perform some deed behind the world of ordinary consciousness. The whole history of man is filled with egoism, and endless harm has been wrought by it in ordinary life; but all the trouble that is due to egoism in ordinary life is a mere trifle in comparison with the harm and trouble it causes if it is able to work with occult knowledge. It has, therefore, always been required of those to whom means of occult knowledge were imparted that they should have a character so thoroughly disciplined and prepared that, let the temptation be ever so great, they would never work in the sense of egoism. That was the first and all-important requirement in the preparation for occult knowledge. Anyone admitted to such knowledge must be quite incapable of allowing the occult to be misused for an egoistic end. Naturally this meant that only a very few in the whole course of evolution could be chosen for reception into the occult schools, which in olden times were called Mysteries—and sometimes also known under other names.

The occult knowledge to which these few attained had definite characteristics and qualities. The characteristic of which I am now going to speak is in our own time undergoing change, but it has been common to all rightly named occult schools hitherto It is this. In the occult schools, where the means of occult knowledge were imparted to men, among the many things that had to be overcome in the process of overcoming egoism, it was required of the pupil that he should not speak in the Mysteries or occult schools with ordinary words, that he should not try to make himself understood with the words that are current in the life of external consciousness. For a kind of refined and higher egoism enters into man as soon as he makes use of the words and thoughts and ideas that are employed in external life. At once there come into consideration all the things in a man that do not let us see him as a human being pure and simple, but as a member of a particular folk or people, with all the egoisms that belong to him through the fact that he loves his own folk. These are quite justified in ordinary life. For external consciousness men must have these refined and higher egoisms; they are among the most praiseworthy qualities of human life. But for the highest knowledge, for the all human knowledge that has to be sought behind the life of ordinary consciousness, we may not bring with us even these refined and higher egoisms. Special preparation had therefore to be given in the occult schools, by the creation and study of an all-human language. The language of ordinary life was not used in occult schools, but a language that worked upon the human being in quite a different way. For it was a language that worked not by means of words and thoughts as is the case with ordinary knowledge, but by means of symbols. Those of you who know mathematics will readily understand why symbols were chosen for this purpose; for symbols have a universal meaning. By developing oneself up to the stage of a language that speaks in symbols, one was able to come right out beyond all the egoism that confuses judgment and clouds ordinary consciousness, beyond even the higher egoisms of which we have spoken. This meant however, that what one was able to say was comprehensible only to those who had first learned the language. The language consisted of symbols that could be drawn, or traced with movements of the hand in rituals, or expressed in colour combinations and so forth. In occult schools, not what was imparted in words was of importance—that was only preparatory—but what was spoken in symbols, independent of ordinary human words, independent even of ordinary human thoughts. Thus, the first step to be taken in an occult school was the study of a symbol language.

In very ancient times those who were initiated in the Mysteries were under strict injunction not to betray to people outside anything of the Mystery language; for if a man who was outside the Mysteries were to get to know the symbols and were clever enough, he might come to possess—all unprepared—a means to occult knowledge. The creation of the symbols provided the possibility of a language common to all men. The keeping secret of the symbols prevented the knowledge that was expressed in them from reaching those who were unripe to receive it. Thus, through the very fact that one was obliged to speak and use a symbolic language, provision was at the same time made against Mystery knowledge being communicated indiscriminately. True Mystery knowledge, true occultism, was a knowledge that was kept guarded in the secret schools of the Mysteries and had to be attained by the development of occult faculties. It was a knowledge that by its nature belonged to all mankind; nevertheless it was always limited to narrow circles of people in the way I have described.

There is still another reason why occultism could not be communicated to mankind at large. Just as truly as it is necessary in the first place to be free of egoism if one is to be allowed to penetrate the world that opens to occult vision, so truly does man find it impossible, when his power of knowledge has been transformed and he has become able to look into that totally different world, to make use there of the ideas and conceptions to which he is accustomed. The creation of symbols serves, then, this further purpose: it provides a means whereby one can express what cannot be expressed with ordinary human words and ideas. For the human being can only apply himself to occultism when he is not orientated to the senses and the brain, but is outside them. All ordinary words, however, are connected in their origin with the brain, they spring from outer observation; when therefore a man perceives a fact of occult knowledge, he at once feels how impossible it is to give expression to it with ordinary words. Occult knowledge is a knowledge that is attained outside the body. To give it expression by the use of means that are attained through the body is, on the face of it, at the beginning of occult knowledge quite impossible.

Occult knowledge is, however, not merely there to be acquired by a few persons who are curious; its whole content is something that is essential and of the very first importance for all mankind. Occult knowledge is the experience of the foundations of existence and in especial of the foundations of human existence, and it must enter right into life. Means must be found to carry occult knowledge right into the life of man and to bring it within the comprehension of people generally.

The first means employed to make occult knowledge comprehensible is, and always has been, what has in more recent times been called theosophy. In turning it into theosophy, one has to forgo what we have just seen to be an essential characteristic of occult knowledge, namely, that it makes use only of the very highest form of language. One abandons this restriction and proceeds to clothe occult truths in ordinary human words and ideas. Occult knowledge is communicated, for example, to a particular people in a form that employs the ideas and concepts current among this people. The result is that occult knowledge becomes specific and differentiated, appearing in the form of communications made through the words of one section of mankind. Those who were in possession of secret knowledge were obliged to clothe it in the language of a particular people; and so we find clothed in the language of particular peoples what is in reality the property of all mankind.

In the Mysteries the aim has always been to remain as human as possible, in the large sense of the word. At the same time the initiates of the Mysteries had to make themselves understood, they had to express themselves in the language of the people and in the ideas that the people had developed. And so individual theosophists who have come forward among mankind have had to take pains to make themselves intelligible in regard to the particular aim and object or the particular sphere of life about which they were speaking.

It is by no means easy to give expression in this way to occult knowledge, in one particular language or in one particular form of ideas. But it has been done and to no small extent, in various regions of the earth and at various times in man's history. Occultism is a thing into which one has to find one's way by means of clairvoyant training and discipline. Theosophy, on the other hand, is a thing that is presented to us in ideas and concepts that we have already and in which occult knowledge has only been clothed When this has been ably and correctly done, then occult truths are within the comprehension of any man who has sound and healthy judgment and takes pains to master them. Theosophy is absolutely understandable by anyone with a healthy intelligence if he will but give himself the trouble We have no right to say that he alone can grasp the occult who can himself develop occult vision. When occult truths are clothed in ideas, as they are in theosophy, they are within the scope of every healthy human intelligence.

Now in accordance with laws that prevail in the evolution of mankind (we shall have more to say about these later on) there came a time when a further change was necessary. In the far-off past of evolution we find among the most ancient peoples (I do not refer here to the decadent peoples that an un-understanding anthropology calls “primeval,” but to the really original peoples of which spiritual science tells)—among these original peoples we find Mysteries and occult schools which communicated occult knowledge to a few individuals, and we find also a more widely communicated theosophy, that is to say, occult truths clothed in familiar ideas. But as time goes on, we observe a change. Whereas hitherto almost the only way in which man could approach the first foundations of existence had been in the form of theosophy, that form began now to pass over into one that was more religious in character. It was recognised that while it is true that the healthy human understanding, if it will only go far enough, can quite well grasp theosophy, yet with the progress of human life it was becoming no longer always possible for men to adopt the comprehensive point of view of a healthy human understanding, and provision had also to be made for those who, simply through the conditions of external life, had no possibility of developing their intelligence far enough to enable them to penetrate occult truths. A way had to be found whereby such could attain a kind of “faith” knowledge of the foundations of existence.

The Mysteries had already what may be called a “feeling” knowledge, and out of this developed now the religious form of knowledge, which became for later times the more popular and more accessible form of knowledge in comparison with the theosophical. When we go back a long way in the evolution of mankind, we find a world conception which has not a religious character,—in the sense in which we understand the word today. In the first Post-Atlantean epoch, the ancient Indian, we find an occult knowledge of which the people were able to partake in the form of theosophy. For this far-off Indian time, “religion” coincides with theosophy. When we trace back the evolution of religion, we find at its starting point theosophy. With the progress of evolution it became more and more necessary to make use of the religious form of knowledge. It could no longer be assumed that man with his healthy human understanding could have insight into what theosophy was able to give. And so the truths of theosophy began to be poured into a new mould and became the truths of religion.

Passing on to more recent times, we find that in Christianity the change becomes complete,—the change, that is, from the theosophical form of knowledge to the religious. In the various Christian churches and creeds as they have developed through the centuries, very little trace of theosophy is to be found. The theosophy of the old kind has disappeared into the background, and we see how with the development of Christianity develops also a theology; so that in time we have in addition to faith a theology, whilst theosophy becomes an object, if not of hatred, at any rate of antipathy, to the theologians.

A third form in which man's strivings after the foundations of existence have been clothed is the philosophical. Occult knowledge is acquired by the human being in so far as he is free from the physical body. Theosophy expresses occult knowledge in external thoughts and external words. Philosophy strives to reach to the foundations of the world with instruments of knowledge which, though refined and subtle in quality, are nevertheless bound to the physical brain. Philosophy, as we find it in the essentially philosophical epoch of human evolution, does not set out, as does theosophy, to hand on that which has been acquired outside the physical body; philosophy tries, in so far as may be, to approach the foundations of existence by means of man's ordinary faculties of knowledge. The truths of philosophy are thus striven after with faculties of knowledge which, though of the subtlest, are yet connected with the body. Philosophy has, at bottom, the same goal as occultism and theosophy, namely, to search out the foundations of existence; but philosophy makes use of the thinking and the means of research that are bound up with the brain and with outer perception. With the aid of these it sets out to delve into the foundations of existence. And, working as it does with the subtlest and finest knowledge faculties of man, philosophy remains perforce the concern only of a few. Philosophy can never become popular. A great many people feel philosophy to be something that is much too difficult for them,—if not tiresome and tedious!

Now the aforesaid characteristic of philosophy is important,—that it works with knowledge faculties which are bound up with the senses, and that it chooses of these the subtlest and the most refined. For, in so far as it employs means that are connected with the personality, philosophy has inevitably a personal character. When, however, man really succeeds in excercising the very subtlest of his knowledge faculties, it becomes possible for him to throw off something of the personal element; and in the degree that he is able to do this, philosophy becomes universal, all-human. One needs to enter very deeply into philosophy to be able to detect its universal character. Its personal character is unfortunately only too obvious. It requires deep penetration to perceive fundamental principles that are common to such apparently different thinkers, for example, as the ancient Greek philosophers Parmenides and Heraclitus. One can however quickly appreciate the difference between these and an unkindly critic like Schopenhauer who approaching merely the external side of philosophy, sees only what splits it up into many different personal standpoints, and does not see the sequence of these personal human standpoints.

In this sense philosophy is the very reverse of occultism. Philosophy has to be attained by the most personal of means, whereas occultism is achieved by laying aside personality. Therefore is it so difficult for one who gives utterance in correct philosophical manner to what is personal in him to be understood by his fellowmen. On the other hand, anyone who succeeds in clothing occultism in expressions and ideas that are current and generally comprehensible, will meet with understanding all the world over. Occultism strips itself entirely of the personal element. Systems of philosophy arise directly out of the personal in man; occultism arises out of the impersonal and is on this account capable of general comprehension. And when it is a question of expressing occultism in terms of theosophy, the endeavour is always made to speak to every human heart and every human soul, and in large measure this can be done.

The foregoing description of the three points of view may serve as a kind of preparatory introduction to our studies, You will have been able to see for yourselves what one may call the more external characteristics of the occult, the theosophical and the philosophical point of view.

Occultism is in its results one and the same for all mankind. In reality there is no such thing as a difference of standpoint in occultism,—any more than there are different mathematics. It is only necessary in regard to any particular question to have the means actually at hand to acquire knowledge on that question, and the knowledge will be the same as is reached by everyone who has the right means at his disposal. Thus, speaking in the ideal sense, we can just as little admit the existence of different standpoints in occultism as we can imagine there might be different standpoints in mathematics. Consequently occultism, wherever it has made its appearance, has always been recognised as single and universal. It is true that in the various theosophies that have existed from time to time and have supplied the outer cloak, so to speak, of occult truths, differences show themselves; but that is because the truths have had to be clothed differently for one folk or one epoch, than for another folk or another epoch. In other words, the differences between the theosophies that exist on the Earth lie in the manner of thought used to clothe the occult truths. The foundations of occultism are always and everywhere one and the same.

Religions, on the other hand, since they take their source in the theosophical garment of occultism, have acquired differences in respect of people and time. Occultism knows no such differentiations, it knows nothing that might stir up opposition between man and man. No cause for opposition exists, since occultism is the single undivided property of all mankind. And inasmuch as theosophy should in our time concern itself with the provision of a right and proper expression for occultism, it too must take care to absorb as little as possible of the differentiations that have manifested themselves in mankind. It must set itself the aim of being a faithful expression of occult truth and occult connections in so doing, it will inevitably also work for the overthrow of all specialised world-conceptions and help to break down religious differentiations. We must learn completely to overcome the inclination to a theosophy of a definite stamp and colouring. It has gradually come about in the history of evolution that theosophies have tended to receive a certain nuance and colouring in accordance—I will not say with religious prejudices, but with religious preconceived feelings and opinions. Theosophy needs to keep constantly in view its ideal,—to be a reflection of occultism. There can therefore be no such thing as a Buddhist theosophy or a Hindu theosophy, or a Zoroastrian or a Christian. Naturally, regard must be had to the characteristic ideas and thoughts with which particular people will approach theosophy. Nevertheless it must never let go its ideal of being a pure expression for occult truth. It was, for example, a repudiation of the fundamental principle of occultists all the world over, when a theosophy made its appearance among certain societies in Central Europe, calling itself a “Christian” theosophy. As a matter of fact, you can just as little have a Christian theosophy as a Buddhist theosophy or a Zoroastrian.

The relation theosophy has to assume to religion is that of an expounder of its truths. For theosophy is in a position to understand the truths of religion. And then forms and expressions of some particular aspect of occultism and that occultism itself has to be grasped independently of all such differentiations.

As I have pointed out, this must be our ideal. It is quite understandable that occultism has been clothed in many and varied ways the world over, even while all occultists are in agreement as to their knowledge; it is nevertheless of great importance that in our time a possibility should again be given for speaking with a single voice about occultism. This can only be, if the goodwill is really present to shake off once for all the differences that have their origin in preconceived feelings and opinions. And it is encouraging to see how already the desire is gaining ground for a general agreement on elementary matters of occult knowledge. In regard, for instance, to the knowledge of reincarnation and karma it will in the near future be possible to attain something like universal agreement. As our theosophy develops, it will, to begin with, concern itself first and foremost with the spread over the whole earth of the great and important truths of reincarnation and karma. For these truths are destined to prevail; even religious prejudices will surrender before them.

A great work for peace on earth would be accomplished if unity and harmony could be established in regard to the higher realms of occult knowledge. Let that stand before us as an ideal. It is hard of attainment. When one reflects how intimately men are bound up with their religious prejudices and with the whole way in which they have been educated, one will readily perceive the difficulty of presenting them with something that is not coloured with any religious prejudice but is as faithful a picture as possible of occult knowledge.

Within certain limits we must be prepared to recognise that as long as the Buddhist takes the standpoint of the Buddhist faith, he rejects the standpoint of the Christian. And if theosophy takes on a Buddhist colouring, then that Buddhist theosophy will quite naturally show itself inimical, or at any rate unsympathetic, to occultism. We shall also understand how difficult it is, in a realm where Christian forms prevail, to come to an objective knowledge, let us say, of those aspects of occultism which find expression in Buddhism Our ideal, however, must always be to meet the one point of view with just as much understanding as the other and to establish over the whole earth a harmonious and peaceful relationship based on mutual comprehension.

The Buddhist and the Christian who have become theosophists will understand one another, they will be sure to discover a standpoint where they are in harmonious agreement. A theosophist has always before him the ideal of a universal single occultism, free of all religious prejudice. The Christian who has become a theosophist will understand the Buddhist when he says: “It is not possible that a Bodhisattva who has passed from incarnation to incarnation and has at length become Buddha (as happened in the particular case with the death of Suddhodana) should afterwards return again into a human body. For in becoming Buddha he has attained to such a lofty stage of human evolution that he does not need ever to pass again into a human body.” The Christian will reply to the Buddhist: “Christianity has not up to the present given me any revelation concerning Beings like Bodhisattvas, but as I strive after theosophy I learn to recognise not only that you know this truth out of your knowledge, but that I too must receive it as truth.” For as theosophist, the Christian will say to himself: “I understand what a Bodhisattva is, I know that the Buddhist speaks absolute truth about these Beings, he utters a truth which could be spoken in lands where Buddhism prevailed. I understand it when the Buddhist says that a Buddha does not return again into a fleshly organism.” The Christian who has become a theosophist understands the Buddhist who has become a theosophist. And if the Christian were now in his turn to address the Buddhist, he could say: “When one studies the Christian faith in its true occult content, as it is studied in occult schools, then one finds that the Being who is designated by the name of Christ”—the name of Christ may be quite unknown to the other—“is a Being who was never on earth before the time of the Mystery of Golgotha. He is a Being who can never come again in a physical body; for that would contradict the whole nature of the Christ.”

When the Buddhist who has become a theosophist hears this from the Christian, he will answer him in the following way: “Just as you understand how impossible it is for me to admit that a Buddha, after he has once become Buddha, can come again in a fleshly body,—just as you understand me, recognising what has been imparted to me as truth, so am I ready to recognise the share of truth that has been communicated to you. I try to recognise what you receive from your faith, namely, that at the beginning of Christianity stands, not so much a Teacher, but a Deed, an Act.” For the occultist places at the beginning of Christianity not Jesus of Nazareth, but the Christ, and he sets the actual moment of its beginning in the Mystery of Golgotha.

Buddhism differs from Christianity in that it has a personal teacher as its starting-point, whereas Christianity has a deed, the deed of salvation and release, the deed accomplished by the death on the Cross on Golgotha. Not a doctrine but a deed stands at the foundation of Christian evolution. This the Buddhist theosophist understands, and he receives what is given as the occult foundation of Christianity and in doing so helps to establish harmony among mankind. He would be breaking the harmony if he were to apply to Christianity his Buddhist ideas. It is the part of the Christian, when he becomes theosophist, to understand Buddhism out of Buddhism itself, not to re-mould in some way of his own the ideas about Bodhisattva and Buddha, but rather to understand them as they are contained in Buddhism. Similarly it is the part of the Buddhist to receive the Christian ideas as they are, for they form the occult foundations of Christianity. Just as it is impossible to bring together the Being Who is named with the name of Christ with Beings of a lower kind, namely with Bodhisattvas, so also is it impossible, if we would remain loyal to the ideal of theosophy, to allow theosophy to be anything else than a faithful reflection of the single undivided occultism.

To apply the properties of a Bodhisattva to the Christ would be to hinder the great mission of peace that it is given to theosophy to fulfil. On the other hand, theosophy fulfils its mission of peace, when it undertakes to bring to mankind the universal foundations of truth in a scientific form such as is adapted for our day and generation. When we in the West understand Buddhism or Brahmanism or Zarathustrianism without prejudice, and when Christianity too is understood in the way it needs to be understood, then it will be possible for the really fundamental ideas of Christianity to find recognition and response among men.

Mankind has not always risen to the perception of the fact that a deed stands at the beginning of Christianity and that there can therefore be no question of a return of the Christ. Again and again it has happened in the course of the centuries that men have come forward and spoken of a return of the Christ. Such teachings have always been silenced and refuted, and they will be so again, for they run counter to the great and universal mission of life and peace that it belongs to theosophy to fulfil, if it would be a pure expression of occultism. Occultism has always had the character of universality and is independent of every Buddhist as well as of every Christian shade of colouring. Hence it can understand objectively the Mussulman or the Zoroastrian or the Buddhist, even as it can also the Christian. What I have said will help you to see how it is that occultism, which is universal, has come to assume in theosophy so many different forms in the course of human evolution. And you will be able also to see why in our time it is so important to hold up as the ideal, not that one form of religion should gain the victory over the rest, but that all the different forms of expression of religion should mutually understand one another. The first condition for this, however, is that men should come to an understanding of the occult foundations that are the same for all religions.

My intention has been in this lecture to give a kind of introduction to the important matters we shall have to consider in the following days.

Erster Vortrag

Wir haben über mancherlei wichtige Themen der theosophischen Weltanschauung bei den verflossenen Vortragszyklen schon miteinander gesprochen. Wir haben mit dem gegenwärtigen Vortragszyklus uns ein Thema gestellt, welches zu den allerwichtigsten, zu den allerbetrachtenswertesten des theosophischen Lebens, der theosophischen Weltanschauung und der theosophischen Gesinnung gehört. Wir haben uns gewissermaßen das wichtigste Objekt ausersehen, welches die menschliche Erkenntnis anerkanntermaßen haben kann, nämlich den Menschen selber. Und für die theosophische Betrachtung muß dieser Mensch selber, man möchte sagen, ganz selbstverständlich wiederum der allerhöchste Gegenstand der Betrachtung sein. Man muß innerhalb der theosophischen Weltanschauung wieder etwas fühlen von dem, was der von alter Theosophie berührte griechische Geist schon in das Wort Anthropos - Mensch - legte. Der zu den Höhen Blickende so könnte man es, wenn man es richtig übersetzen wollte, in unsere gegenwärtige Ausdrucksweise übersetzen. «Der-zu-den-Höhen-Blickende» ist zu gleicher Zeit die Definition des Menschen, die in dem griechischen Worte Anthropos zum Ausdrucke kommt, das heißt: der in den Höhen des Lebens seinen Ursprung Suchende, und der seine eigenen Gründe nur in den Höhen des Lebens Findende, das ist der Mensch nach dem Gefühle der griechischen Welt.

Um den Menschen als ein solches Wesen zu erkennen, haben wir ja, im Grunde genommen, die Theosophie. Sie ist jene Weltbetrachtung, welche aufsteigen will von den Einzelheiten des sinnlichen Daseins, von den Einzelheiten des werktätigen äußeren Lebens zu jenen Höhen der geistigen Erlebnisse, die uns so recht zeigen können, woher der Mensch kommt und wohin der Mensch eigentlich steuert. So ist es ohne weiteres klar, daß, wie für jede Weltbetrachtung im allgemeinen so für die Theosophie noch im besonderen, der Mensch das allerwürdigste Objekt der Betrachtung ist.

In diesem Vortragszyklus wollen wir den Menschen nach drei Gesichtspunkten geistig ins Auge fassen, nach den drei Gesichtspunkten, unter denen er bisher von jeder tieferen Weltanschauung immer ins Auge gefaßt worden ist, wenn auch im äußeren Leben nicht alle drei Gesichtspunkte in gleicher Weise zur Geltung gebracht worden sind. Wir wollen in dieser Reihe von Vorträgen die Menschen betrachten von dem Gesichtspunkte des Okkultismus, von dem Gesichtspunkte der Theosophie und von dem Gesichtspunkte der Philosophie.

Es liegt nahe, daß wir uns heute zunächst verständigen müssen darüber, was unter diesen drei Gesichtspunkten eigentlich gemeint ist. Wenn man vom Okkultismus spricht, so spricht man zunächst von etwas, das in weiteren Kreisen der heutigen gebildeten Welt recht unbekannt ist; und man muß sagen: Der Okkultismus in seiner ihm ureigenen Gestalt war eigentlich in der ganzen bisherigen Menschheitsentwickelung im Grunde genommen für das äußere Leben, für das Leben des Alltags, stets etwas gewissermaßen Verborgenes. Der Okkultismus geht ja davon aus, daß der Mensch, um sein eigenes Wesen zu erkennen, um sein Wesen zu erleben, bei der gewöhnlichen Anschauungsweise, bei der Anschauungsweise des gewöhnlichen Bewußtseins nicht stehenbleiben kann, sondern zu einer ganz anderen Anschauungsweise, zu einer anderen Erkenntnisart übergehen muß.

Man möchte, um zunächst einen Vergleich zu gebrauchen, sagen: Wenn wir innerhalb eines Ortes leben, so sehen wir die einzelnen Erlebnisse, welche die Menschen erfahren, und ein jeglicher, der in einem solchen Orte, wenn er einigermaßen groß ist, darinnen lebt, kennt im Grunde genommen immer nur Einzelheiten dessen, was in dem Orte überhaupt erlebt, was in dem Orte gesehen werden kann. Schon äußerlich, wenn jemand einen Gesamtüberblick haben will über den Ort, muß er sich vielleicht eine Anhöhe suchen, um das, was er von einem einzelnen Standpunkte im Inneren nicht sehen kann, zu überschauen. Wenn er einen Zusammenhang haben will und einen Überblick über das intellektuelle, das moralische und das sonstige Leben des Ortes, dann muß er sich geistig auf einen höheren Standpunkt versetzen als auf den der gewöhnlichen Erlebnisse, die ihm der Alltag bringen kann.

So muß es auch der Mensch machen, wenn er hinauskommen will über die Erfahrungen, die Erlebnisse des gewöhnlichen Bewußtseins. Die geben, im Grunde genommen, immer nur einen Teil dessen, was das ganze Zusammensein, den ganzen Zusammenhang des Lebens ausmacht. Für die menschliche Erkenntnis heißt das aber nichts anderes, als daß diese menschliche Erkenntnis selber über sich hinausgehen muß, daß sie einen Standpunkt gewinnen muß, der über dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein, über der gewöhnlichen Erkenntnis liegt. Selbstverständlich hat das zur Folge, daß dieser gewissermaßen außerhalb des gewöhnlichen Lebens liegende Standpunkt die Einzelheiten in ihren besonders intensiven Farben, in ihrer besonderen Nuancierung verschwinden läßt. Wenn wir uns auf eine Anhöhe begeben, um einen Ort zu überschauen, so sehen wir auch nur das Gesamtbild, und wir verzichten dann auf jene einzelnen Nuancen, welche uns das einzelne Erleben gibt. Auf mancherlei Einzelheiten, auf mancherlei Individuelles muß auch ein solcher Standort Verzicht leisten, der über das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein hinausgeht. Aber er gibt dafür gerade für die Erkenntnis des menschlichen Wesens, für die Erkenntnis der ganzen Art des Menschen dasjenige, worauf es ankommt, dasjenige, was in allen Menschen dasselbe ist, worin eigentlich der Grund der Menschennatur liegt und was der Mensch für sein Leben als das Allerwichtigste empfindet.

Dieser Standpunkt kann nur erlangt werden dadurch, daß die menschliche Seele eine gewisse Entwickelung durchmacht, daß sie zu dem gelangt, was man gewöhnlich nennen kann das hellseherische Erkennen. Von diesem hellseherischen Erkennen finden Sie in den einschlägigen Literaturwerken gesprochen. Sie finden da, was die einzelnen Seelen zu unternehmen haben, um zu solchem hellseherischen Erkennen zu kommen. Sie finden davon gesprochen, daß für den, der diese hellseherische Erkenntnis erreichen will, die gewöhnlichen Erkenntnismittel, die Anschauung durch die gewöhnlichen Sinne, das Nachdenken mit der gewöhnlichen Verstandes- und Urteilskraft nicht ausreichen; und Sie werden darauf hingewiesen, daß diese überwunden und ganz neue, im Keime in der Seele liegende Erkenntnismittel angestrebt werden müssen.

Sie haben wohl auch aus der Literatur entnommen, daß man drei Stufen unterscheiden kann, um zu dieser hellseherischen oder okkulten Erkenntnis hinaufzukommen. Die erste Stufe ist die der imaginativen Erkenntnis, die zweite die der inspirierten und die dritte die der intuitiven Erkenntnis. Wenn man in populärer Weise charakterisieren wollte, was erreicht wird durch diese Selbsterkenntnis, die mit den Mitteln der Imagination, der Inspiration und der Intuition erlangt wird, so müßte man sagen: Der Mensch kommt dadurch in die Lage, Dinge zu schauen, die sich dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein entziehen. Man braucht nur hinzuweisen auf den Gegensatz zwischen Wachen und Schlafen, und man wird in populärer Weise veranschaulichen können, was für den Menschen durch die okkulte Erkenntnis, durch die hellseherische Anschauung zu erreichen ist. Während des Wachens sieht der Mensch die sinnliche Welt als seine Umgebung, und er beurteilt sie mit seinem Verstande und seinen anderen Erkenntniskräften. Für das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein tritt die Finsternis des Bewußtseins ein, wenn der Mensch in den Schlafzustand eingeht. Aber der Mensch hört damit nicht auf zu sein, wenn er einschläft, und er entsteht auch nicht aufs neue, wenn er wieder aufwacht. Der Mensch lebt auch in der Zeit, welche vergeht zwischen dem Einschlafen und dem Wiedererwachen. Nur hat der Mensch nicht genug innere Kraft, nicht genug Stärke und Energie der Seelenkraft, die es ihm während des Schlafzustandes möglich machen würden, wahrzunehmen, was in seiner Umgebung ist. Man kann sagen: Des Menschen Erkenntniskräfte sind so, daß sie geschärft werden müssen durch die physischen Organe, durch die Sinne und durch die Nervenorgane, damit er für das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein etwas sieht in seiner Umgebung. In der Nacht, wenn der Mensch aus seinen Sinnesorganen und seinem Nervensystem heraus ist, dann sind die in der Seele befindlichen Kräfte zu schwach, um sich aufzuraffen und die Umgebung wahrzunehmen und zu schauen.

Das, was da in der Nacht zu schwach ist, um die Umgebung wahrzunehmen, das in einen solchen Zustand zu versetzen, daß es unter gewissen Voraussetzungen, nicht immer, im Zustande des gewöhnlichen Schlafes wahrnehmen kann, was uns im Schlafe umgibt, das zu erreichen ist möglich durch die Mittel, welche zum Zwecke der Schulung in okkulter Erkenntnis gegeben werden. So daß der Mensch eine weitere, eine neue, man könnte sagen — wenn ein solches Wort nicht in gewissem Sinne doch unberechtigt wäre —, eine höhere Welt als die sonstige wahrnehmen kann.

Es ist also im wesentlichen eine Umwandlung der Seele, die eine Erstarkung, eine Vergrößerung der Energie der inneren Seelenkräfte bedeutet. Wenn diese Umwandlung, diese Erstarkung vor sich geht, dann weiß der Mensch, worin das eigentlich besteht, was beim Einschlafen aus dem physischen Leibe herausgeht und beim Aufwachen wieder in den physischen Leib hineingeht. Dann weiß er auch, daß in dem, was da während des Schlafens aus dem Leibe heraus ist, der innere Wesenskern enthalten ist, der mit der Geburt eintritt in den physischen Leib und, wenn der Mensch durch die Pforte des Todes geht, wieder heraustritt aus dem physischen Leibe. Es weiß dann auch der Mensch, wie er in der Zeit zwischen dem 'Tode und einer neuen Geburt in der geistig-seelischen Welt lebt. Kurz, der Mensch lernt geistig erkennen, und er lernt die Umgebung, die geistiger Art ist und sich dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein entzieht, ebenfalls kennen. In dieser geistigen Welt aber liegen die eigentlichen Urgründe des Daseins, die Gründe auch für das physische, für das sinnliche Dasein, so daß der Mensch durch die okkulte Erkenntnisart die Fähigkeit erlangt, die Urgründe des Daseins anzuschauen. Aber nur dadurch erlangt er diese Fähigkeit, daß er sich selber zuerst umwandelt in ein anderes Erkenntniswesen, als er es innerhalb des gewöhnlichen Bewußstseins ist.

Der Okkultismus also kann dem Menschen nur zukommen, wenn er es unternimmt, die ihm für die okkulte Erkenntnisart dargebotenen Mittel wirklich auf sich anzuwenden. Es liegt in der Natur der Sache, und es wird auch in der Literatur darauf hingewiesen und auch hier in den Vorträgen ist schon davon gesprochen worden, daß es in der bisherigen Menschheitsentwickelung naturgemäß nicht jedermanns Sache war, sich so selbst zu erziehen, daß er unmittelbar in die geistige Welt hineinschauen konnte, also auf die geschilderte Art und Weise zu den Urgründen des Daseins vorzudringen vermochte. Diese Mittel, um zu den Urgründen des Daseins vorzudringen, wurden immer gegeben in engeren Kreisen, in denen streng darauf gesehen ward, daß der Mensch zuerst die vorbereitende Erziehung hatte, die ihn reif machte, die okkulten Erkenntnismittel auf seine Seele anzuwenden, bevor ihm die höheren Mittel okkulter Erkenntnis dargeboten wurden.

Es ist leicht einzusehen, warum das so sein muß. Die höhere, die okkulte Erkenntnis führt ja zu den Gründen des Daseins, führt hinein in diejenigen Welten, aus denen heraus gewissermaßen unsere Welt gemacht ist, so daß der Mensch mit diesen okkulten Erkenntnissen auch gewisse Fähigkeiten erlangt, die er sonst nicht hat. Gewissermaßen wird der Mensch, indem er in die Urgründe des Daseins hineindringt, Dinge zu vollführen in der Lage sein, die er mit den gewöhnlichen Erkenntnismitteln nicht ausführen kann. Nun gibt es eine Tatsache, die dies ganz klarmacht. Wir werden diese Tatsache noch besprechen; jetzt soll sie nur angeführt werden, um zu zeigen, daß nicht jedem die okkulten Erkenntnismittel gegeben werden konnten. Diese Tatsache ist die, daß der Mensch während der Erdenentwickelung notwendig eingepflanzt erhalten mußte den Egoismus. Ohne den Egoismus hätte der Mensch seine Erdenaufgabe nicht vollziehen können, denn diese besteht ja gerade darin, aus dem Egoismus heraus sich zur Liebe zu entwickeln und durch die Liebe den Egoismus zu adeln, zu überwinden, zu vergeistigen. Am Ende der Erdenentwickelung wird der Mensch von der Liebe durchdrungen sein. Er kann aber nur in Freiheit zu dieser Liebe sich hinentwickeln dadurch, daß seinem Wesen von Anfang an der Egoismus eingepflanzt war. Nun aber wirkt der Egoismus im höchsten Maße gefährlich und schädlich, wenn er etwas unternimmt, was hinter der Welt des gewöhnlichen Bewußtseins liegt. Wenn der Egoismus, von dem auch im Grunde genommen die ganze menschliche Geschichte durchdrungen ist, schon im gewöhnlichen, sinnlichen Leben Schaden über Schaden anrichtet, so muß man doch sagen, daß diese Schäden eine Kleinigkeit sind gegenüber den großen Schädigungen, die er hervorruft, wenn er arbeiten kann mit den Mitteln okkulter Erkenntnis.

So war es immer eine notwendige Voraussetzung, daß bei denen, welchen die Mittel okkulter Erkenntnis gegeben wurden, ein so gestreng vorbereiteter Charakter vorhanden war, daß sie, wie groß auch die Verlockungen der Welt sein mochten, nicht arbeiten wollten im Sinne des Egoismus. Das war der erste bedeutungsvolle Grundsatz der Vorbereitung für die okkulte Erkenntnis, daß der Charakter jener Menschen, welche zu diesen Erkenntnissen zugelassen wurden, es nicht gestattete, die okkulten Erkenntnisse im egoistischen Sinne zu mißbrauchen. Das bedingte naturgemäß, daß nur wenige nach und nach ausgewählt werden konnten im Laufe der Menschheitsentwickelung, um aufgenommen zu werden in jene okkulten Schulen, die man in den alten Zeiten die Mysterien und auch anders nannte, und daß somit nur diesen wenigen die Mittel gegeben wurden, zu solcher okkulten Erkenntnis aufzusteigen. Die okkulten Erkenntnisse, die diese wenigen dann erreichten, hatten ganz bestimmte Eigenschaften, ganz bestimmte Eigentümlichkeiten.

Das, was ich nun als Eigenschaft dieser okkulten Erkenntnis anführen will, ändert sich in gewisser Beziehung gerade in unserer Zeit; aber es war im Grunde genommen gemeinschaftlich allen bisherigen, im rechten Sinne des Wortes so zu nennenden okkulten Schulen. Es war notwendig in diesen okkulten Schulen, in denen den Menschen dargereicht wurden die Mittel okkulter Erkenntnis, daß unter den vielen Dingen, die überwunden werden mußten, um damit auch den Egoismus zu überwinden, sogar auch dieses war: nicht mit den gewöhnlichen Worten zu sprechen innerhalb der Mysterien, innerhalb der okkulten Schulen, nicht mit den gewöhnlichen Worten sich zu verständigen, mit denen man sich im Leben des äußerlichen Bewußtseins verständigt. Denn eine gewisse Art, wenn auch eines feineren, man möchte sagen, höheren Egoismus geht schon in den Menschen über dadurch, daß man sich der Worte, Gedanken und Begriffe bedient, die im äußeren Leben verwendet werden. Da kommen alle diejenigen Dinge in Betracht, die den Menschen nicht erscheinen lassen als Menschen überhaupt, sondern als Angehörigen eines bestimmten Volkes mit all den Egoismen, die ihm eben eigen sind dadurch, daß er, berechtigterweise für das äußere Leben, sein Volk liebt. Für das äußere Bewußtsein ist es selbstverständlich und es muß so sein, daß die Menschen jene feineren, höheren Egoismen haben, und diese höheren Egoismen sind sogar in gewisser Beziehung das löblichste des Daseins. Für die höchsten allgemein-menschlichen Erkenntnisse, die hinter dem Leben des gewöhnlichen Bewußtseins zu suchen sind, dürfen wir aber auch diese höheren, verfeinerten Egoismen nicht mitbringen. Daher wurde die Vorbereitung in den okkulten Schulen so gepflogen, daß sozusagen zuerst eine allgemein-menschliche Sprache geschaffen wurde. In diesen okkulten Schulen wurde nicht die Sprache des gewöhnlichen Lebens, sondern eine Sprache benützt, die anders auf die Menschen wirkte als irgendeine sonstige Sprache, die da oder dort gesprochen wurde. Es war dies eine Sprache, die nicht durch Worte und Gedanken wirkte, so wie man in der gewöhnlichen Wissenschaft vorträgt, sondern durch Symbole. Für diejenigen, die Mathematik kennen, ist es ja ohne weiteres klar, daß sie die allgemeine Anwendung dadurch hat, daß man Symbole wählt, die man überall anwenden kann. Dadurch, daß man solche Symbole wählte, sich sozusagen hinaufentwickelte, eine Sprache zu haben, die in Symbolen spricht, war man hinaus über das, was sich in unser Urteil, in unser gewöhnliches Bewußtsein hineinmischt von Egoismus, auch von höheren Egoismen. Damit aber war man mit dem, was man darstellen und sagen konnte, auch nur denjenigen verständlich, die zuerst diese allgemeine menschliche Sprache, diese Symbole kennengelernt hatten. Die Sprache bestand in Symbolen, die man zeichnen konnte, die man in Handbewegungen ausführte in den Ritualen, in Farbenzusammenistellungen ausdrückte und so weiter. Und die Hauptsache in den Geheimschulen war nicht das, was durch die Worte verkündet wurde, denn das war nur Vorbereitung, sondern dasjenige, was gesagt wurde in der Sprache der Symbole, unabhängig von den gewöhnlichen menschlichen Worten und auch unabhängig von den gewöhnlichen menschlichen Gedanken. Das erste also in den Geheimschulen war die Bildung einer symbolischen Sprache.

In den ältesten Zeiten betrachteten es die den Mysterien als Eingeweihte Zugehörigen als strengste Verpflichtung, von der allgemeinen Mysteriensprache, von den allgemeinen Symbolen nach außen nichts zu verraten, weil der Mensch, wenn er die Symbole kennengelernt hätte und scharfsinnig genug gewesen wäre, unvorbereitet zu den Mitteln der okkulten Erkenntnis hätte kommen können. Die Schaffung der Symbole war das Mittel, eine allgemeine menschliche Sprache zu sprechen. Die Geheimhaltung der Symbole war das Mittel, das, was ihnen durch diese Sprache gegeben wurde, nicht an unreife Menschen herankommen zu lassen.

So ist schon dadurch, daß man eigentlich sich gezwungen fühlte, eine symbolische Sprache zu sprechen oder zu gebrauchen, die Unmöglichkeit geschaffen worden, so allgemeinhin das Mysterienwissen mitzuteilen. Das eigentliche Mysterienwissen, der eigentliche Okkultismus war daher auch immer das von den Mysterien, den Geheimschulen behütete, durch die okkulten Erkenntnisse erlangte Menschheitswissen, und es war dieses Menschheitswissen immer auf die eben charakterisierten engeren Kreise beschränkt.

Aber es gibt gewissermaßen noch einen anderen Grund, warum nicht allgemein mitgeteilt werden konnte das, was den Okkultismus ausmacht. Wie man zunächst frei sein muß von Egoismus, um hineindringen zu dürfen in die Welt, die einem offenbar werden soll, so ist man auf der anderen Seite, wenn sich die Erkenntniskraft umgewandelt hat und der Mensch durch Selbsterziehung dazu gekommen ist, in diese ganz andersgeartete Welt hineinzuschauen, unfähig, sich zu bedienen der gewöhnlichen menschlichen Begriffe und menschlichen Ideen. Die Schaffung der Symbole hat auch noch den anderen Zweck und Sinn, Mittel zu schaffen, in denen man das ausdrücken kann, was man mit gewöhnlichen menschlichen Worten und Begriffen wirklich nicht auszudrücken vermag. Denn der Okkultismus bedient sich ja des Menschenwesens so, wie es ist, wenn es nicht auf die Sinne und das Gehirn angewiesen ist, sondern außerhalb der Sinne und des Gehirns sich befindet. Alle gewöhnlichen Worte sind aber so geprägt, daß sie mit dem Gehirn und aus der äußeren Anschauung heraus entstanden sind; so daß man sogleich, wenn einem eine okkulte Erkenntnis aufgeht, fühlt, wie unmöglich es ist, sie in den gewöhnlichen Worten auszudrücken.

Okkulte Erkenntnisse sind solche, die man erlangt außerhalb des physischen Leibes. Sie auszusprechen mit den Mitteln, die durch den physischen Leib erlangt sind, ist für den Anfang der okkulten Erkenntnis zunächst überhaupt noch unmöglich.

Nun ist aber die okkulte Erkenntnis etwas, was nicht bloß dazu da ist, um von einigen Menschen, die neugierig sind, erkannt zu werden, sondern sie ist der Inhalt dessen, was zugleich für die Menschheit das allernotwendigste, das allerwesentlichste ist. Die okkulte Erkenntnis ist das Erleben der Urgründe des Daseins, der Urgründe des menschlichen Daseins vor allen Dingen. Die okkulte Erkenntnis mußte deshalb immer in das Leben eindringen, mußte dem Leben mitgeteilt werden. Daher mußten Mittel ausfindig gemacht werden, um die okkulten Erkenntnisse ins Leben hineintragen zu können, um sie den Menschen in ihrer Art verständlich zu machen.

Das erste Mittel, okkulte Erkenntnisse den Menschen verständlich zu machen, ist und war immer dasjenige, was man Theosophie nennt. Wenn man die okkulten Erkenntnisse zur Theosophie macht, dann verzichtet man auf eine wesentliche Eigenschaft der okkulten Erkenntnisse, nämlich man verzichtet darauf, nur mit den allerhöchsten Mitteln zu sprechen. Man geht dazu über, in gewöhnliche menschliche Worte und menschliche Begriffe diese okkulten Erkenntnisse einzukleiden. Als Theosophie tritt daher die okkulte Erkenntnis so auf, daß sie zum Beispiel mitgeteilt wird dem einen Volke so, daß die Vorstellungen und Begriffe dieses Volkes dazu verwendet werden, um die allgemeinen okkulten Erkenntnisse einzukleiden. Dadurch wird aber die okkulte Erkenntnis spezifiziert und differenziert, weil es dann nur Mitteilungen durch die Worte eines Teils der Menschheit sind. Deshalb ist es aber auch gekommen, daß diejenigen, welche in den Geheimschulen in den Besitz des Geheimwissens gekommen sind, es spezialisierten und differenzierten, eben weil sie es einzukleiden hatten in die spezielle Sprache des betreffenden Volkes, weil sie einzukleiden hatten in die Sprache der Völker dasjenige, was in der okkulten Erkenntnis allgemeines Menschheitsgut ist.

Es bestand in den Mysterien immer das Ziel und die Absicht, wenn man das allgemeine Menschheitsgut des Okkultismus in die speziellen Formen einer einzelnen Volkssprache oder einzelner Volksseelen verpflanzte, so allgemein-menschlich wie möglich zu bleiben. Aber zugleich mußte man verständlich werden, mußte man sich ausdrücken in der Sprache, die das Volk spricht, mußte man sich ausdrücken in den Begriffen, die das Volk ausgebildet hatte. So mußten die einzelnen Theosophen, die in der Menschheit aufgetreten sind, Rücksicht darauf nehmen, verständlich zu werden für den speziellen Zweck und für das spezielle Gebiet, über das sie sprachen. Es ist nicht ganz leicht, in einer speziellen Sprache, in speziellen Begriffsformen das allgemeine okkulte Menschheitsgut zum Ausdruck zu bringen. Aber es ist dies eben doch bis zu einem hohen Grade auf verschiedenen Gebieten der Erde und des geschichtlichen Lebens geschehen.

Während nun der Okkultismus in seinem eigentlichen Sinne etwas ist, in das man sich hineinlebt dadurch, daß man die Mittel der hellseherischen Selbstzucht auf sich anwendet und also hinaufkommt zum Schauen, ist die Theosophie etwas, was einem entgegentritt in den Begriffen und Ideen, die man schon vorher hatte, in die nur eingekleidet sind die okkulten Erkenntnisse.

Wenn nun die okkulten Erkenntnisse in die gewöhnlichen Begriffe und Ideen richtig eingekleidet sind, dann sind sie auch für den, der gesunde Urteilskraft hat und der sich Mühe gibt, die Dinge zu begreifen, verständlich. Daher ist die Theosophie für den gesunden Menschenverstand, wenn er sich nur Mühe gibt, durchaus zu begreifen. Man braucht nicht zu sagen: Nur der kann einsehen, nur der kann das Okkulte begreifen, der selbst zum okkulten Schauen kommt. Wenn eingekleidet sind die okkulten Wahrheiten in Begriffsformen wie in der Theosophie, dann sind sie dem gesunden Menschenverstande begreiflich.

Nun gibt es gewisse Gesetze der Menschheitsentwickelung, über die wir noch sprechen werden, welche im Laufe der Zeit es notwendig machten, man könnte sagen, die Theosophie auch wiederum zu differenzieren, abzuändern. Während wir, wenn wir in die älteren Zeiten der menschlichen Entwickelung zurückgehen, im Grunde genommen bei den ältesten Völkern - nicht bei den dekadenten Völkern, die eine sich selbst nicht verstehende Anthropologie die «Urvölker» nennt, sondern bei den ursprünglichen Völkern, die uns die Geisteswissenschaft zeigt — die Mysterien und Geheimschulen finden, welche einzelnen wenigen das okkulte Wissen vermittelten, und daneben auch das, was im allgemeinen verkündet wurde als Theosophie, die in Volksideen eingekleideten okkulten Erkenntnisse, wurde es in späteren Zeiten etwas anders. Da geht die theosophische Form, welche in der älteren Zeit fast die einzige war, in der der Mensch zu den Urgründen hinaufkommen konnte, mehr in die religiöse Form über, die überall damit rechnet, daß die Theosophie zwar von dem gesunden Menschenverstand, wenn er nur weit genug geht, einzusehen ist, daß aber mit dem fortschreitenden Leben der Menschen in der Geschichte es nicht immer möglich war, diesen umfassenden Standpunkt des gesunden Menschenverstandes einzunehmen. So daß auch gesorgt werden mußte für diejenigen menschlichen Gemüter, welche einfach durch das äußere Leben keine Möglichkeit hatten, den Standpunkt des gesunden Menschenverstandes so hoch zu nehmen, wie er in der Urzeit war, und wie er notwendig ist, um die okkulten Wahrheiten durchsichtig zu machen. Es war nötig, für diejenigen Gemüter, welche nicht zu dem umfassenden Standpunkte kommen konnten, eine Art von Glaubenserkenntnis zu gewinnen von den Urgründen des Daseins.

Aus einer Art Gefühlserkenntnis, die auch geprägt wurde in den Mysterien, ging die Religionsform des Wissens hervor, und diese ist im wesentlichen für die späteren Zeiten das Populäre, das leichter zu Erreichende gegenüber der ursprünglichen theosophischen Form. Wenn wir daher in der Menschheitsentwickelung zurückgehen, so finden wir als älteste Form der Weltanschauung nicht eigentlich den Charakter des Religiösen, wie ihn die Menschen heute verstehen. Wenn wir zurückgehen in die erste nachatlantische Zeit, in die indische Urzeit, da finden wir das okkulte Geheimwissen im Grunde genommen so weit, daß das Volk teilnehmen konnte an dem Wissen als Theosophie. Für die älteste indische Urzeit fällt im Grunde genommen Religion zusammen mit 'Theosophie. Religion ist da nichts Besonderes, nichts Abgesondertes von der Theosophie. Daher, wenn wir die Religionsentwickelung zurückverfolgen, finden wir an deren Ausgangspunkt die Theosophie. Aber mit dem Fortschreiten der Menschheitsentwickelung mußte die religiöse Form immer mehr angenommen werden, mußte darauf verzichtet werden, daß der Mensch mit seinem gesunden Menschenverstand auch einsah, was die Theosophie bieten konnte. Da wurden die theosophischen Wahrheiten in Glaubenswahrheiten umgegossen.

Und wenn wir aus den ältesten Zeiten in die späteren kommen, dann finden wir mit dem Christentum die alleräußerste Umwandlung vor sich gehen, die Umwandlung von der theosophischen Form in die religiöse Form. In den äußerlichen christlichen Bekenntnissen, die sich entwickelt haben im Laufe der Jahrhunderte, ist zunächst sehr wenig zu bemerken von Theosophie. Da tritt der alte Charakter der Theosophie ganz zurück, und wir sehen sogar, wie in der Entwickelung des Christentums sich hinzuentwickelt zu dem Glauben die Theologie, nicht aber die 'Theosophie, welche sogar von den Theologen mit einem gewissen Haß, jedenfalls aber mit Antipathie und Abneigung verfolgt wurde. So sehen wir, daß das Christentum ausbildet im Laufe der Zeit neben dem populären Glauben wohl eine Theologie, aber keine Theosophie, sich vielmehr abwendet von allem Theosophischen.

Eine dritte Form, in welche das Streben des Menschen nach den Urgründen des Daseins gekleidet wurde, ist dann die philosophische. Während die okkulte Erkenntnis gewonnen wird von dem Menschenwesen, insofern es frei ist vom physischen Leibe, und während die Theosophie in äußeren Gedanken und äußeren Wortausdrücken die okkulten Erkenntnisse wiedergibt, strebt die Philosophie an, mit jenen Mitteln der Erkenntnis, die zwar die feinsten, die subtilsten sind, die aber doch an das Instrument des Gehirns gebunden sind, die Weltengründe zu erreichen. Die Philosophie, so wie sie auftritt in der eigentlich philosophischen Zeit der Menschheitsentwickelung, will nicht in der Weise wie die Theosophie zunächst etwas wiedergeben, was außerhalb der menschlichen Leiblichkeit gewonnen wird, sondern sie will, soweit dies möglich ist mit den Mitteln der gewöhnlichen Erkenntnis, die innerhalb der Leiblichkeit angewendet werden, zu den Urgründen des Daseins hintreten. So erstrebt man, die philosophischen Wahrheiten zu erlangen zwar mit den feinsten Mitteln, solange der Mensch im Leibe ist, aber doch nur mit Erkenntnismitteln, die an den Leib gebunden sind. Die Philosophie hat daher im Grunde genommen dasselbe Ziel, nämlich zu den Urgründen des Daseins zu kommen wie der Okkultismus und die Theosophie; aber die Philosophie strebt danach, mit jenem Denken, jenen Forschungsmitteln, die an das Gehirn und an die äußere Wahrnehmung gebunden sind, so weit zu den Urgründen des Daseins vorzudringen, als es mit diesen Forschungsmitteln überhaupt möglich ist.

Nun ist die Philosophie dadurch, daß sie mit den subtilsten, den feinsten Erkenntnismitteln arbeitet, wenn auch nur mit Erkenntnismitteln, die an das Gehirn und an die äußere Sinneswahrnehmung gebunden sind, wiederum eine Angelegenheit nur weniger Menschen. Nur wenige Menschen sind es, welche sich bedienen dieser feinsten Erkenntnismittel. Wir wissen zur Genüge, wie die Philosophie etwas ist, was wahrhaftig nicht populär werden kann, was sogar von einer großen Anzahl von Menschen als etwas viel zu Schwieriges, wenn nicht sogar Langweiliges empfunden wird.

Das müssen wir aber ins Auge fassen, daß die Philosophie mit den an die Sinne gebundenen Erkenntnismitteln arbeitet und von diesen die feinsten und subtilsten auswählt. Dadurch, daß in der Philosophie der Mensch sich der Mittel, die mit seiner Persönlichkeit zusammenhängen, bedient, ist die Philosophie selbstverständlich etwas Persönliches. Weil aber der Mensch, wenn er sich zu den subtilsten Erkenntnismitteln hinaufarbeitet, doch Veranlassung hat, bis zu einem gewissen Grade das Persönliche abzustreifen, wird die Philosophie wieder etwas Allgemeines.

Das Allgemeine in der Philosophie kann nur derjenige bemerken, der tiefer in sie eingeht. Daß sie etwas Persönliches ist, das bemerken leider die Menschen nur zu bald. Während der, welcher tiefer in das Philosophische eingeht, Grundprinzipien findet, die gleich sind bei scheinbar so verschiedenartigen Denkern wie die alten griechischen Philosophen Parmenides und Heraklit, wird derjenige, der nur an die äußere Seite der Philosophie herantritt, doch gleich den Unterschied zwischen Hegel und einem so feindlichen Bruder wie Schopenhauer finden. Er sieht nur das, was die Philosophie in die verschiedenen Standpunkte spaltet, und er sieht nicht die Aufeinanderfolge der persönlichen menschlichen Standpunkte.

So wird die Philosophie in gewissem Sinne der Gegensatz des Okkultismus; denn die Philosophie muß der Mensch durch seine persönlichsten Mittel erreichen, den Okkultismus erlangt er aber gerade dann, wenn er die Persönlichkeit abstreift. Daher wird es so schwer, daß jemand, der sein Persönliches philosophisch richtig vor die Menschen hinstellt, wirklich auch von den anderen verstanden werden kann. Wenn es aber gelingt, den Okkultismus in solche Ausdrücke und Ideen zu kleiden, die als Worte, als gangbare Ideen verständlich sind, dann findet man verhältnismäßig über die ganze Erde hin ein gewisses Verständnis. Der Okkultismus streift gerade das Persönliche ab. Er ist nicht das philosophische System, das aus der Persönlichkeit hervorgeht, sondern das, was aus dem Unpersönlichen kommt und daher allgemein verständlich wird. Wenn der Okkultismus sich bemüht, zur Theosophie zu werden, wird er das Bestreben haben und es auch in gewissem Sinne erreichen können, zu jedem menschlichen Herzen, zu jeder menschlichen Seele zu sprechen. |

Aus dieser Charakteristik, die ich Ihnen wie eine Einleitung, gleichsam wie eine Vorbereitung gegeben habe, können Sie ersehen, welche Eigenschaften nach außen der okkulte, der theosophische und der philosophische Standpunkt haben.

Der okkulte Standpunkt ist immer in seinen Resultaten über die ganze Menschheit hin ein und derselbe. In Wahrheit gibt es nicht verschiedene okkulte Standpunkte. Es gibt wirklich ebensowenig verschiedene okkulte Standpunkte, wie es verschiedene Mathematiken gibt. Es ist nur notwendig, in irgendeiner Frage im Okkultismus wirklich die Mittel zu haben, eine Erkenntnis zu erlangen; dann erlangt man dieselbe Erkenntnis, die jeder andere erlangt, der die rechten Mittel hat. Es ist also nicht wahr, daß es im Okkultismus verschiedene Standpunkte geben kann im höchsten idealen Sinne, ebensowenig wie es in der Mathematik verschiedene Standpunkte geben kann.

Der Okkultismus war daher auch erfahrungsgemäß überall da, wo er sich geltend gemacht hat, immer der einheitliche Okkultismus. Und wenn in den Theosophien, die aufgetreten sind und die die äußere Einkleidung der okkulten Wahrheiten darstellen, Verschiedenheiten sich gezeigt haben, so ist es eben daher gekommen, daß für das eine Volk, für die eine Menschheitsepoche die Einkleidung anders getroffen werden mußte als für das andere Volk und die andere Menschheitsepoche. In der Einkleidung und Denkweise liegt die Verschiedenheit der Theosophien auf der Erde. Der Okkultismus aber, der den Theosophien zugrunde liegt, ist überall ein und derselbe. Weil die Religionen schon hervorgehen aus der theosophischen Einkleidung des Okkultismus, deshalb sind die Religionen nach Völkern und Zeitaltern verschieden gewesen. Der Okkultismus kennt keine Verschiedenheit wie die Religionen, kennt nicht irgend etwas, was sich so differenzierte, daß der eine Mensch gegen den anderen irgendwie zu einem Widerstand, zu einer Gegnerschaft gereizt werden könnte. Das gibt es innerhalb des Okkultismus nicht, da er dasjenige ist, was als einheitliches Menschheitsgut überall erlangt werden kann. Insofern sich die Theosophie bemühen sollte, insbesondere in unserer Zeit, eine der Gegenwart angemessene Einkleidung des Okkultismus zu sein, muß sie das Bestreben haben, so wenig wie möglich von den Differenzierungen, die in der Menschheit aufgetreten sind, in sich aufzunehmen. Sie muß danach streben, so gut es überhaupt möglich ist, ein getreuer Ausdruck der okkulten Inhalte und der okkulten Verhältnisse zu sein.

Daher wird die Theosophie notwendigerweise danach streben müssen, gerade zu überwinden die speziellen Weltanschauungen und speziell auch die religiösen Differenzierungen. Immer mehr und mehr müssen wir überwinden lernen, eine 'Theosophie mit einer ganz bestimmten Färbung zu haben. Nach und nach ist es ja in der Menschheitsentwickelung so geschehen, daß insbesondere nach den religiösen, ich will nicht sagen Vorurteilen, sondern nach den religiösen Vorempfindungen und Vormeinungen, die Theosophien ihre Schattierungen und Nuancen erhalten haben. Aber die Theosophie sollte dem Ideale nach immer eine Wiedergabe des Okkultismus sein. Deshalb kann es nicht eine buddhistische oder hinduistische oder zarathustrische oder eine christliche Theosophie geben. Gewiß werden für die einzelnen Völkerschaften die eigentümlichen Vorstellungen und Begriffe berücksichtigt werden müssen, mit denen man dem Okkultismus entgegenkommt; aber zugleich sollte die Theosophie das Ideal haben, ein reiner Ausdruck der okkulten Wahrheiten zu sein. Es war daher zum Beispiel in gewissem Sinne eine Verleugnung des großen Grundsatzes aller Okkultisten der Welt, wenn in Mitteleuropa in einzelnen Gemeinschaften eine Theosophie aufgetreten ist, die sich «christliche» Theosophie nennt. In Wahrheit kann es ebensowenig eine christliche Theosophie geben wie eine buddhistische oder zoroastrische.

Den Religionen gegenüber wird die Theosophie sich zu stellen haben auf den Standpunkt der Erklärung der religiösen Wahrheiten, auf den Standpunkt des Verständnisses derselben. Dann wird sich zeigen, daß diese religiösen Wahrheiten als solche spezielle Formen, spezielle Ausgestaltungen der einen oder anderen Seite des Gesamtokkultismus sind, und daß man den Okkultismus selber erst dann erfaßt hat, wenn man ihn begriffen hat unabhängig von solchen Differenzierungen.

Wir haben schon bemerkt, daß das, was jetzt charakterisiert worden ist, als ein Ideal anzusehen ist. Wenn es auch begreiflich ist, daß alle die theosophischen Einkleidungen des Okkultismus über die Welt hin verschiedene Formen annehmen werden, wenn auch alle Okkultisten über alle ihre Erkenntnisse einig sind, so muß doch auf der anderen Seite wiederum, gerade in unserer Zeit, die Möglichkeit geboten werden, einheitlich über den Okkultismus zu sprechen. Das erlangt man nur, wenn wirklich guter Wille vorhanden ist, die besonderen Differenzierungen, die aus den Vormeinungen und Vorempfindungen hervorgehen, wirklich abzustreifen. Man kann sagen: In einer gewissen Beziehung müssen wir schon froh sein, wenn nach und nach erlangt wird, über die elementarsten Dinge der okkulten Erkenntnis widerspruchsfreie Urteile zu gewinnen. |

Dies wird zunächst möglich sein in einem weiteren Umkreise mit Bezug auf die wichtigsten okkulten Erkenntnisse von Reinkarnation und Karma. Soweit die Theosophie sich wirklich ausbreiten wird und eine Wiedergabe okkulter Erkenntnisse sein wird, wird sie sich zunächst bemühen, die großen Wahrheiten von Reinkarnation und Karma über die ganze Erde hin zu verbreiten. Denn diese Wahrheiten werden zunächst das Schicksal haben, daß auch die religiösen Vorurteile, welche über die Erde hin verbreitet sind, sozusagen die Segel vor ihnen streichen.

Ein weiteres Ideal würde allerdings dieses sein, wenn durch die Theosophie wirklich jenes Friedenswerk in der Menschheit geleistet werden könnte, wodurch in bezug auf die höheren Gebiete okkulter Erkenntnis Einheit und Harmonie zustande zu bringen wäre. Das kann als ein Ideal aufgefaßt werden. Aber es ist ein schwieriges Ideal. Schon wenn man bedenkt, wie innig der Mensch heute noch verwoben ist in seinen religiösen Vorurteilen, seinen religiösen Vormeinungen mit dem, was er begriffen hat, worin er erzogen ist, so wird man begreifen, wie schwierig es ist, in der Theosophie etwas zu geben, was nicht gefärbt ist durch religiöse Vorurteile, sondern was ein so treues Bild der okkulten Erkenntnisse ist, als es überhaupt gegeben werden kann.

Es wird in gewissen Grenzen immer begreiflich sein, daß der Buddhist ablehnt, solange er auf dem Standpunkte des buddhistischen Bekenntnisses steht, den Standpunkt des Christen. Und wenn die Theosophie eine buddhistische Färbung erhält, so ist es auch natürlich, daß diese buddhistische Theosophie sich feindlich oder mißverständlich gegenüber dem Christentum verhalten wird. Ebenso begreiflich wird es sein, daß in einem Gebiete, in welchem christliche Formen herrschen, es wieder schwierig ist, zu einer objektiven Erkenntnis, sagen wir, derjenigen Seiten des Okkultismus zu kommen, welche im Buddhismus zum Ausdruck gekommen sind. Das Ideale ist aber, das eine ebensogut wie das andere zu verstehen und über die ganze Erde harmonischfriedvolles Verständnis zu begründen.

Der buddhistische Theosoph und der christliche Theosoph — besser ist zu sagen: der Buddhist und der Christ, wenn sie Theosophen geworden sind -, die werden sich verständigen, die werden unbedingt den Standpunkt harmonischen Ausgleichs finden. Es wird als Ideal vorschweben dem Theosophen, ein Bild des überall einheitlichen Okkultismus zu gewinnen und loszulösen dieses Bild von religiösen Vorurteilen. Es wird der Christ, der Theosoph geworden ist, den Buddhisten verstehen, der ihm sagt: Es ist unmöglich, daß ein Bodhisattva, der ein menschliches Wesen ist, das von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation gegangen und das, wie in dem Einzelfalle bei dem Tode des Suddhodana, zum Buddha geworden ist, nachdem er Buddha geworden, wieder in einen menschlichen Leib zurückkehren kann; sondern es ist mit der Buddhawürde eine so hohe Stufe menschlicher Entwickelung erreicht, daß das betreffende Individuum nicht wieder in einen menschlichen Körper zurückzugehen braucht.

Der Christ wird zum Buddhisten sagen: Zwar hat mir das Christentum bisher noch nicht eröffnet etwas über Wesen wie die Bodhisattvas, aber indem ich mich zur Theosophie aufschwinge, lerne ich erkennen, daß nicht nur du aus deiner Erkenntnis heraus diese Wahrheit kennst, sondern daß ich selber auch diese Wahrheit anerkennen muß. — Der Theosoph wird dem Buddhisten gegenüberstehen so, daß er sagt: Ich verstehe, was ein Bodhisattva ist; ich weiß, daß der Buddhist eine volle Wahrheit über gewisse Wesen sagt, eine Wahrheit, die gerade dort, wo der Buddhismus sich verbreitet hat, gesagt werden konnte; ich verstehe es, wenn der Buddhist sagt: Ein Buddha kehrt nicht wieder in einen fleischlichen Organismus. — Der Christ, der Theosoph geworden ist, versteht den Buddhisten, der Theosoph geworden ist. Und wenn der Christ dem Buddhisten gegenübertritt, so kann er ihm sagen: Wenn man das christliche Bekenntnis seinem Gehalte nach verfolgt, so verfolgt, wie es in okkulten Schulen verfolgt worden ist in bezug auf die okkulten Tatsachen, die ihm zugrunde liegen, dann zeigt sich, daß mit jenem Wesen, das mit dem Namen Christus gemeint ist — das dem anderen unbekannt geblieben sein kann —, gemeint ist eine Wesenheit, die vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha nicht auf der Erde war; eine Wesenheit, die andere Wege als die der Erdeninkarnationen durchgemacht hat, die dann einmal im physischen Leibe sein mußte und in diesem Leibe, was die Hauptsache ist, den Tod durchgemacht hat, und zwar in einer ganz bestimmten Weise; die dann durch diesen Tod das geworden ist, was sie einem bestimmten Teil der Menschheit geworden ist und für die ganze Menschheit werden soll; eine Wesenheit, die nicht wiederkommen kann in einem physischen Leibe, weil das widerspräche der ganzen Natur des Christus.

Wenn der Buddhist, der Theosoph geworden ist, das von dem Christen hört, dann wird er sagen: Ebenso wie du begreifst, daß ich niemals zugeben kann, daß ein Buddha, nachdem er Buddha geworden ist, in einem fleischlichen Leibe wiederkehrt, so wie du mich verstehst durch Anerkenntnis dessen, was mir zugeteilt worden ist als Wahrheit, so werde ich anerkennen den Teil der Wahrheit, der dir zugeteilt worden ist. Ich versuche, das anzuerkennen, was ich aus meinem Bekenntnis heraus nicht finden kann, nämlich: daß im Anfange des Christentums nicht ein Lehrer, sondern eine Tat steht. - Denn der Okkultist setzt nicht den Jesus von Nazareth an den Ausgangspunkt des Christentums, sondern den Christus, und als den Anfangspunkt setzt er das Mysterium von Golgatha.

Der Buddhismus unterscheidet sich von dem Christentum dadurch, daß er einen persönlichen Lehrer zum Ausgangspunkte hat; das Christentum hat eine Tat, die Erlösungstat von Golgatha durch den Tod am Kreuze. Nicht eine Lehre, sondern eine Tat ist die Voraussetzung der christlichen Entwickelung. Dies versteht der Buddhist, welcher zum Theosophen geworden ist, und er nimmt, um Harmonie innerhalb der Menschheit zu begründen, dasjenige hin, was als okkulte Grundlage des Christentums gegeben wird. Der Buddhist würde die Harmonie durchbrechen, wenn er seine buddhistischen Begriffe auf das Christentum anwenden wollte. So wie der Christ verpflichtet ist, wenn er Iheosoph wird, zu verstehen den Buddhismus aus dem Buddhismus heraus und nicht etwa umzuschmieden die Begriffe von dem Bodhisattva und Buddha, sondern sie so zu verstehen, wie sie der Buddhismus enthält, so ist es Pflicht des Buddhisten, die christlichen Begriffe so zu nehmen wie sie sind, weil sie die okkulten Grundlagen des Christentums bilden. Wie es unmöglich ist, dasjenige, was mit dem Christus-Namen bezeichnet wird, zusammenzubringen mit dem, was niedrigerer Natur ist, mit dem Bodhisattva-Namen, so ist es unmöglich, solange man dem Ideal der Theosophie treu bleibt, in der Theosophie anderes als einen Abglanz zu geben des einheitlichen Okkultismus.

Die Bodhisattva-Eigentümlichkeiten auf den Christus anzuwenden, würde verhindern die große Friedensmission der Theosophie. Diese wird aber erreicht, wenn die Theosophie sich bestrebt, die einheitlichen Grundlagen in der wissenschaftlichen Form, wie sie für unsere Zeit angemessen ist, an die Menschheit heranzubringen. Wenn wir im Abendlande den Buddhismus oder den Brahmanismus oder den Zarathustrismus ohne Vorurteil verstehen, wenn das Christentum verstanden wird in der Form, in der es verstanden werden muß, dann wird es immer für eine kurze Zeit möglich sein, die Grundlagen des Christentums zu erkennen und für solche erkannten Ideen des Christentums auch Anhänger zu finden.

Nicht immer hat man sich aufgeschwungen zu der Tatsache, daß eine Tat der Ausgangspunkt des Christentums ist und daß daher nicht gesprochen werden kann von einer Wiederkehr des Christus. Daher tauchten im Verlaufe der Jahrhunderte immer wieder Anschauungen auf, die von einer Wiederkehr des Christus sprachen. Sie wurden immer überwunden und werden immer überwunden werden, weil sie widersprechen der großen einheitlichen Lebens- und Friedensmission der Theosophie, die wiedergeben soll den einheitlichen Ausdruck des Okkultismus. Der Okkultismus war immer einheitlich und ist unabhängig von jeder buddhistischen und jeder christlichen Färbung und kann daher objektiv sowohl das Muselmännische wie das Zoroastrische und auch das Buddhistische verstehen, so wie er auch verstehen kann das Christliche.

Das ist es, was uns zukommen wird als Verständnis dafür, wie in der bisherigen Menschheitsentwickelung der allgemeine Okkultismus in der Theosophie so verschiedene Formen annahm. Wir werden ergründen, warum in unserer Zeit das große Ideal bestehen muß, daß nicht eine religiöse Ausdrucksform den Sieg über die andere davonträgt, sondern daß die religiösen Ausdrucksformen sich verständigen. Vorbedingung dafür aber ist das gegenseitige wirkliche Verstehen, das Verstehen der okkulten Grundlagen, die in allen Religionen als dieselben vorhanden sind.

Damit habe ich Ihnen zu den wichtigen Betrachtungen, an deren Eingang wir stehen, eine Art Vorbereitung, eine Art Einleitung zu geben versucht, und übermorgen, nach dem öffentlichen Vortrage, werden wir an die Betrachtung des Menschen in okkulter und philosophischer Beziehung herantreten.

First Lecture

We have already discussed many important topics of the theosophical worldview in previous lecture cycles. In the current lecture cycle, we have chosen a topic that is among the most important and most worthy of consideration in theosophical life, the theosophical worldview, and the theosophical mindset. We have, so to speak, chosen the most important object that human knowledge can recognize, namely, the human being himself. And for theosophical consideration, this human being himself must, one might say, quite naturally be the highest object of consideration. Within the theosophical worldview, one must feel something of what the Greek spirit, touched by ancient theosophy, already put into the word Anthropos—human being. The one who looks up to the heights—that is how one could translate it correctly into our present mode of expression. “He who looks up to the heights” is at the same time the definition of man expressed in the Greek word Anthropos, that is, he who seeks his origin in the heights of life and finds his own reasons only in the heights of life; that is man according to the feeling of the Greek world.

In order to recognize man as such a being, we have, in essence, theosophy. It is that view of the world which seeks to rise from the details of sensory existence, from the details of active external life, to those heights of spiritual experience which can show us where man comes from and where he is actually heading. It is therefore clear that, as with every world view in general, and with theosophy in particular, human beings are the most worthy object of observation.

In this series of lectures, we want to look at human beings spiritually from three points of view, from the three points of view from which they have always been viewed by every deeper worldview, even if not all three points of view have been given equal consideration in external life. In this series of lectures, we want to look at human beings from the perspective of occultism, from the perspective of theosophy, and from the perspective of philosophy.

It is obvious that we must first agree on what is actually meant by these three perspectives. When we speak of occultism, we are initially referring to something that is quite unknown in wider circles of today's educated world; and we must say that occultism in its original form has, throughout the entire course of human evolution, always been something hidden, so to speak, from external life, from everyday life. Occultism proceeds from the assumption that in order to recognize his own nature, in order to experience his nature, man cannot remain at the level of ordinary perception, at the level of ordinary consciousness, but must pass on to a completely different way of perception, to a different kind of knowledge.

To use a comparison, one might say that when we live in a place, we see the individual experiences that people have, and anyone who lives in such a place, if it is large enough, basically only knows details of what can be experienced or seen in that place. Even externally, if someone wants to have an overall view of the place, they may have to find a hill to see what they cannot see from a single vantage point inside. If he wants to see the connections and get an overview of the intellectual, moral, and other aspects of life in that place, he must raise himself mentally to a higher point of view than that of the ordinary experiences that everyday life can offer him.

This is also what humans must do if they want to go beyond the experiences of ordinary consciousness. These experiences, after all, only ever provide a part of what constitutes the whole of existence, the whole context of life. For human knowledge, however, this means nothing other than that human knowledge itself must go beyond itself, that it must gain a standpoint that lies above ordinary consciousness, above ordinary knowledge. Of course, this has the consequence that this standpoint, which lies, so to speak, outside ordinary life, causes the details to disappear in their particularly intense colors, in their particular nuances. When we climb a hill to look out over a place, we also see only the overall picture, and we then forego those individual nuances that individual experience gives us. Such a position, which goes beyond ordinary consciousness, must also forego many details, many individual aspects. But in return it gives us precisely what is essential for the knowledge of the human being, for the knowledge of the whole nature of man, that which is the same in all human beings, that in which the basis of human nature actually lies, and that which man feels to be the most important thing in his life.

This standpoint can only be attained by the human soul undergoing a certain development, by it attaining what can commonly be called clairvoyant knowledge. You will find this clairvoyant knowledge discussed in the relevant literature. There you will find what the individual souls must do in order to attain such clairvoyant knowledge. You will find it said that for those who wish to attain this clairvoyant knowledge, the ordinary means of knowledge, perception through the ordinary senses, thinking with the ordinary powers of understanding and judgment, are not sufficient; and you will be told that these must be overcome and that entirely new means of knowledge, lying in the soul in embryo, must be sought.

You have probably also gathered from the literature that there are three stages in the ascent to this clairvoyant or occult knowledge. The first stage is that of imaginative knowledge, the second that of inspired knowledge, and the third that of intuitive knowledge. If one wanted to characterize in a popular way what is achieved through this self-knowledge, which is attained by means of imagination, inspiration, and intuition, one would have to say: Through this, the human being is enabled to see things that are beyond the reach of ordinary consciousness. One need only point to the contrast between waking and sleeping to illustrate in a popular way what can be achieved for human beings through occult knowledge, through clairvoyant perception. While awake, human beings see the sensory world as their environment and judge it with their intellect and other powers of cognition. For ordinary consciousness, the darkness of consciousness sets in when a person enters the state of sleep. But a person does not cease to exist when they fall asleep, nor do they come into existence anew when they wake up again. A person also lives in the time that passes between falling asleep and waking up again. It is just that humans do not have enough inner strength, enough power and energy of the soul that would enable them to perceive what is in their environment during the state of sleep. One can say that the human powers of cognition are such that they must be sharpened by the physical organs, by the senses and by the nerve organs, so that the ordinary consciousness can see something in its environment. At night, when humans are outside their sensory organs and nervous system, the forces within the soul are too weak to rouse themselves and perceive and see the surroundings.

That which is too weak at night to perceive the surroundings, to put them into a state in which, under certain conditions, not always, in the state of ordinary sleep, we can perceive what surrounds us in sleep, can be achieved by the means given for the purpose of training in occult knowledge. So that human beings can perceive another, new, one might say — if such a word were not unjustified in a certain sense — a higher world than the usual one.

It is therefore essentially a transformation of the soul, which means a strengthening, an increase in the energy of the inner soul forces. When this transformation, this strengthening takes place, then the human being knows what actually leaves the physical body when falling asleep and enters the physical body again when waking up. Then they also know that what leaves the body during sleep contains the inner core of their being, which enters the physical body at birth and leaves the physical body again when the human being passes through the gate of death. The human being then also knows how he lives in the spiritual-soul world between death and a new birth. In short, the human being learns to recognize spiritually, and he also learns to know the environment that is of a spiritual nature and eludes ordinary consciousness. In this spiritual world, however, lie the actual foundations of existence, the reasons for physical and sensory existence, so that through occult knowledge, man gains the ability to see the foundations of existence. But he only gains this ability by first transforming himself into a different being of knowledge than he is within ordinary consciousness.

Occultism can therefore only come to man if he undertakes to really apply to himself the means offered to him for occult knowledge. It is in the nature of things, and it is also pointed out in the literature and has already been mentioned here in the lectures, that in the course of human evolution up to now, it was not naturally everyone's task to educate themselves in such a way that they could look directly into the spiritual world, that is, to penetrate to the fundamental principles of existence in the manner described. These means of penetrating to the foundations of existence were always given in narrow circles, where strict care was taken to ensure that people first received the preparatory education that made them ripe to apply the occult means of knowledge to their souls before the higher means of occult knowledge were offered to them.

It is easy to see why this must be so. Higher, occult knowledge leads to the foundations of existence, into those worlds from which our world is, so to speak, made, so that with this occult knowledge, human beings also acquire certain abilities that they would not otherwise have. In a sense, by penetrating into the primordial foundations of existence, human beings will be able to accomplish things that they cannot accomplish with the ordinary means of knowledge. Now there is a fact that makes this very clear. We will discuss this fact later; for now, it should only be mentioned to show that the occult means of knowledge could not be given to everyone. This fact is that during the Earth's development, human beings had to have egoism implanted in them. Without egoism, human beings would not have been able to fulfill their task on Earth, for this task consists precisely in developing love out of egoism and, through love, ennobling, overcoming, and spiritualizing egoism. At the end of earthly evolution, human beings will be permeated by love. However, they can only develop toward this love in freedom because egoism was implanted in their nature from the beginning. Now, however, egoism is extremely dangerous and harmful when it undertakes something that lies beyond the world of ordinary consciousness. If egoism, which is basically permeating the whole of human history, causes damage upon damage in ordinary, sensory life, then it must be said that this damage is insignificant compared to the great harm it causes when it can work with the means of occult knowledge.

Thus, it was always a necessary prerequisite that those who were given the means of occult knowledge had such a strictly prepared character that, no matter how great the temptations of the world might be, they did not want to work in the spirit of egoism. This was the first important principle of preparation for occult knowledge: that the character of those who were admitted to these insights did not allow them to misuse occult knowledge in an egoistic sense. This naturally meant that only a few could be selected in the course of human evolution to be admitted to those occult schools which in ancient times were called mysteries and other names, and that thus only these few were given the means to ascend to such occult knowledge. The occult knowledge that these few then attained had very specific characteristics, very specific peculiarities.

What I now wish to mention as a characteristic of this occult knowledge is changing in a certain respect, especially in our time; but it was basically common to all previous occult schools in the true sense of the word. In these occult schools, where people were given the means of occult knowledge, it was necessary that among the many things that had to be overcome in order to overcome egoism, there was even this: not to speak with ordinary words within the mysteries, within the occult schools, not to communicate with the ordinary words with which one communicates in the life of the outer consciousness. For a certain kind of egoism, albeit a finer, one might say higher egoism, already passes into human beings through the use of the words, thoughts, and concepts that are used in outer life. This includes all those things that do not make people appear as human beings at all, but as members of a particular people with all the egoisms that are peculiar to them because they love their people, rightly so for external life. For the outer consciousness, it is self-evident and must be so that human beings have these finer, higher forms of egoism, and in a certain sense these higher forms of egoism are even the most praiseworthy aspect of existence. However, for the highest universal human knowledge, which must be sought beyond the life of ordinary consciousness, we must not bring these higher, more refined forms of egoism with us. Therefore, preparation in the occult schools was carried out in such a way that, so to speak, a general human language was first created. In these occult schools, not the language of ordinary life was used, but a language that had a different effect on people than any other language spoken here or there. This was a language that did not work through words and thoughts, as in ordinary science, but through symbols. For those who know mathematics, it is immediately clear that it has general application because symbols are chosen that can be used everywhere. By choosing such symbols, by developing, so to speak, a language that speaks in symbols, we were able to transcend what interferes with our judgment and our ordinary consciousness, namely egoism, including higher forms of egoism. But this meant that what we were able to represent and say was only understandable to those who had first learned this universal human language, these symbols. The language consisted of symbols that could be drawn, performed in hand movements in rituals, expressed in color combinations, and so on. And the main thing in the secret schools was not what was proclaimed through words, for that was only preparation, but what was said in the language of symbols, independent of ordinary human words and also independent of ordinary human thoughts. The first thing in the secret schools was therefore the formation of a symbolic language.

In the earliest times, those initiated into the mysteries considered it their strictest duty not to reveal anything of the general mystery language or the general symbols to the outside world, because if people had learned the symbols and were astute enough, they could have gained access to the means of occult knowledge unprepared. The creation of symbols was the means of speaking a universal human language. The secrecy of the symbols was the means of preventing what was given to them through this language from reaching immature people.

Thus, the very fact that one felt compelled to speak or use a symbolic language made it impossible to communicate the mystery knowledge in general. The actual mystery knowledge, the actual occultism, was therefore always the knowledge of humanity protected by the mysteries, the secret schools, and attained through occult insights, and this knowledge of humanity was always restricted to the narrow circles just characterized.

But there is, in a sense, another reason why what constitutes occultism could not be communicated to the general public. Just as one must first be free of egoism in order to be allowed to enter the world that is to be revealed to one, so, on the other hand, when the power of knowledge has been transformed and the human being has come through self-education to look into this completely different world, he is incapable of using ordinary human concepts and ideas. The creation of symbols also has the additional purpose and meaning of providing means by which one can express what cannot really be expressed with ordinary human words and concepts. For occultism makes use of the human being as it is when it is not dependent on the senses and the brain, but is located outside the senses and the brain. All ordinary words, however, are so shaped that they have arisen from the brain and from external observation; so that as soon as an occult insight dawns upon us, we immediately feel how impossible it is to express it in ordinary words.

Occult knowledge is knowledge that is gained outside the physical body. To express it with the means gained through the physical body is, at first, completely impossible for the beginning of occult knowledge.

But occult knowledge is not something that is merely there to be recognized by a few curious individuals; it is the content of what is most necessary and essential for humanity as a whole. Occult knowledge is the experience of the fundamental principles of existence, above all of human existence. Occult knowledge therefore always had to penetrate life, had to be communicated to life. For this reason, means had to be found to bring occult knowledge into life, to make it understandable to people in their own way.

The first means of making occult knowledge understandable to people is and always has been what is called theosophy. When one makes occult knowledge into theosophy, one renounces an essential characteristic of occult knowledge, namely, one renounces speaking only with the highest means. One proceeds to clothe this occult knowledge in ordinary human words and human concepts. As theosophy, occult knowledge therefore appears in such a way that it is communicated to one people, for example, using the ideas and concepts of that people to clothe the general occult knowledge. However, this specifies and differentiates occult knowledge, because it then becomes merely a communication through the words of one part of humanity. This is also why those who came into possession of secret knowledge in the secret schools specialized and differentiated it, precisely because they had to clothe it in the special language of the people concerned, because they had to clothe in the language of the peoples that which is the general heritage of humanity in occult knowledge.

In the mysteries, the goal and intention was always to remain as universal as possible when transplanting the universal human heritage of occultism into the specific forms of a single national language or national soul. But at the same time, it was necessary to be understandable, to express oneself in the language spoken by the people, to express oneself in the concepts that the people had developed. Thus, the individual theosophists who appeared in humanity had to take care to make themselves understandable for the specific purpose and for the specific field about which they were speaking. It is not entirely easy to express the general occult heritage of humanity in a special language, in special concepts. But this has nevertheless been achieved to a high degree in various areas of the earth and of historical life.

While occultism in its true sense is something into which one lives oneself by applying the means of clairvoyant self-discipline and thus attaining the ability to see, theosophy is something that confronts one in the concepts and ideas one already had, into which the occult insights are merely clothed.

When occult knowledge is correctly clothed in ordinary concepts and ideas, it is understandable even to those who have sound judgment and make an effort to understand things. Therefore, theosophy is entirely comprehensible to common sense, provided one makes an effort. It is not necessary to say that only those who have attained occult vision can understand the occult. When occult truths are clothed in concepts such as those found in theosophy, they are comprehensible to common sense.

Now there are certain laws of human evolution, which we will discuss later, which over time made it necessary, one might say, to differentiate and modify theosophy. When we go back to the older times of human development, we find that the oldest peoples — not the decadent peoples who call themselves “primitive peoples” based on an anthropology that does not understand itself — but among the original peoples whom spiritual science shows us — we find the mysteries and secret schools that imparted occult knowledge to a select few, and alongside this, what was generally proclaimed as theosophy, the occult knowledge clothed in popular ideas. In later times, things changed somewhat. The theosophical form, which in earlier times was almost the only way in which human beings could ascend to the primordial sources, more into the religious form, which everywhere reckons with the fact that theosophy can indeed be understood by common sense, provided it goes far enough, but that with the progress of human life in history it was not always possible to take this comprehensive standpoint of common sense. Thus, provision also had to be made for those human minds which, simply through their outer life, had no opportunity to raise the standpoint of common sense as high as it was in primeval times and as it is necessary in order to make the occult truths transparent. It was necessary to gain a kind of faith-knowledge of the primordial foundations of existence for those minds that could not attain the comprehensive viewpoint.

From a kind of emotional knowledge, which was also shaped in the mysteries, the religious form of knowledge emerged, and this is essentially what is popular in later times, what is easier to attain than the original theosophical form. If we therefore go back in human evolution, we do not actually find the character of religion as people understand it today as the oldest form of worldview. If we go back to the first post-Atlantean period, to Indian prehistory, we find occult secret knowledge so widespread that the people could participate in this knowledge as theosophy. In the earliest Indian prehistory, religion basically coincided with theosophy. Religion was nothing special, nothing separate from theosophy. Therefore, when we trace the development of religion, we find theosophy at its starting point. But with the progress of human development, the religious form had to be adopted more and more, and it became necessary to dispense with the idea that human beings could understand what theosophy had to offer with their common sense. Thus, theosophical truths were recast as truths of faith.

And when we move from the earliest times to later times, we find that Christianity has undergone the most extreme transformation, the transformation from the theosophical form to the religious form. In the external Christian creeds that have developed over the centuries, there is very little evidence of theosophy at first. The old character of theosophy recedes completely, and we even see how, in the development of Christianity, theology develops alongside faith, but not theosophy, which was persecuted by theologians with a certain hatred, or at least with antipathy and aversion. Thus we see that Christianity, in the course of time, developed alongside popular belief a theology, but not a theosophy; rather, it turned away from everything theosophical.

A third form in which man's striving for the ultimate principles of existence was clothed is the philosophical. While occult knowledge is gained by the human being insofar as it is free from the physical body, and while theosophy reproduces occult knowledge in external thoughts and external words, philosophy strives to reach the foundations of the world with those means of knowledge which are indeed the finest and most subtle, but which are nevertheless bound to the instrument of the brain. Philosophy, as it appears in the truly philosophical period of human development, does not initially seek to reproduce something gained outside of human physicality in the same way as theosophy, but rather, as far as possible with the means of ordinary knowledge applied within physicality, it seeks to advance toward the fundamental principles of existence. Thus, one strives to attain philosophical truths with the finest means available while the human being is in the body, but only with means of knowledge that are bound to the body. Philosophy therefore has basically the same goal as occultism and theosophy, namely to arrive at the fundamental principles of existence; but philosophy strives to advance as far as possible toward the fundamental principles of existence with the thinking and research methods that are bound to the brain and to external perception.

Now, because philosophy works with the most subtle and refined means of knowledge, even if these are only means of knowledge bound to the brain and external sensory perception, it is again a matter for only a few people. Only a few people make use of these finest means of knowledge. We know only too well that philosophy is something that cannot truly become popular, that is even perceived by a large number of people as something far too difficult, if not boring.

However, we must bear in mind that philosophy works with the means of knowledge connected to the senses and selects the finest and most subtle of these. Because in philosophy, human beings use means that are connected to their personality, philosophy is, of course, something personal. But because man, when he works his way up to the most subtle means of knowledge, has reason to strip himself of the personal to a certain extent, philosophy becomes something general again.

Only those who delve deeper into philosophy can perceive its general nature. Unfortunately, people are all too quick to notice that it is something personal. While those who delve deeper into philosophy find fundamental principles that are the same in seemingly diverse thinkers such as the ancient Greek philosophers Parmenides and Heraclitus, those who approach philosophy only from the outside will immediately find differences between Hegel and a hostile brother such as Schopenhauer. He sees only what divides philosophy into different points of view, and he does not see the succession of personal human points of view.

Thus, in a certain sense, philosophy becomes the opposite of occultism; for philosophy must be attained by man through his most personal means, but occultism is attained precisely when he strips himself of his personality. This is why it is so difficult for someone who presents his personal views philosophically correctly to be truly understood by others. But if one succeeds in clothing occultism in expressions and ideas that are understandable as words, as viable ideas, then one finds a certain understanding relatively throughout the whole world. Occultism strips away the personal. It is not a philosophical system that arises from the personality, but rather that which comes from the impersonal and is therefore universally understandable. When occultism strives to become theosophy, it will have the aspiration and, in a certain sense, be able to achieve the ability to speak to every human heart, to every human soul.

From this characterization, which I have given you as an introduction, as a kind of preparation, you can see what characteristics the occult, theosophical, and philosophical points of view have outwardly.

The occult point of view is always the same in its results for all of humanity. In truth, there are no different occult standpoints. There are really no more different occult standpoints than there are different types of mathematics. It is only necessary to have the means to gain knowledge in any question in occultism; then one gains the same knowledge that everyone else gains who has the right means. It is therefore not true that there can be different points of view in occultism in the highest ideal sense, any more than there can be different points of view in mathematics.

Experience has therefore shown that occultism has always been uniform wherever it has asserted itself. And if differences have arisen in the theosophies that have appeared and that represent the outer clothing of occult truths, this is precisely because the clothing had to be different for one people, for one epoch of humanity, than for another people and another epoch of humanity. The diversity of theosophies on earth lies in their outward form and way of thinking. But the occultism that underlies theosophy is the same everywhere. Because religions arise from the theosophical outward form of occultism, religions have differed according to peoples and ages. Occultism knows no differences like religions do; it knows nothing that is so differentiated that one person could be provoked into resistance or opposition toward another. This does not exist within occultism, since it is something that can be attained everywhere as a unified human good. Insofar as theosophy should strive, especially in our time, to be a form of occultism appropriate to the present, it must endeavor to incorporate as little as possible of the differentiations that have arisen in humanity. It must strive, as far as possible, to be a faithful expression of occult content and occult relationships.

Therefore, Theosophy will necessarily have to strive to overcome specific worldviews and, in particular, religious differences. We must learn to overcome more and more the tendency to have a “Theosophy with a very specific coloring.” Gradually, in the course of human evolution, theosophy has acquired its shades and nuances, especially after the religious—I do not want to say prejudices, but rather the religious preconceptions and opinions. But theosophy should always be, ideally, a reproduction of occultism. Therefore, there cannot be a Buddhist or Hindu or Zarathustrian or Christian theosophy. Certainly, the peculiar ideas and concepts with which one encounters occultism will have to be taken into account for the individual peoples; but at the same time, theosophy should have the ideal of being a pure expression of occult truths. It was therefore, for example, in a certain sense a denial of the great principle of all occultists of the world when a theosophy calling itself “Christian” theosophy appeared in individual communities in Central Europe. In truth, there can be no more Christian theosophy than there can be Buddhist or Zoroastrian theosophy.

Theosophy will have to face the religions from the standpoint of explaining religious truths, from the standpoint of understanding them. Then it will become apparent that these religious truths are, as such, special forms, special manifestations of one or another aspect of occultism as a whole, and that occultism itself can only be grasped when it is understood independently of such differentiations.

We have already noted that what has now been characterized is to be regarded as an ideal. Even though it is understandable that all the theosophical forms of occultism will take different forms throughout the world, and even though all occultists agree on all their insights, on the other hand, especially in our time, it must be possible to speak about occultism in a unified way. This can only be achieved if there is a genuine willingness to truly abandon the particular differences that arise from preconceived opinions and preconceptions. One could say that, in a certain sense, we should be glad if we gradually manage to arrive at consistent judgments about the most elementary aspects of occult knowledge. |

This will initially be possible in a wider circle with reference to the most important occult insights of reincarnation and karma. Insofar as theosophy really spreads and becomes a reproduction of occult insights, it will initially strive to spread the great truths of reincarnation and karma throughout the whole world. For these truths will initially have the fate of removing, so to speak, the sails from the religious prejudices that are spread throughout the world.

A further ideal would be if Theosophy could truly accomplish that work of peace among humanity whereby unity and harmony could be brought about in relation to the higher realms of occult knowledge. This can be regarded as an ideal. But it is a difficult ideal. When one considers how deeply interwoven man still is today with his religious prejudices, his religious preconceptions with what he has understood and in which he has been educated, one will understand how difficult it is to give something in Theosophy that is not colored by religious prejudices, but is as faithful a picture of occult knowledge as can be given at all.

It will always be understandable, within certain limits, that Buddhists reject the Christian point of view as long as they stand on the standpoint of the Buddhist creed. And if Theosophy takes on a Buddhist coloring, it is also natural that this Buddhist Theosophy will be hostile or misleading toward Christianity. It will be equally understandable that in an area where Christian forms prevail, it is again difficult to arrive at an objective understanding of, say, those aspects of occultism that have found expression in Buddhism. The ideal, however, is to understand one as well as the other and to establish harmonious and peaceful understanding throughout the world.

The Buddhist theosophist and the Christian theosophist—or rather, the Buddhist and the Christian, if they have become theosophists—will understand each other and will inevitably find a harmonious balance. The ideal of the theosophist will be to gain a picture of occultism that is uniform everywhere and to detach this picture from religious prejudices. The Christian who has become a theosophist will understand the Buddhist who tells him: It is impossible that a bodhisattva, who is a human being who has passed from incarnation to incarnation and who, as in the individual case of Suddhodana's death, has become a Buddha, can return to a human body after becoming a Buddha; but that with Buddhahood, such a high stage of human development has been reached that the individual in question does not need to return to a human body.”

The Christian will say to the Buddhist: “Christianity has not yet revealed anything to me about beings such as the Bodhisattvas, but by turning to Theosophy, I am learning to recognize that not only do you know this truth from your knowledge, but that I myself must also acknowledge this truth. The theosophist will respond to the Buddhist by saying: I understand what a bodhisattva is; I know that the Buddhist speaks a complete truth about certain beings, a truth that could be spoken precisely where Buddhism has spread; I understand when the Buddhist says: A Buddha does not return to a physical organism. — The Christian who has become a theosophist understands the Buddhist who has become a theosophist. And when the Christian faces the Buddhist, he can say to him: If one follows the Christian creed according to its content, as it has been followed in occult schools with regard to the occult facts that underlie it, then it becomes clear that the being referred to by the name Christ — which may have remained unknown to the other — is a being who was not on earth before the mystery of Golgotha; a being who went through paths other than those of earthly incarnations, who then had to be in a physical body and, what is most important, underwent death in this body, in a very specific way; who then, through this death, became what she has become for a certain part of humanity and what she is to become for all humanity; a being who cannot return in a physical body, because that would contradict the whole nature of Christ.

When the Buddhist who has become a theosophist hears this from the Christian, he will say: Just as you understand that I can never admit that a Buddha, after becoming a Buddha, returns in a physical body, just as you understand me through recognition of what has been assigned to me as truth, so I will recognize that part of the truth which has been assigned to you. I try to acknowledge what I cannot find in my own confession, namely, that at the beginning of Christianity there was not a teacher but an act. For the occultist does not place Jesus of Nazareth at the starting point of Christianity, but Christ, and as the starting point he places the mystery of Golgotha.

Buddhism differs from Christianity in that it has a personal teacher as its starting point; Christianity has an act, the act of redemption at Golgotha through death on the cross. Not a teaching, but an act is the prerequisite for Christian development. The Buddhist who has become a theosophist understands this, and in order to establish harmony within humanity, he accepts what is given as the occult foundation of Christianity. The Buddhist would break the harmony if he wanted to apply his Buddhist concepts to Christianity. Just as the Christian is obliged, when he becomes a theosophist, to understand Buddhism from Buddhism and not to reshape the concepts of the Bodhisattva and Buddha, but to understand them as they are contained in Buddhism, so it is the duty of the Buddhist to accept Christian concepts as they are, because they form the occult foundations of Christianity. Just as it is impossible to reconcile what is designated by the name Christ with what is of a lower nature, with the name Bodhisattva, so it is impossible, as long as one remains faithful to the ideal of Theosophy, to give Theosophy anything other than a reflection of the unified occultism.

Applying the characteristics of the Bodhisattva to Christ would prevent the great peace mission of Theosophy. This will be achieved, however, when Theosophy strives to bring the unified foundations to humanity in a scientific form appropriate to our time. If we in the West understand Buddhism, Brahmanism, or Zarathustrianism without prejudice, if Christianity is understood in the form in which it must be understood, then it will always be possible for a short time to recognize the foundations of Christianity and to find followers for such recognized ideas of Christianity.

People have not always been able to accept the fact that an act is the starting point of Christianity and that therefore one cannot speak of a return of Christ. For this reason, views have repeatedly emerged over the centuries that speak of a return of Christ. They have always been overcome and will always be overcome because they contradict the great unified mission of life and peace of theosophy, which is intended to reflect the unified expression of occultism. Occultism has always been unified and is independent of any Buddhist or Christian coloring and can therefore objectively understand both the Muslim and the Zoroastrian and also the Buddhist, just as it can understand the Christian.

This is what will come to us as an understanding of how, in the course of human evolution thus far, general occultism has taken such different forms in Theosophy. We will explore why, in our time, the great ideal must be that one religious form of expression does not triumph over another, but that religious forms of expression come to an understanding with one another. The prerequisite for this, however, is mutual understanding, an understanding of the occult foundations that are the same in all religions.

With this, I have attempted to give you a kind of preparation, a kind of introduction to the important considerations we are about to embark upon, and the day after tomorrow, after the public lecture, we will approach the consideration of the human being in occult and philosophical terms.