On the Meaning of Life
GA 155
23 May 1912, Copenhagen
Translator Unknown
Lecture I
In these two lectures I should like to speak to you from the point of view of Spiritual Research, on the question so frequently and urgently put: “What is the meaning of life?” If in these two evenings we are to get anywhere near this subject we shall have to create first of all a kind of foundation or basis, on which to construct the edifice of knowledge, and from this deduce the answer in outline.
When we contemplate the things around us, those which exist for our ordinary sense-perception and our ordinary experience, and then turn to our own life, the result is at best the formulation of a question—the presentation of an oppressive, a painful problem. We see how the beings of external nature arise and decay. We can observe every year in spring how the earth, stimulated by the forces of the sun and the universe, bestows on us the plants which sprout and bud and bear fruit through the summer. Towards autumn, we see how they decay and pass away. Some remain indeed throughout the year, some for very many years, for instance, our long-lived trees. But of these also we know that even though in many cases they may outlive us, they also pass away at last, disappear and sink down into that which, in the great world of nature, is the realm of the lifeless. Especially do we know that even in the greatest phenomena of nature there rules this growth and decay: even the continents on which our civilisations develop did not exist in times past, for they have only risen in the course of time, and we know for certain that they will one day pass away.
Thus we see around us growth and decay; we can trace it in the plant kingdom and in the mineral kingdom as well as in the animal kingdom. What is the meaning of it all? Ever an arising, ever a passing away all around us! What is the meaning of this arising and this passing away? When we consider our own life, and see how we have lived through years and decades, we can recognise there also this coming into being and decay. When we call to mind the days of our childhood: they are vanished and only the memory of them remains. This stirs within us anxious questionings about life. The most important thing is that we ourselves have progressed a little through it, that we have become wiser. Usually, however, it is only when we have accomplished something, that we know how it ought to have been done. If we are no longer in a position to do a thing better, we still know how much better it might have been done, so that actually our mistakes become a part of our life; but it is just through our mistakes and errors that we gain our widest experiences.
A question is put to us, and it seems as if that which we can grasp with our senses and our intellect is unable to answer it. That is the position of man to-day; all that surrounds him confronts him with the problem, with the question: “What is the meaning of existence as a whole?” and particularly “Why has man his peculiar position within this existence?”
An extremely interesting legend of Hebrew antiquity tells us that in those old Hebrew times there was a consciousness that this anxious question which we formulated as to the meaning of life, and especially as to the meaning of man, occurs not only to man, but to beings quite other than man. This legend is extremely instructive and runs as follows:—When the Elohim were about to create man after their own image and likeness, the so-called ministering angels, certain spiritual beings of a lower grade than the Elohim themselves, asked Jahve or Jehovah: “Why is man to be made in the image and likeness of God!” Then Jehovah collected—so continues the legend—the animals and the plants which could already spring forth on earth before man was there in his earthly form, and He gathered together the angels also, the so-called ministering angels—those who immediately served Him. To those He showed the animals and plants and asked them what they were called, what were their names? But the Angels did not know the names of the animals and plants. Then man was created, as he was before the Fall. And again Jehovah gathered around him Angels, animals and plants, and in the presence of the Angels he asked man what the animals whom He made to pass by in succession before man’s eyes, were called, what their names were. And behold! Man was able to answer: “This animal has this name, that animal has that, this plant has this name, that plant has that,” Then Jehovah asked man: “And what is thine own name?” And man said: “I must be called Adam.” (Adam is related to Adama, and means: “Out of the earth: earth-being”). Jehovah then asked man: “And what am I myself to be called?” “Thou shalt be called Adonai,” man replied, “Thou art the Lord of all created beings of the earth.” The Angels now began to have an idea of the meaning of man’s existence on the earth. Though religious tradition and religious writings often express the most important riddle of life in the simplest way, there are many difficulties in understanding them, because we have to get behind their simplicity. We must first penetrate into the meaning behind them. If we succeed in this, great wisdom and deep knowledge are revealed. It may well be so with this legend, which we shall just keep in mind for a moment, for these two lectures will give us, in some sort, an answer to the question which it contains.
Now you know that there is a religion which has put the question as to the meaning and value of life by placing it in a wonderful form into the mouth of its own founder. You all know the story of the Buddha, how it tells us that when he left the palace in which he was born, and came face to face with the real facts of life, of which in that incarnation he had as yet learned nothing, he was most profoundly dismayed, and pronounced the judgment: “Life is suffering,” which as we know comprises the four statements: “Birth is suffering—disease is suffering—old age is suffering—death is suffering,” and to which is added “to be united with those we do not love is suffering, to be separated from those we love is suffering, not to be able to attain that to which we aspire is suffering.” We know then that to the adherents of this religion the meaning of life can be summed up by saying: “Life, which is suffering, only acquires a meaning when it is conquered, when it transcends itself.” All the various religions, all philosophies and views of life, are, after all, attempts to answer the question as to the meaning of life. Now, we are not going to approach the question in an abstract, philosophical way. Rather we shall review some of the phenomena of life, some of the facts of life, from the point of view of Spiritual Science, in order to see if a deeper occult view of life furnishes us with something wherewith to approach this question as to the meaning of life. Let us take the matter up again at the point we have already touched—the annual growth and decay in physical nature, the life, growth and decay in the plant world. In Spring we see the plants spring up out of the earth, and that which we see there as germinating, budding life, calls forth our joy and delight. We become aware that the whole of our existence is bound up with the plant world, for without it we could not exist. We feel how that which springs up out of the earth at the approach of Summer is related to our own life. We feel in the Autumn how that which in a certain sense belongs to us, again decays.
It is natural for us to compare with our own life that which we see germinating and decaying. For an external observation based only on what can be perceived by the senses and judged by the intellect, it is very natural to compare the vernal springing up of the plants with, let us say, man’s awakening in the morning; and the withering and decaying of the plant world in Autumn with man’s falling asleep at night. But such a comparison is quite superficial. It would leave out of account the real events with which we can already become acquainted through the elementary truths of occultism. What happens when we fall asleep at night? We have learned that we leave our physical and etheric bodies behind in bed. With our astral body and our ego we withdraw from our physical body and etheric body. During the night, from the moment of our falling asleep to the moment of our waking, we are with our astral body and our ego in a spiritual world. From this spiritual world we draw the forces which we require. Not only our astral body and our ego, but our physical and etheric bodies go through a kind of restorative process during our sleep at night, when the latter lie in bed, separated from the astral body and ego.
When one looks clairvoyantly down from the ego upon the astral, the etheric and physical bodies, one sees what has been destroyed by waking life; one sees that that which finds its expression in fatigue, is present as a destructive process and is made good during the night. The whole conscious life of the daytime is in fact, if we look at it in its connection with human consciousness and in its relation to the physical and etheric bodies, a kind of destructive process as regards the physical and etheric bodies. We always destroy something by it, and the fact that we destroy expresses itself in our fatigue. That which is destroyed is made good again at night.
Now if we look at what happens when we have withdrawn our astral body and our ego out of the etheric and physical bodies, it is as if we had left behind us a devastated field. But in the moment we are out of them, out of the physical and etheric bodies, they begin gradually to restore themselves. It is as if the forces belonging to the physical and etheric bodies begin to bud and blossom, and as if an entire vegetation should arise on the scene of destruction. The further night advances and the longer sleep lasts, the more do the forces in the etheric body bud and blossom. The nearer morning approaches and the more we re-enter our physical and etheric bodies with our astral body, the more a kind of withering or drying up sets in as regards the physical and etheric bodies.
In short, when the ego and the astral body look down from the spiritual world on the physical and etheric bodies, they see at night, at the moment of falling asleep, the same phenomenon which we see in the great world outside, when the plants bud and germinate in Spring. Therefore, to make a real comparison, we must compare our falling asleep and the earlier part of the sleep condition at night with Spring in nature; and the time of our awakening, the time in which the ego and the astral body begin to re-enter the physical and etheric bodies, with Autumn, in external nature. Spring corresponds to our falling asleep and Autumn to our awakening.
But how does the matter stand, when the occult observer, he who really can look into the spiritual world, directs his gaze to external nature and watches what takes place there in the course of the year? That which then presents itself to the occult vision teaches us that we must not compare things in an outward, but in an inward way. Occult observation shows that just as the physical and etheric bodies of man are connected with his astral body and his ego, so is there connected with our earth what we call the spiritual part of the earth. The earth also must be compared with a body, a widespread body. If we consider it only as far as its physical part is concerned, it is just as if we were to consider man with regard to his physical body only. We consider the earth completely when we consider it as the body of spiritual beings, in the same way in which, in the case of man, we consider the spirit as being connected with the body, yet there is a distinction. Man has a single nature controlling his physical and etheric bodies; a single psycho-spiritual nature belongs to that which is his physical human body and etheric human body. But there are a great many spirits belonging to the Earth-body. What in man’s psycho-spiritual nature is a unity, is, as regards that of the earth, a multiplicity. This is the chief distinction. With the exception of this difference everything else is in a certain way analogous. To occult vision is revealed how in the same measure as green plants come forth from the earth in Spring, those spirits whom we call the earth-spirits, withdraw from the earth. Only here again they do not, as is the case with man, absolutely leave the earth; they move round it, they pass in a certain way to the other side of the earth. When it is Summer in one hemisphere it is Winter in the other. In the case of the earth, the spiritual part moves from the northern to the southern hemisphere when Summer is approaching in the north. But that does not alter the fact that to the occult vision of a man who experiences the Spring on any given part of the globe, the spirits leave the earth; he sees how they rise and pass out into the cosmos. He does not see them move to the other side, but he sees them go away, in the same way as he sees the ego and the astral body leave man at the moment of his falling asleep. In the Autumn the earth-spirits approach and re-unite themselves with the earth. During the Winter, when the earth is covered with snow, the earth-spirits are directly united with the earth. In fact something similar then begins for the earth to what is found in man: a kind of self-consciousness. During the Summer the spiritual part of the earth knows nothing of what goes on around it in the universe. But in Winter the spirit of the earth knows what is happening in the universe around, just as man, on waking, knows and beholds what is taking place around him.
The analogy is thus complete, only it is the reverse of that which the outer consciousness draws. It is true that if we wish to go into the question fully, we cannot simply say: “When, in Spring, plants bud and spring from the earth, the earth spirits go away,” for with the budding and sprouting of plants there arise, as if out of the depths, out of the interior of the earth, other and mightier spirits. Therefore the mythologies were right when they distinguished between the higher and the nether gods. When man spoke of the gods who left the earth in Spring and returned in Autumn, he spoke of the higher gods. But there were mightier, older, gods, called by the Greeks the Chthonic gods. These arise in Summer when everything is budding and flourishing, and they descend again when in Winter the real earth spirits unite with the body of the earth.
Now, I should here like to mention that a certain idea, taken from scientific and occult research, is of immense importance for human life. For this shows us that when we consider the individual human being, we have really before us something like an image of the great Earth-being itself. What do we see when we turn towards plants which are beginning to sprout and bud? We see exactly the same as takes place in man when his inner life is active, we see how the one exactly corresponds to the other. How single plants are related to the human body, what their significance is for the human body, can only be recognised when such connections are understood. For it is in fact true that, on close examination, one sees how, when man falls asleep, everything begins to sprout and bud in his physical and etheric bodies: how a whole vegetation springs up in him: how man is in reality a tree or a garden in which plants are growing.
Whoever follows this with occult vision sees that the sprouting and germinating within man corresponds to what is germinating and budding in nature without. Thus you can form an idea of what will be possible when, in the future, Anthroposophy—often considered as foolishness to-day—is applied to life and made fruitful. We have for example, a man who has something wrong in his bodily life-activities. Let us now observe, when he falls asleep, what kind of plants are wanting when his physical and etheric bodies begin to develop their vegetation. When we see that on earth whole species of plants are missing, we know that something must be wrong with the life of the earth. And it is the same with the deficiency of certain plants in the physical and etheric bodies of man. In order to make good the defect we have only to seek on the earth for the plants which are missing in the man in question, and introduce their juices either in the form of diet or medicine and then we shall find the relation between medicine and disease. From this example, we see how Anthroposophy or Spiritual Science will intervene directly in life, but we are only at the beginning of these things.
In what I have just said I have given you, in a comparison drawn from nature, some idea of the composition of man and the connection of his whole being with the environment in which he is placed. We shall now look at the matter from a spiritual point of view. Here I would like to call attention to a matter that is of great importance, namely, that our anthroposophical outlook on life, while letting its gaze range over the evolution of mankind from the point of view of occultism, in order to decipher the meaning of existence, gives no preference to any one special creed, or any one view of life over any other. How often has it been emphasised in our occult movement that we can point to that which our earthly humanity experienced and developed immediately after the great Atlantean catastrophe—the Flood. We passed through, as the first great post-Atlantean civilisation, the sacred civilisation of Ancient India. Here, at Copenhagen, we have already spoken of this old sacred Indian civilisation, and we laid stress upon the fact that it was so lofty, that that which has survived in the Vedas or in written tradition is only an echo of it. It is only in the Akashic Records that we can catch glimpses of the primeval teachings that issued from that time. There we gaze on heights which have not been re-attained.
The later epochs had quite a different mission. We know that a descent has taken place since then, but we know also that there will be again an ascent and that, as already mentioned, Anthroposophy or Spiritual Science has to prepare this ascent. We know that in the seventh post-Atlantean age of civilisation, there will be a kind of renewal of the ancient, holy Indian civilisation. We do not give preference to any religious view or creed, for all are measured with the same measure, in every particular they are described: in each the kernel of truth is sought.
The important thing is that essentials be kept in view. We must not allow ourselves to stray in the consideration of the nature of each separate creed, and if we keep this in mind, in approaching the various points of view, we find one fundamental difference. We find views on life which are of a more oriental nature, and others which have permeated our Western civilisation. Once we make this clear to ourselves, we have something which throws light on the meaning of existence. We then find that the ancients were already in possession of something which we have to regain with difficulty, viz., the doctrine of reincarnation. The oriental stream possessed this as something springing from the profoundest depths of existence. You can still realise how the oriental mind shapes the whole of life from this doctrine, when you look at the relation of the oriental to his Bodhisattvas and his Buddhas. If you keep in view how little it concerns the oriental to select a single figure with this or that definite name, as the ruling power in human evolution, you see at once how he attaches much more importance to tracing the individuality which goes on from life to life. Orientals say that there are such and such a number of Bodhisattvas, high beings who have sprung from men, but who have gradually evolved to a height which we can describe by saying: A Being has passed through many incarnations, and then has become a Bodhisattva, as did Gautama, the son of King Sudhodana. He was Bodhisattva and became Buddha. The name Buddha, however, is given to many, because they passed through many incarnations, became Bodhisattva, and then ascended to the next higher stage, that of Buddhahood. The name Buddha is a generic name. It denotes a degree of human attainment, and has no sense apart from the spiritual being who goes through many incarnations. Brahmanism fully agrees with Buddhism in regarding the individual who goes through the different personalities, rather than the single person. It comes to the same whether the Buddhist says:—“A Bodhisattva is destined to ascend to the highest degree of human attainment, and for this he has to go through many incarnations; but for me the highest is the Buddha.” Or whether the adherent of Brahmanism says: “The Bodhisattvas are indeed highly developed beings, who ascend to Buddhahood, but they are inferior to the Avatars, who are higher spiritual individualities.” You see, consideration of the persisting spiritual entity is what characterises both these oriental points of view.
But now let us turn to the West, and see what is the thing of greatest importance there. In order to enter a little more deeply into this connection, we must consider the ancient Hebrew point of view, where the personal element enters. When we speak of Plato, of Socrates, of Michelangelo, of Charlemagne, or of others, we are always speaking of a person: we place before men the separate life of the personality with all that this personality has done for mankind. In our Western life we do not direct our attention to the life which has gone from personality to personality, for it has been the mission of Western civilisation to direct attention for a time to the single life. When in the East the Buddha is spoken of, it is understood that the designation “Buddha” is an honourable title which may be applied to many personalities. When, on the contrary, the name “Plato” is uttered, we know that this refers only to a single personality. This has been the education of the West.
Let us now turn to our own day. In Western civilisation, mankind has been trained for a time to direct his attention to the personality, but the individual element, the “individuality” has now to be added to the personal element. We stand now at the point where we must reconquer the individual element, but strengthened, vivified, by the contemplation of the personal.
Let us take a definite case. In this connection we look back to the old Hebrew civilisation, which preceded that of the West. Let us turn our attention to the mighty personality of the prophet Elijah. To begin with, we may describe him as a personality. In the West he is seldom regarded in any other way. If we leave aside details and look at the personality from a wider point of view, we see that Elijah was something very important for our evolution. He gives the impression of a forerunner of the Christ-Impulse.
On looking back to the time of Moses, we see how something had been proclaimed to the people; we see that the God in man was proclaimed. “I AM the God Who was, Who is, Who is to come.” He has to be comprehended as in the ego, but among the ancient Hebrews He was comprehended as the Folk-soul of the race. Elijah went beyond Moses, though he did not make clear that the ego dwells in the single human individual as Divinity, for he could not make clear to the people of his time more than the world was then able to receive. While even the Mosaic Culture of the old Hebrews was conscious of the fact that “the Highest lies in the Ego,” and that this Ego found expression in the time of Moses in the Group-Soul of the people, we find Elijah already pointing to the individual human soul. We see a forward leap in evolution. But a further impulse was needed, and again a forerunner appeared, whom we know as the personality of John the Baptist. Once more it was in a significant expression that the quality of John the Baptist as a “Forerunner” found expression. A great occult fact is here indicated that man, as primeval man, once possessed ancient clairvoyance, so that he could look into the spiritual world—into Divine activity—but he gradually approached towards materialism; the vision of the spiritual world was cut off. To this fact John the Baptist alludes when he says: “Change the attitude of your soul; look no longer at what you can gain in the physical world: be watchful, a new impulse is at hand (he means the Christ-Impulse). Therefore I say unto you, seek the spiritual world that is in your midst; there the spiritual element appears with the Christ-Impulse.” Through this saying John the Baptist became a forerunner of the Christ-Impulse.
Now we can direct our gaze to another personality, to the remarkable personality of the painter Raphael. This remarkable personality presents itself to us in an unusual way. In the first place, we need only compare Raphael to—let us say—Titian, a painter of a later period. Whoever has an eye for such things, even if he look at the reproductions, will find the distinction. Look at the pictures of Raphael and at those of Titian! Raphael painted in such a way that he put Christian ideas into his pictures. He painted for the people of Europe as Christians of the West. His pictures are comprehensible to all Christians of the West, and will become so more and more. Take, on the other hand, the later painters. They painted almost exclusively for the Latin race, so that even the schisms of the Church found expression in their pictures.
With which pictures was Raphael most successful? With those in which he was able to demonstrate the impulses that lie in Christianity. He is at his best where he could represent some relationship of the Jesus-Child to the Madonna, where this Christ-relation appears as something that is an impulse to feeling. These are the things which he really painted best. We have for instance, no Crucifixion of his, but we have a Transfiguration. Wherever he can paint the budding and germinating aspect, that which is self-revealing, he paints with joy and there he paints his greatest and best pictures.
It is the same with the impression which his pictures produce. If some day you come to Germany and see the Sistine Madonna in Dresden, you will realise that that work of art—of which it is said that the Germans may rejoice to have such a celebrated picture among them, Yes! that they may even regard it as the flower of the painters’ art—you will realise that this work discloses a mystery of existence.
When Goethe in his time traveled from Leipzig to Dresden, he heard something quite different about the picture of the Madonna. The officials of the Dresden Gallery said something like this to him: “We have also a picture of Raphael’s, but it is nothing particular. It is badly painted. The look of the Child, the whole Child itself, everything to do with the Child, is common. The same with the Madonna. One can only think that she is painted by a dauber. And then these figures down below of which one does not know whether they are meant for children’s heads or angels!” Goethe heard this coarse opinion, so that at first he had no right appreciation of the picture. Everything which we hear about the picture at the present time only came to be understood later on, and the fact that Raphael’s pictures made their triumphal march through the world in reproductions, is a result of this better appreciation. We have only to call to mind what England has done for the reproduction and circulation of these pictures. But what was effected in England by the trouble which has been taken for the reproduction and circulation of Raphael’s pictures, will only be recognised when people have learned to look at the matter from the point of view of spiritual science.
Thus through his pictures, Raphael becomes for us the forerunner of a Christianity which will be cosmopolitan. Protestantism has long regarded the Madonna as specially Catholic; but to-day the Madonna has penetrated everywhere into Protestant countries and we are rising more to the occult interpretation, to a higher inter-denominational Christianity. So it will be more and more. If we may hope for such results as regards interdenominational Christianity, what Raphael has done will also help us in Anthroposophy.
It is remarkable that the above three personalities confront us in this manner: all three have the quality of being forerunners of Christianity. Now let us direct occult observation to these three persons. What does it teach us? It teaches us that the same individuality lived in Elijah, in John the Baptist and in Raphael. However impossible it may seem, it is the same soul which lived in Elijah and in Raphael.
When it is revealed to occult vision—which searches and investigates and does not merely compare in a superficial way—that it is the same soul that is present in Elijah, in John the Baptist and in Raphael, we may ask how it is possible that Raphael the painter becomes the vehicle for the individuality which lived in John the Baptist? One can conceive that this remarkable soul of John the Baptist lived in the forces which were present in Raphael.
Occult research comes in here again, not merely to put forth theories, but to tell us how things actually are in life. How do people write biographies of Raphael to-day? Even the best are so written that they simply state that Raphael was born on Good Friday of the year 1483. It is not for nothing that Raphael was born on a Good Friday. This birth already proclaimed his exceptional position in Christianity and shows that in the deepest and most significant way he was connected with the Christian Mysteries. It was on a Good Friday that Raphael was born. His father was Giovanni Santi. He died when Raphael was eleven years old. At the age of eight years his father sent him as a pupil to a painter, who was, however, not of any special eminence. But if one realises what was in Giovanni Santi, Raphael’s father, one gets a peculiar impression which is further strengthened when the matter is investigated in the Akashic Records. There it appears that there lived in the soul of Giovanni Santi much more than could be expressed in his personality and then we can agree with the duchess, who at his death said: “A man full of light and truth and fervent faith has died.” As occultist, one can say that in him there lived a much greater painter than appeared outwardly. The outer faculties, which depend on the physical and etheric organs, were not developed in Giovanni Santi. That was the original cause why he could not bring the capacities of his soul to full expression; but really a great painter lived in him.
Giovanni Santi died when Raphael was eleven years old. If we now follow what takes place, we see that man certainly loses his body, but that the longings, the aspirations, the impulses of his soul continue to exist, and continue to be active where they are most closely connected.
There will come a time when Anthroposophy will be made fruitful for life, as it can already be made fruitful by those who have grasped it vitally and not merely theoretically. Permit me here to interpolate something before going on with Raphael. What I tell you in the examples I give is not mere speculation; on the contrary, it is always taken from real life. Let us suppose that I had children to educate. Whoever pays attention to the capabilities of children can notice the individual element in every child, but such experiences can only be made by those who educate children. Now if one of the parents of a child dies while the child is still young and the other parent is still living, the following may be noticed: Certain inclinations will show themselves in the child which were not there before and which consequently cannot be explained. But one who has charge of children has to occupy himself with these things. Such a one would do well if he said: “People generally look upon what is in Anthroposophical books as mere folly: I will not take this for granted, but will try whether it is right or not.” Then he will soon be able to say “I find forces at work which were already there and again there are other forces playing into those which were already there.” Let us suppose that the father has passed through the gates of death and there now appears in the child, with some strength, certain qualities which had belonged to the father. If this assumption is made and if the matter is looked upon in this way, the knowledge which comes to us through Anthroposophy is applied to life in a sensible way, and then, as is soon discovered, we find our way in life, whereas before we did not. Thus the person who has gone through the gateway of death, remains united, through his forces, with those with whom he was connected in life. People do not observe things closely enough, otherwise they would see more often that children are quite different before the death of their parents from what they are afterwards. At present there is not enough regard for these things, but the time is coming when they will receive attention.
Giovanni Santi, the father, died when Raphael was eleven years old; he had not been able to attain great perfection as a painter, but powerful imagination was left to him and this was then developed in the soul of Raphael. We do not depreciate Raphael, if, while observing his soul, we say: Giovanni Santi lives on in Raphael, who appears to us as a completed personality, as one incapable of higher attainment because a dead man gives life to his work.
We now realise that in the soul of Raphael are reborn the vigorous forces of John the Baptist and in addition, there live in his soul the forces of Giovanni Santi; that together these two were able to bring to fruition the result which confronts us as Raphael. It is true that to-day we cannot yet speak publicly of such extraordinary things, but in fifty years’ time this may be possible, because evolution is progressing quickly, and the opinions held to-day are rapidly approaching their decline. Whoever accepts such things, sees that in Anthroposophy our task is to regard life everywhere from a new point of view. Just as in the future people will heal in the way to which I have referred, so they will reflect on the strange miracle of life wherein men attract to their assistance, from the spiritual world, the achievements of those who have passed through the gates of death.
I should like to draw your attention to two things, when speaking on the riddles of life; things which so truly can illuminate the meaning of life. One is the fate that has befallen the works of Raphael. Whoever looks to-day at the reproductions of his pictures, does not see what Raphael painted. And if he travels to Dresden or to Rome, he finds them so much spoiled that he can hardly be said to see the pictures of Raphael. It is easy to see what will become of them when we consider the fate of Leonardo da Vinci's “Last Supper,” which is falling more and more into decay. These pictures, in times to come, will fall into dust, and everything which great men have created will disappear. When these things have vanished, we may well ask: “What is the meaning of this creation and decay!” We shall see that really nothing remains of what the single personality has created.
Still another fact I should like to put before you, and that is the following: If when to-day, with Anthroposophy as an instrument, we desire to understand, and must understand, Christianity as an Impulse that works for the future, we have need of certain fundamental ideas through which we know how the Christ-Impulse will continue to work. This we require. And we can point to a development of Christianity for which Anthroposophy is necessary. We can point to a person who presents Anthroposophical truth in special form—namely, that of aphorisms. When we approach him we find much that is significant for Anthroposophy. This person is the German poet Novalis. When we study his writings, we find that he describes the future of Christianity from out of the occult truths it contains. Anthroposophy teaches us that we have here to do with the same individuality as is in Raphael, John the Baptist and Elijah.
We have here again to glance into the further development of Christianity. That is a fact of an occult nature, for no one reaches this result by reasoning. Let us once more put the different pictures together. We have the tragic fact of the destruction of the creations and works of single personalities. Raphael appears and allows his interdenominational Christianity to flow into the souls of men. But we have a foreboding that some day his creations will be destroyed, that his works will fall to dust. Then Novalis appears to take in hand the fulfilment of the task and continue the work he had begun. The idea is no longer now so tragic. We see that just as the personality dissolves in its sheaths, so the work dissolves, but the essential kernel lives on and continues the work it had begun. Here once again it is the individual to which our attention is directed. But because we have kept firmly in mind the Western view of life and therewith the personality, we are able to grasp the full significance of the individuality. Thus we see how important it is that the East directed its attention to the individuality, to the Bodhisattvas, who go through many incarnations; and how important it is that the West first directed its attention to the contemplation of the single personality, in order, later on, to grasp what the individuality is.
Now I think there are many Anthroposophists who will say: “Well, this is something we have just to believe, when Elijah, John the Baptist, Raphael and Novalis are mentioned.” For many the main thing is that they must just believe. It is essentially the same as when from the scientific side some fact is asserted that many people have to believe, such as that this or that spectrum appears when certain metals are examined by spectrum analysis, or when for instance, the nebula in Orion is so examined. Some people have certainly investigated it, but the others, the majority, have to believe. But that is after all not the essential point. The essential point is that Anthroposophy is at the beginning of its development, and will bring souls to the point of examining for themselves such matters as we have discussed to-day. In this respect, Anthroposophy will help forward human evolution very rapidly.
I have put before you a few instances, which I submit as resulting from the occult point of view regarding life. Take only the three points which we have considered and you will see that by knowing in what way life is related to the Spirit of the Earth, the art of healing can be given a new direction and supplied with new impulses; how Raphael can only be understood when not only his personal forces are taken into account, but also those forces which came from his father. The third point is that we can educate children when we know the interplay of forces acting on them. Outwardly people admit that they are surrounded by numberless forces which incessantly influence them, that man is continually influenced by air, the temperature, his surroundings and the other Karmic conditions under which he lives. That these things do not interfere with his freedom everyone knows. They are the factors with which we have to reckon to-day. But that man is continually surrounded by spiritual forces and that these spiritual forces must be investigated is what Anthroposophy has to teach men: they will have to learn to take these forces into account and will have to reckon with them in important cases of health and disease, of education and life. They will have to be mindful of such influences as come from without, from the super-sensible world, when, for instance, some one’s friend dies and he then shares those sympathies and ideas that belonged to him. What has been said does not hold good for children only, but for all ages. It is not at all necessary that people should know with their ordinary consciousness in what way the forces of the super-sensible world are active. Their general frame of mind may show it, even their state of health or illness may show it. And those things which signify the connection of man’s life on the physical plane with the facts of the super-sensible worlds have a still wider bearing.
I should like to put before you a simple fact which will show you the nature of this connection, a fact which is not invented, but has been observed in many cases. A man notices at a certain time that he has feelings which formerly he did not know; that he has sympathies and antipathies which formerly he did not know; that he succeeds easily where before he found difficulties. He cannot explain it. His surroundings cannot explain it to him, nor do the facts of life itself give him any clue. In such a case it can be found, when we observe accurately (it is true that one must have an eye for such things), that now he knows things which he did not know before and does things which he could not do before. If we examine matters further and have had experience of the teachings of Anthroposophy, it may be that we shall hear something like the following from him: “I do not know what to think of myself. I dream of a person whom I have never seen in my life. He comes into my dreams, though I never had anything to do with him.” If we follow the matter up it will be found that till now he had no occasion to occupy himself with this person. But this person had died and now first approaches him in the spiritual world. When he had come near enough to him he appeared to him in a dream which was yet more than a dream. From this person, whom he had not known in life, who, however, after death, gained influence on his life, came the impulses which he had not known before. It is not a question of saying: “It is only a dream.” It is far more a question of what the dream contained. It may be something which, although in the form of a dream, is nearer to reality than the outer consciousness. Does it matter at all whether Edison invents something in a dream or in clear waking consciousness? What matters is whether the invention is true, is useful. So also it does not matter whether an experience takes place in dream-consciousness or in physical consciousness; what is of importance is whether the experience is true or false.
If we now summarise what we are able to understand from what has just been said, we may say “It is clear to us when we learn to apply Anthroposophy, that life appears to us in quite a different light from before.” In this respect people who are very learned in materialistic ways of thought are but children. We can convince ourselves of this at any time. When to-day I came here by train I took up the pamphlet of a German physiologist in its second edition. In it the writer says that we cannot speak of “active attention” in the soul, of directing the attention of the soul to anything, but that everything depends on the functioning of the various ganglia of the brain; and because the tracks have to be made by thoughts, everything depends on how the separate brain cells function. No intensity of the soul intervenes, it depends entirely upon whether this or that connecting thread in our brain has been pulled or not. These learned materialists are really children. When we lay our hands on anything of this kind one cannot help thinking how guileless these people are! In the same pamphlet one finds the statement that lately the centenary of Darwin was celebrated, and that on that occasion, both qualified and unqualified people spoke. The author of the pamphlet thought himself of course quite specially qualified. And then follows the whole brain-cell theory and its application. But how is it with the logic of the matter? When one is used to considering things in accordance with truth and then sees what these great children offer people concerning the meaning of life, the thought occurs to one that after all it comes to the same as if someone should say that it was simply nonsense that a human will had any part in the way the railways intersect the face of Europe! For it is just the same as if at a given time one considered all the engines in their varied parts and functions, and said that these are organised in such and such a way and run in so many directions. But the different roads meet at certain junctions and through them the engines can be turned in any direction. What would occur if this were done would be a great disarrangement of trains on the European railways. Just as little, however, can it be asserted that what takes place in the human brain cells as the life of human thought depends only on the condition of the cells. If such learned people then happen, without previous knowledge, to hear a lecture on Anthroposophy, they look upon that which is said as the most utter nonsense. They are firmly convinced that a human will can never have anything to do with the mode and manner in which the European engines run, but that it depends on how they are heated and driven.
So we see how at the present day we stand confronted by questions regarding the meaning of life. On the one side there is darkness, on the other the spiritual facts press in upon us. If we grasp what has been said to-day we can, with this as a basis, put the question before our soul in the way in which it has to be put in Anthroposophy, namely: What is the meaning of life and existence, and especially of human life and human existence?
Erster Vortrag
In diesen beiden Abendbetrachtungen möchte ich zu Ihnen sprechen, von dem Gesichtspunkte der okkulten Forschung aus, über eine oftmals und eindringlich von den Menschen hingestellte Frage, über die Frage: Was ist der Sinn des Lebens? Nun werden wir, wenn wir uns an diesen beiden Abenden in unseren Betrachtungen nähern wollen dem, was gesagt werden kann über diesen Sinn des Lebens, uns heute erst eine Art von Grundlage, eine Art von Basis schaffen müssen, auf die wir dann sozusagen das Gebäude von Erkenntnissen aufbauen werden, die, wenn auch kurz und skizzenhaft, uns doch eine Antwort geben können auf die gestellte Frage.
Wenn der Mensch zunächst für seine Sinneserkenntnis und für sein gewöhnliches Leben an sich vorübergehen läßt dasjenige, was ihn umgibt, was er beobachten kann, und wenn er dann auch einen Blick auf das eigene Leben wirft, so kommt eigentlich nicht viel mehr dabei zustande als höchstens eben eine Fragestellung, eine schwere, bange Rätselfrage. Da sieht der Mensch dann entstehen und vergehen die Wesenheiten der äußeren Natur. Er kann ja das jedes Jahr betrachten, wie im Frühling die Erde ihm schenkt, aufgefordert von den Kräften der Sonne und des Kosmos, die Pflanzenwesen, die da grünen und sprießen und ihre Früchte tragen den Sommer hindurch. Gegen den Herbst zu, da sieht der Mensch weiter, wie diese Wesenheiten wieder vergehen. Einige bleiben zwar durch Jahre hindurch, zuweilen sogar recht, recht lange Jahre, wie zum Beispiel unsere lang andauernden Bäume. Aber auch von ihnen weiß der Mensch, daß, wenn sie ihn auch manchmal überdauern in ihrer Lebenszeit, sie doch vergehen, verschwinden, hinuntersinken in das, was in der großen Natur das Gebiet des Leblosen ausmacht. Insbesondere weiß er, wie, bis in die allergrößten Tatsachen des Naturgeschehens hinein, überall Entstehen und Vergehen herrscht, und selbst die Kontinente, die heute den Boden bilden, auf dem sich ausbreiten die Kulturentwickelungen, sie waren, wir wissen das, zu gewissen Zeiten nicht da. Sie haben sich erst im Laufe der Zeit erhoben, und wir wissen genau, daß sie auch wieder in Trümmer gehen werden.
So sehen wir Entstehen und Vergehen um uns herum. Sie können es für das Pflanzen- und das Mineralreich sowohl wie auch für das Tierreich verfolgen, dieses Entstehen und Vergehen. Was ist nun der Sinn des Ganzen ? Immer entsteht, immer vergeht etwas um uns herum. Was ist der Sinn dieses Entstehens und Vergehens? Wenn wir in unser eigenes Menschenleben hineinblicken und da sehen, wie wir die Jahre und Jahrzehnte hindurch gelebt haben, so haben wir auch in unserem eigenen Leben Entstehen und Vergehen gesehen. Wenn wir uns entsinnen an die frühere Zeit der Jugend: dahingeschwunden ist sie, und nur als eine Erinnerung ist sie uns geblieben. Das, was da geblieben ist, ist im Grunde nur eine Anregung zu einer bangen Lebensfrage. Wir fragen ja, wenn wir dieses oder jenes getan haben: Was ist daraus geworden, was ist entstanden dadurch, daß wir das oder jenes getan haben? Das Wichtigste dabei ist, daß wir selber dabei ein Stückchen weitergekommen sind, daß wir gescheiter geworden sind. Meist ist die Sache aber so, daß wir erst dann, wenn die Dinge von uns gemacht worden sind, wissen, wie sie hätten gemacht werden sollen. Dann wissen wir, daß alles viel besser hätte gemacht werden können, wenn wir nicht mehr in der Lage sind, es besser zu machen, so daß wir tatsächlich in unser Leben einschließen all die Fehler, die wir machen. Durch unsere Fehler, durch unsere Irrtümer sammeln wir aber gerade unsere weitgehendsten Erfahrungen.
Eine Frage stellt sich uns dar, und es scheint, als ob das, was wir mit Sinnen erfassen und mit dem Verstande begreifen können, keine Antwort darauf geben könnte. In dieser Lage sind wir Menschen heute, daß dasjenige, was um uns herum ist, uns eine bange Lebensfrage, nämlich die Frage: Was ist der Sinn des ganzen Daseins? auferlegt und namentlich auch die Frage: Warum sind wir Menschen in dieses Dasein so hineingestellt? Also für uns Menschen stellt sich zunächst diese Frage vor uns hin.
Eine außerordentlich interessante Legende des hebräischen Altertums sagt uns, daß in diesem hebräischen Altertum ein Bewußtsein vorhanden war, daß diese bange Frage, die wir aufgeworfen haben über den Sinn des Lebens und namentlich über den Sinn des Menschen, eigentlich nicht nur den Menschen, sondern noch ganz anderen Wesen aufgeht. Diese Legende ist außerordentlich lehrreich und heißt so: Als die Elohim daran gehen wollten, den Menschen zu schaffen nach ihrem Bilde und Gleichnisse, da fragten die sogenannten Dienst-Engel der Elohim, also gewisse Geister von niedrigerer Art, als die Elohim selber sind, den Jahve oder Jehova: Warum sollen die Menschen nach dem Bilde und Gleichnisse des Gottes geschaffen werden? Da versammelte, so geht die Legende weiter, Jahve die Tiere und die Pflanzen, die hervorsprießen konnten schon zu einer Zeit, bevor noch der Mensch in seiner Erdengestalt vorhanden war, und dann versammelte Jahve oder Jehova auch die Engel, die sogenannten Dienst-Engel, das heißt diejenigen, die unmittelbar den Dienst bei Jahve oder Jehova verrichteten. Er zeigte diesen nun die Tiere und auch die Pflanzen und fragte sie, wie denn diese Pflanzen und diese Tiere heißen, was sie für Namen haben. Die Engel wußten nicht die Namen der Tiere und die Namen der Pflanzen. Da wurde geschaffen der Mensch so, wie er war vor dem Sündenfalle. Und wieder versammelte Jehova oder Jahve die Engel, die Tiere und die Pflanzen und fragte darauf vor den Engeln den Menschen, wie die Tiere, die er der Reihe nach vor dem Blicke des Menschen vorbeigehen ließ, hießen, welche Namen sie hätten, und siehe da, der Mensch konnte antworten: Dieses Tier trägt diesen Namen, jenes Tier jenen, diese Pflanze hat diesen Namen, jene Pflanze hat jenen. Und dann fragte Jehova den Menschen: Welches ist dein eigener Name? Da sagte der Mensch: Ich muß eigentlich Adam heißen. — Adam hängt zusammen mit Adama und heißt: aus Erdenschlamm, Erdenwesen; so ist Adam zu übersetzen. — Und wie soll ich selber heißen ? fragte dann Jehova den Menschen. Du sollst heißen Adonai, du bist der Herr aller auf der Erde geschaffenen Wesen, antwortete der Mensch, und die Engel hatten nun eine Ahnung, welcher Sinn verbunden war mit dem menschlichen Dasein auf Erden.
Religiöse Überlieferungen und religiöse Ausdrücke stellen die wichtigsten Lebensrätsel oft sehr einfach dar, aber die Sache ist deshalb doch schwierig, weil wir erst hinter ihre Einfachheit kommen müssen, weil wir erst einsehen müssen, was dahintersteckt. Gelingt uns dies, dann enthüllen sich uns große Weistümer, dann enthüllt sich uns ein tiefes Wissen. So wird es wohl auch bei dieser Legende sein, die wir zunächst nur vor uns hinstellen wollen, denn die beiden Vorträge werden uns eine Art von Antwort auf die für uns in dieser Legende liegenden Fragen geben.
Nun wissen Sie, daß in einer ganz grandiosen Form eine gewisse Religionsströmung die Frage nach dem Wert und Sinn des Daseins gestellt hat, indem sie ihrem eigenen Religionsstifter in einer überwältigend großen Form diese Frage in den Mund legte. Sie kennen sie alle, die Mitteilungen über den Buddha, welche besagen, daß, als er aus dem Palaste, in den er hineingeboren war, hinausging und ihm gezeigt worden sind die Ereignisse des Lebens, von denen er innerhalb seines Palastes in der in Betracht kommenden Inkarnation noch keine Ahnung hatte, er im tiefsten bestürzt war über das Leben und das Urteil fällte: Leben ist Leiden, das, wie wir wissen, in die vier Glieder zerfällt: Geburt ist Leiden, Krankheit ist Leiden, Alter ist Leiden, Tod ist Leiden, wozu noch hinzugefügt wird: Vereint sein mit denjenigen, die man nicht liebt, ist Leiden, getrennt sein von denen, die man liebt, ist Leiden, nicht erreichen können, was man anstrebt, ist Leiden. — Dann wissen wir, daß der Sinn des Lebens innerhalb dieser Religionsgemeinschaft dadurch herauskommt, daß gesagt wird: Einen Sinn bekommt das Leben, das Leiden, nur dadurch, daß es überwunden wird, daß es über sich selbst hinausgeht.
Im Grunde genommen sind alle die verschiedenen Religionsbekenntnisse, auch alle Philosophien und Weltanschauungen, ein Versuch, die Frage nach dem Sinn des Lebens zu beantworten. Nun werden wir nicht in einer philosophisch-abstrakten Weise an die Frage herangehen, sondern einstweilen in einer Art okkulter Form uns etwas vor Augen stellen von den Erscheinungen des Lebens, von den Tatsachen des Lebens. Wir werden versuchen, in diese Tatsachen etwas tiefer hineinzuschauen, um zu sehen, ob eine tiefere okkulte Lebensbetrachtung etwas liefert zur Beantwortung der Frage über den Sinn des Lebens.
Greifen wir die Sache wieder da auf, wo wir schon hingedeutet haben auf das jährliche Entstehen und Vergehen in der sinnenfälligen Natur, auf das Leben, auf das Entstehen und Vergehen in der Pflanzenwelt. Der Mensch sieht im Frühling aus der Erde heraussprießen die Pflanzen. Was da aus der Erde heraussprießt und sproßt, erweckt seine Freude, erweckt seine Lust. Er wird gewahr, daß sein ganzes Dasein zusammenhängt mit der Pflanzenwelt, denn ohne sie könnte er nicht da sein. So fühlt er, wie das, was gegen den Sommer hin aus der Erde alles herauskommt, mit seinem eigenen Leben zusammenhängt. Er fühlt dann auch, daß im Herbste das, was in gewisser Weise zu ihm gehört, wieder vergeht.
Es liegt nahe, daß der Mensch das, was er da entstehen und vergehen sieht, mit seinem eigenen Leben vergleicht. Da ist es für eine äußere, rein sinnenfällige und verstandesmäßige Beobachtung auch recht naheliegend, das frühlingsmäßige Hervorgehen der Pflanzen aus der Erde zu vergleichen, sagen wir, mit dem Aufwachen des Menschen am Morgen, und das Hinwelken und Vergehen der Pflanzenwelt im Herbste zu vergleichen mit dem Einschlafen des Menschen am Abend. Aber ein solcher Vergleich wäre ganz äußerlich. Er würde außer acht lassen die eigentlichen Ereignisse, in die wir schon durch die elementaren Wahrheiten des Okkultismus eindringen können. Was geschieht, wenn wir des Abends einschlafen? Wir wissen, wir lassen im Bette zurück unseren physischen Leib und unseren Ätherleib. Mit unserem Astralleibe und unserem Ich ziehen wir uns aus unserem physischen Leibe und unserem Ätherleibe heraus. Wir sind dann mit unserem Astralleibe und unserem Ich während der Nacht, vom Einschlafen bis zum Aufwachen, in einer geistigen Welt. Wir holen uns aus dieser geistigen Welt die Kräfte, die wir brauchen. Aber nicht nur unser Astralleib und unser Ich, sondern auch unser physischer Leib und unser ÄAtherleib machen eine Art Wiederherstellung, eine Art Regeneration durch während des nächtlichen Schlafes, wo sie gewöhnlich, vom Astralleibe und Ich getrennt, im Bette liegen.
Wenn man hellseherisch herabblickt vom Ich und dem Astralleib auf den Äther- und physischen Leib, so sieht man, was durch unser Tagesleben zerstört worden ist, sieht, wie das, was sich da in der Ermüdung ausdrückt, als Zerstörung vorhanden ist und während der Nacht wiederhergestellt wird. In der Tat, das ganze bewußte Leben des Tages, wenn wir es ins Auge fassen in seinem Zusammenhang mit dem menschlichen Bewußtsein und in seinem Verhältnis zum physischen und Ätherleib, ist eine Art Zerstörungsprozeß für den physischen und Ätherleib. Wir zerstören damit immer etwas, und die Tatsache, daß wir zerstören, drückt sich in der Ermüdung aus. Das Zerstörte wird in der Nacht dann wiederhergestellt.
Wenn man nun hinschaut auf das, was da geschieht, wenn wir uns mit dem Astralleibe und Ich herausgehoben haben aus dem Äther- und physischen Leibe, dann ist es so, wie wenn wir ein verwüstetes Feld zurückgelassen hätten. In dem Augenblicke aber, wo wir draußen sind aus dem physischen und Ätherleibe, fängt es an, sich nach und nach wiederherzustellen. Da ist es so, wie wenn die Kräfte, die dem physischen und Ätherleibe angehören, anfangen würden zu blühen und zu sprossen, wie wenn eine ganze Vegetation auf dem Grunde der Zerstörung sich erheben würde. Je weiter es in die Nacht hineingeht, je länger der Schlaf dauert, desto mehr sproßt und sprießt es da im Ätherleibe auf. Je mehr es gegen den Morgen zu geht, je mehr wir mit unserem Astralleibe wieder hineingehen in den physischen und Ätherleib, desto mehr beginnt wieder mit dem physischen und Ätherleibe eine Art Verwelken, eine Art Verdorren.
Kurz, wenn das Ich und der Astralleib am Abend beim Einschlafen des Menschen aus der geistigen Welt herabschauen auf den physischen und Ätherleib, dann sehen sie dieselbe Erscheinung, wie man sie in der großen Welt draußen sieht, wenn die Pflanzen sprossen und sprießen im Frühlinge. Wir müssen daher, wenn wir innerlich vergleichen, unser Einschlafen und den Beginn des Schlafzustandes in der Nacht in Wahrheit vergleichen mit dem Frühling in der Natur, und die Zeit des Aufwachens, die Zeit des Wiederhineinlebens des Ichs und des astralischen Leibes in den physischen und Ätherleib vergleichen mit dem, was der Herbst draußen in der Natur ist. Vergleichen wir so, dann vergleichen wir richtig, nicht aber, wenn wir in umgekehrter Weise vergleichen. Umgekehrt vergleichen wir äußerlich. In uns selbst entspricht der Frühling dem Einschlafen und der Herbst dem Aufwachen. Wie stellt sich nun die Sache dar, wenn der okkulte Beobachter, derjenige, der wirklich in die geistige Welt sehen kann, den Blick richtet auf die äußere Natur, wie sie verläuft im Laufe des Jahres? Was sich für einen solchen okkulten Blick ergibt, das lehrt uns, daß wir nicht äußerlich, sondern innerlich vergleichen müssen. Was uns die okkulte Beobachtung zeigt, das lehrt uns, daß ebenso, wie mit dem physischen und Ätherleibe des Menschen verbunden sind der Astralleib und das Ich, mit der Erde verbunden ist dasjenige, was wir das Geistige der Erde nennen. Die Erde ist gleichsam auch ein Leib, ein weit ausgedehnter Leib. Wenn wir sie nur betrachten in bezug auf ihr Physisches, so ist das so, wie wenn wir den Menschen nur in bezug auf das Physische betrachten würden. Vollständig betrachten wir die Erde, wenn wir sie betrachten als den Leib von geistigen Wesenheiten, in derselben Weise, wie wir auch beim Menschen den Geist als zu dem Leibe gehörig betrachten. Ein Unterschied ist jedoch da. Der Mensch hat ein einheitliches Wesen, das seinen physischen und ätherischen Leib beherrscht. Ein einheitliches Seelisch-Geistiges entspricht dem, was physischer Menschenleib und ätherischer Menschenleib ist. Viele Geister zunächst entsprechen aber dem Erdenleibe. Was also beim Menschen eine Einheit ist mit Bezug auf das GeistigSeelische, bei der Erde ist es eine Vielheit. Das ist der nächste Unterschied.
Wenn wir diesen Unterschied hinnehmen, dann ist gleich darauf alles übrige in gewisser Beziehung ähnlich. Für den okkulten Blick zeigt es sich im Frühling so, daß in demselben Maße, in dem die Pflanzen aus der Erde herauskommen, in dem das Grün hervorsprießt, diejenigen Geister, die wir als die Erdengeister bezeichnen, von der Erde fortgehen. Nur ist es dabei wieder so, daß sie nicht wie beim Menschen absolut fortgehen, sondern sie lagern sich in gewisser Weise in der Erde um, sie gehen auf die andere Seite der Erde. Wenn auf der einen Halbkugel der Erde Sommer ist, ist auf der anderen Winter. Bei der Erde geschieht das so, daß dasjenige, was ihr Geistig-Seelisches ist, von der nördlichen Halbkugel zur südlichen bewegt wird, wenn auf der nördlichen Halbkugel Sommer wird. Das ändert daran nichts, daß der okkulte Blick für den Menschen, der auf irgendeinem Teil der Erde den Frühling erlebt, sieht, daß die Geister der Erde fortgehen. Er sieht, wie sie sich erheben und hinausgehen ins weite Weltall. Er sieht sie nicht hinübergehen, sondern fortgehen, ebenso wie er, wenn der Mensch einschläft, das Ich mit dem Astralleibe fortgehen sieht. Und ebenso sieht der Hellseher fortgehen die Geister der Erde von dem, womit sie verbunden waren. Während des Winters, als die Erde mit Eis und Schnee bedeckt war, da waren die Kräfte eben mit der Erde in Verbindung. Das Umgekehrte ist der Fall im Herbste. Da sieht der okkulte Blick herankommen die Erdengeister, sieht, wie sie sich wieder mit der Erde verbinden. Und in der Tat tritt dann für die Erde etwas Ähnliches ein wie beim Menschen: eine Art Selbstbewußtsein. Während des Sommers weiß der geistige Teil der Erde nichts von dem, was um ihn herum im Weltall vorgeht. Aber im Winter weiß der Geist der Erde, was im Weltall rings um ihn vorgeht, so wie der Mensch, wenn er aufwacht, dasjenige weiß und schaut, was um ihn herum vorgeht. So gilt die Analogie vollständig, nur muß sie umgekehrt gemacht werden als das äußerliche Bewußtsein sie macht.
Wenn wir allerdings die Sache ganz vollständig betrachten wollen, so dürfen wir nicht nur sagen: Wenn im Frühling aus der Erde heraussprießen und -sprossen die Pflanzen, dann gehen die Erdengeister fort, denn mit den heraussprießenden und -sprossenden Pflanzen kommen in der Tat andere, mächtigere Geister heraus, wie aus den Untergründen der Erde, wie aus den Tiefen der Erde, wie aus dem Innern der Erde. Deshalb haben die alten Mythologien recht gehabt, wenn sie zwischen oberen und unteren Göttern unterschieden haben. Nur wenn der Mensch von solchen Göttern gesprochen hat, die im Frühling fortgehen, im Herbst wiederkommen, sprach er von den oberen Göttern. Es gab mächtigere Götter, ältere Götter. Die Griechen rechneten sie zu den chthonischen Göttern. Die kommen herauf, wenn im Sommer alles sprießt und sproßt, und sie senken sich wieder hinunter, wenn während des Winters die eigentlichen Erdengeister sich mit dem Leibe der Erde vereinigen.
Das sind die Tatsachen. Nun möchte ich gleich hier bemerken, daß ein gewisser Gedanke, der aus der Natur- und okkulten Forschung genommen ist, von ungeheurer Bedeutung ist für das menschliche Leben. Durch diese Forschung zeigt sich ja, daß wir im Grunde genommen wirklich, wenn wir den einzelnen Menschen betrachten, etwas vor uns haben wie ein Abbild des großen Erdenwesens selber. Und was sehen wir, wenn wir den Blick hinrichten auf die Pflanzen, die anfangen zu sprossen und sprießen? Da sehen wir genau dasselbe, was der Mensch tut, wenn er in sich lebt im Schlafen. Wir haben genau gesehen, daß das eine vollständig dem andern entspricht. Wie die einzelnen Pflanzen zu dem Menschenleibe stehen, was sie für das Menschenleben bedeuten, das kann man nur erkennen, wenn man einen solchen Zusammenhang überschaut. Denn es ist in der Tat wahr, daß man sieht, wenn man genau zuschaut, wie beim Einschlafen des Menschen in seinem physischen und ätherischen Leibe alles aufsprießt und sproßt, daß man sieht, wie da eine ganze Vegetation beginnt, sieht, wie der Mensch eigentlich ein Baum ist, oder ein Garten, in dem die Pflanzen wachsen.
Wer das mit okkultem Blick verfolgt, sieht, wie das Sprießen und Sprossen im Innern der Menschen entspricht dem, was draußen in der Natur sprießt und sproßt. Und so können Sie sich einen Begriff machen, was da werden kann, wenn man in Zukunft einmal die Geisteswissenschaft, die man heute noch größtenteils als eine Narretei ansieht, aufs Leben anwenden wird, wenn man sie fruchtbar machen wird. Da haben wir zum Beispiel einen Menschen, dem dieses oder jenes fehlt in seinen äußeren Tatsachen des Lebens. Beobachten wir nun einmal, wenn dieser Mensch einschläft, welche Pflanzenarten ausbleiben, wenn sein physischer und sein Ätherleib ihre Vegetation zu entwickeln beginnen. Sehen wir, daß auf der Erde an einer Stelle ganze Pflanzengattungen nicht hervorkommen, so wissen wir, daß da etwas nicht ganz stimmt mit dem Wesen der Erde. Ebenso ist es auch mit dem Fortbleiben gewisser Pflanzen im physischen und Ätherleib des Menschen. Um den Fehler beim Menschen nun gutzumachen, brauchen wir nur auf der Erde aufzusuchen die in dem betreffenden Menschen fehlenden Pflanzen und deren Säfte in entsprechender Weise anzuwenden, entweder in diätetischer Form oder als Arzneimittel, und wir werden dann, aus deren inneren Kräften, die Beziehung von Arznei und Krankheit finden. Daran können wir sehen, wie eingreifen wird Geisteswissenschaft in das unmittelbare Leben. Wir stehen aber erst am Anfange dieser Sache.
Damit habe ich Ihnen in einem Gleichnis eine Art Naturgedanken gegeben über den Zusammenhang des Menschen und die Beziehung seines ganzen Wesens zu der Umgebung, in der er ja mit seinem Wesen selber darinnensteckt.
Wir wollen jetzt einmal auf einem geistigen Gebiet die Sache ins Auge fassen. Da möchte ich gleich aufmerksam machen auf eine Sache, die außerordentlich wichtig ist, nämlich, daß unsere geisteswissenschaftliche Weltanschauung, indem sie den Blick vom Standpunkte des Okkultismus schweifen läßt über die Menschheitsentwickelung, um den Sinn des Daseins zu entziffern, nicht etwa irgendeinem Bekenntnisse, irgendeiner Weltanschauung einen äußerlichen Vorzug gibt vor irgendeinem anderen Bekenntnisse, vor irgendeiner anderen Weltanschauung. Wie oft ist es betont worden innerhalb unserer okkulten Strömung, daß wir hinweisen können auf dasjenige, was die Erdenmenschheit entwickelt und erlebt hat, unmittelbar nachdem die große atlantische Katastrophe über die Erde hereingebrochen war. Da erlebten wir als erste große nachatlantische Kultur die uralt-heilige indische Kultur. Auch hier, an diesem Orte, haben wir schon über diese uralt-heilige indische Kultur gesprochen und betont, daß es eine so hohe Kultur war, daß es nur ein Nachklang ist, was in den Veden oder schriftlichen Überlieferungen, die auf uns gekommen sind, noch davon vorhanden ist. Die uralte Lehre, die hervorgegangen ist aus jener Zeit, ist nur in der Akasha-Chronik zu erblicken. Da blicken wir auf eine Höhe der Kultur, die seither nicht wieder erklommen worden ist.
Die späteren Epochen hatten eine ganz andere Aufgabe. Wir wissen auch, daß ein Hinunterstieg stattgefunden hat seit jenen Zeiten. Wir wissen aber auch, daß wieder ein Aufstieg stattfinden wird und daß, wie wir schon bemerkt haben, Geisteswissenschaft dazu da ist, diesen Aufstieg vorzubereiten. Wir wissen, daß im siebenten nachatlantischen Kulturzeitraum eine Art Erneuerung der uralt-heiligen indischen Kultur da sein wird. So ist es also, daß wir nicht einen Vorzug geben irgendeiner religiösen Anschauung oder irgendeinem Bekenntnis. Mit gleichem Maße werden sie gemessen, überall werden sie charakterisiert, überall wird der Wahrheitskern gesucht.
Das aber, worauf es ankommt, ist, daß wir das Wesenhafte ins Auge fassen. Wir dürfen uns nicht beirren lassen in der Betrachtung über das Wesen jedes einzelnen Religionsbekenntnisses, und wenn wir so an die Weltanschauungen herangehen, dann finden wir einen Grundunterschied. Wir finden Weltanschauungen, die mehr orientalisierender Art sind, und solche, die mehr die Kultur des Abendlandes durchdrungen haben. Wenn wir uns nun dies besonders klarmachen, dann haben wir etwas, was uns große Aufschlüsse gibt über den Sinn des Daseins. Da finden wir, daß die Alten schon etwas hatten, was wir uns jetzt erst wieder mit Mühe erobern müssen, nämlich die Lehre von der Wiederkunft des Lebens. Die orientalisierenden Richtungen hatten das wie etwas, was aus den tiefsten Gründen des Lebens heraufstieg. Sie sehen noch, wie diese orientalisierenden Richtungen ihr ganzes Leben von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus gestalten, wenn Sie das Verhältnis des orientalischen Menschen zu seinen Bodhisattvas und seinen Buddhas ins Auge fassen. Wenn Sie ins Auge fassen, wie es dem Orientalen weniger darauf ankommt, eine einzige Gestalt herauszunehmen mit diesem oder jenem bestimmten Namen als die regierende Macht der Menschheitsentwickelung, so sehen Sie zugleich, wieviel mehr es ihm darauf ankommt, die durch die verschiedenen Leben hindurchgehende Individualität zu verfolgen.
Die Orientalisten sagen, es gibt soundsoviele Bodhisattvas, hohe Wesenheiten, die ausgegangen sind von dem Menschen, aber sich nach und nach hinaufentwickelt haben zu jener Höhe, welche wir damit bezeichnen, daß wir sagen: Fine Wesenheit ist durch viele Inkarnationen gegangen und ist dann zu einem Bodhisattva geworden, wie Gautama, der Sohn des Königs Sudhodana, es getan hat. Er war Bodhisattva und wurde Buddha. Der Name Buddha aber wird vielen gegeben dafür, daß sie durch viele Verkörperungen hindurchgegangen, Bodhisattva geworden und dann zur nächsthöheren Würde, zur Buddhawürde, aufgestiegen sind. Der Name Buddha ist ein Generalname. Er gibt eine menschliche Würde an und ist nicht zu denken, ohne daß man auf das Geistig-Seelische blickt, das durch viele Inkarnationen hindurch geht. In dieser Beziehung stimmt der Brahmanismus mit dem Buddhismus völlig überein, daß er den Blick hauptsächlich richtet auf das Individuelle, das durchgeht durch die verschiedenen Persönlichkeiten, und weniger auf die einzelnen Persönlichkeiten, denn es kommt auf dasselbe heraus, wenn der Buddhist sagt: Ein Bodhisattva ist dazu bestimmt, zu der höchsten menschlichen Würde aufzusteigen, zu der man aufsteigen kann, und dazu muß er durch viele Inkarnationen hindurchgehen, das Höchste aber sehe ich in dem Buddha - oder ob der Anhänger des Brahmanentums sagt: Die Bodhisattvas sind in der Tat hochentwickelte Wesen und steigen dann zu den Buddhas auf, aber sie sind von den Avataren, den höheren geistigen Individualitäten, ausgegangen. Sie sehen, die Betrachtung des Geistigen, das da durchgeht durch viele Inkarnationen, ist etwas, das diesen beiden orientalischen Anschauungen eigen ist.
Nehmen wir aber nun das Abendland und sehen zu, was da das Große und Gewaltige war. Um in dieser Beziehung etwas tiefer zu schauen, müssen wir die alte hebräische Weltanschauung ansehen, müssen die Blicke auf das persönliche Element lenken. Wenn wir von Plato, von Sokrates, von Michelangelo, von Karl dem Großen oder von sonst jemandem reden, so reden wir immer von einem Persönlichen, wir stellen vor die Menschen das abgeschlossene Leben der Persönlichkeiten hin mit dem, was diese Persönlichkeiten für die Menschheit geworden sind. Wir richten in der abendländischen Kultur nicht den Blick auf das Leben, das von Person zu Person hindurchgegangen ist; denn das war gerade die Aufgabe der abendländischen Kultur, eine Zeitlang den Blick zu richten auf das einzelne Leben. Wenn man im Oriente von dem Buddha spricht, dann weiß man: Die Bezeichnung Buddha ist eine Würde, die vielen Persönlichkeiten zugeeignet ist. Wenn man dagegen den Namen Plato nennt, so weiß man, daß es nur eine einzelne Persönlichkeit war. So war die Erziehung des Abendlandes. Das Persönliche sollte zunächst geschätzt und geachtet werden.
Nehmen wir nun unsere eigene Zeit. Wie muß sich diese zu dieser ganzen Tatsachenreihe stellen? Die Menschheit ist durch die Kultur des Abendlandes eine Weile erzogen worden in dem Hinschauen auf das Persönliche. Jetzt mußte zu dem Persönlichen das Individuelle, die Individualität hinzugefügt werden. Jetzt stehen wir also an dem Punkte, uns wieder zu erobern das Individuelle, aber verstärkt, durchkraftet von der Betrachtung des Persönlichen.
Nehmen wir einen bestimmten Fall. Wir richten den Blick in dieser Beziehung auf die alte hebräische Weltanschauung, die vorherging der abendländischen. Lenken wir den Blick auf eine so gewaltige Persönlichkeit wie diejenige des Propheten Elias. Wir charakterisieren ihn zunächst als Persönlichkeit. Im Abendlande wird wenig Bedacht darauf genommen, ihn anders zu betrachten. Wenn man absieht von allen Einzelheiten und die Persönlichkeit im großen ins Auge faßt, so sieht man, daß Elias im Fortgang der Weltentwickelung etwas Bedeutsames war. Er drückte aus etwas wie eine Vorläuferschaft für den Christus-Impuls.
Wenn wir zurückblicken in die Zeit des Moses, so sehen wir, wie etwas verkündigt wird dem Volke, wir sehen, daß dem Menschen verkündigt wird der Gott im Menschen: Ich, der Gott, der da war, der da ist und der da sein wird. Im Ich muß er erfaßt werden, aber er wird erfaßt im Althebräischen so, wie die Seele des Volkes war. Elias geht nun noch weiter. Durch ihn wird noch nicht klar, daß das Ich in der einzelnen menschlichen Individualität lebt als das höchste Göttliche; aber er konnte es dem Volke seinerzeit noch nicht klarer machen, als die Welt es aufzunehmen vermochte. Daher sehen wir da sozusagen einen Sprung in der Entwickelung gemacht. Während noch die Moseskultur bei den Althebräern sich klar war darüber: In dem Ich liegt das Höchste — und dieses Ich wurde in dieser Moseszeit in der Volksseele ausgedrückt —, wird bei Elias schon auf die einzelne Seele hingedeutet. Aber es bedurfte auch hier eines Impulses, und dazu war wieder eine Vorläuferschaft da, die wir als die Persönlichkeit des Johannes des Tänfers kennen. Wieder war es ein bedeutsames Wort, in dem diese Vorläuferschaft des Johannes des Täufers zum Ausdruck kommt. Was drückt uns dieses Wort aus? Eine große okkulte Tatsache. Er weist darauf hin, daß die Menschen einmal, als Urmenschen, ein altes Hellsehen hatten, so daß sie hineinsehen konnten in die geistige Welt, in das Göttlich-Wirksame; dann haben sie sich aber mehr und mehr dem Materiellen genähert. Es hat sich verschlossen der Blick für die geistige Welt. Darauf weist Johannes der Täufer hin, indem er sagt: Ändert die Seelenverfassung! Blickt nicht mehr auf das, was ihr in der physischen Welt erringen könnt, sondern seid aufmerksam, jetzt kommt ein neuer Impuls! — damit meint er den Christus-Impuls —, deshalb sage ich euch, ihr müßt die geistige Welt suchen mitten unter euch. — Da tritt herein das Geistige, mit dem ChristusImpuls. Dadurch wurde Johannes der Täufer der Vorläufer des Christus-Impulses.
Jetzt können wir eine andere Persönlichkeit, die merkwürdige Persönlichkeit des Malers Raffael, ins Auge fassen. Diese merkwürdige Persönlichkeit stellt sich einem, wenn man sie betrachtet, sonderbar dar. Vor allen Dingen braucht man nur Raffael als Maler der lateinischen Rasse zu vergleichen mit den späteren Malern, meinetwillen mit Tizian. Wer einen Blick hat für solche Dinge und auch nur die Nachbildungen der Bilder ansieht, wird den Unterschied finden. Werfen Sie einen Blick auf die Bilder von Raffael und auch auf die von Tizian. Raffael hat so gemalt, daß er die christlichen Ideen in seine Bilder legte. Er hat gemalt für die europäischen Menschen als Christen des Abendlandes. Seine Bilder sind für alle Christen des Abendlandes verständlich, und sie werden es immer mehr und mehr noch werden. Nehmen Sie dagegen die späteren Maler. Die haben fast ausschließlich für die lateinische Rasse gemalt, so daß sogar die kirchlichen Spaltungen in ihren Bildern zum Ausdruck kommen.
Welche Bilder sind aber nun Raffael am besten gelungen ? Diejenigen, mit welchen er ankündigen kann, welche Impulse im Christentum liegen! Da, wo er den Jesusknaben hinstellen kann in irgendein Verhältnis zur Madonna, da, wo er dieses Christus-Verhältnis zur Madonna wie etwas, was Empfindungsimpuls ist, hinstellen kann, gelingen ihm die Dinge am besten. Er hat auch im Grunde genommen am besten diese Dinge gemalt. Eine Kreuzigung zum Beispiel haben wir nicht von ihm, wohl aber eine Verklärung. Da, wo er das Sprießende und Sprossende, das Sich-Verkündigende malen kann, da malt er mit Freude und malt seine größten und besten Bilder.
Im Grunde genommen geht es auch so mit der Wirkung seiner Bilder. Wenn Sie einmal nach Deutschland kommen und in Dresden die Sixtinische Madonna anschauen, da werden Sie sehen, daß das Kunstwerk — von dem man sagt, daß die Deutschen froh sein können, ein so bedeutsames Bild in ihrer Mitte zu haben, ja, daß die Deutschen dieses Bild als die Blüte der Malerei betrachten dürfen — ein Geheimnis des Daseins enthüllt.
Als Goethe seinerzeit von Leipzig nach Dresden fuhr, da hörte er etwas anderes über das Bild der Madonna. Die Beamten der Galerie in Dresden sagten ungefähr so: Da haben wir auch ein Bild von Raffael. Es ist aber nichts Besonderes. Es ist schlecht gemalt. Der Blick des Kindes, das ganze Kind, alles, was da gemalt ist an dem Kinde, ist gemein. Die Madonna selber ebenso. Man kann nur glauben, daß sie gemalt worden ist von einem Stümper. Und nun gar noch unten die Figuren, von denen man nicht weiß, ob es Kinderköpfe oder Engel sein sollen. — Dieses grobe Urteil hat Goethe damals gehört. Daher hatte er auch zunächst keine richtige Schätzung des Bildes. Alles, was wir heute über das Bild hören, das lebte sich erst nachher ein, und der Umstand, daß Raffaels Bilder in den Nachbildungen ihren Siegeszug durch die Welt machten, ist eine Folge dieser besseren Einschätzung. Man braucht nur zu erinnern daran, was gerade England für die Reproduktion und Verbreitung der Bilder Raffaels getan hat. Was aber bewirkt wurde in England dadurch, daß so gesorgt worden ist für die Reproduktion und Verbreitung Raffaelscher Bilder, das wird man erst erkennen, wenn man die Sache vom geisteswissenschaftlichen Standpunkt aus mehr betrachten lernen wird.
So ist uns Raffael durch seine Bilder wie ein Vorherverkündiger eines Christentums, das international werden wird. Der spekulative Protestantismus sah die Madonna lange Zeit als spezifisch katholisch an. Heute ist die Madonna auch in die evangelischen Länder überall eingedrungen, und man erhebt sich mehr zu der okkulten Auffassung, zu einem höheren, interkonfessionellen Christentum. So wird es immer weitergehen.
Wenn wir diese Wirkungen für ein interkonfessionelles Christentum erhoffen dürfen, so wird uns das, was Raffael gemacht hat, auch in der Geisteswissenschaft helfen.
Es ist merkwürdig — drei Persönlichkeiten treten uns so entgegen, alle drei haben sie zu tun mit einer Vorläuferschaft für das Christentum. Und jetzt richten wir den okkulten Blick auf diese drei Persönlichkeiten. Was lehrt uns der? Der okkulte Blick lehrt uns, daß es dieselbe Individualität ist, die in Elias, die in Johannes dem Täufer, die in Raffael lebte. So unmöglich es scheint, es ist doch dieselbe Seele, die in Elias, in Johannes und in Raffael gelebt hat. Jetzt aber fragen wir uns, wenn der okkulte Blick, der forscht und nicht etwa äußerlich verstandesmäßig vergleicht, nun erforscht, daß es dieselbe Seele ist, die in Elias, in Johannes dem Täufer und in Raffael vorhanden war: Wie kommt es denn, daß Raffael, der Maler, der Träger wird für die Individualität, die in Johannes dem Täufer gelebt hatte? Kann man sich vorstellen, daß diese merkwürdige Seele des Johannes des Täufers in den Kräften lebte, die in Raffael vorhanden waren? Da kommt nun wieder die okkulte Forschung, aber nicht so, daß sie bloß "Theorien in die Welt setzt, sondern so, daß sie sagt, wie die Dinge sind, wie die Dinge wirklich ins Leben eingepflanzt sind! Wie schreiben die Leute heute noch Raffael-Biographien? Sie können es überall sehen, auch die besten sind heute so geschrieben, daß sie einfach angeben: Raffael wurde geboren an dem Karfreitage des Jahres 1483. Raffael ist nicht umsonst an einem Karfreitage geboren! Ankündigend schon durch diese Geburt seine Sonderstellung im Christentum, zeigt sich bei ihm, daß er mit den christlichen Geheimnissen in der tiefsten und bedeutungsvollsten Weise zu tun hat. An einem Karfreitag also war Raffael geboren. Sein Vater war Giovanni Santi. Giovanni Santi starb, als Raffael elf Jahre alt war. Als Raffael acht Jahre zählte, hatte er ihn in die Lehre zu einem Maler gegeben, der aber nicht so hervorragend war. Aber wenn man nimmt, was in dem Giovanni Santi, dem Vater Raffaels, war, so hat man einen eigentümlichen Eindruck, der sich noch erhöht, wenn man die Sache in der AkashaChronik betrachtet. Da zeigt sich, daß das, was lebte in der Seele des Giovanni Santi, viel mehr ist, als eigentlich aus ihm herausgekommen war, und man muß der Herzogin recht geben, die bei seinem Tode sagte: Ein Mensch voll Licht und Recht und allerbestem Glauben ist gestorben. Als Okkultist könnte man sagen, daß in ihm ein viel größerer Maler gelebt hat, als äußerlich zur Geltung gekommen war. Aber die äußeren Fähigkeiten, die von den physischen und Äther-Organen abhängen, die waren bei Giovanni Santi nicht entwickelt. Das war die Ursache, weshalb die Fähigkeiten seiner Seele sich nicht durchringen konnten. Aber in seiner Seele lebte wirklich ein großer Maler.
Da stirbt er, als Raffael elf Jahre alt war. Wenn man nun verfolgt, was da vorliegt, so wird zur Wahrheit, daß der Mensch zwar den Leib verliert, aber das, was seine Sehnsucht war, was die Aspirationen, die Impulse seiner Seele waren, das lebt sich aus, wirkt und wirkt in dem, womit es am meisten zusammenhängt.
Zeiten werden kommen, wo man die Geisteswissenschaft fruchtbar machen wird für das Leben, wie diejenigen sie schon fruchtbar machen können, welche sie lebensvoll beherrschen und nicht bloß theoretisch. Ich darf hier etwas einfügen, bevor ich die Sache mit Raffael fortsetze. Ich spreche so, daß ich in meinen Beispielen nicht etwa Spekulationen gebe. Sie sind im Gegenteil immer aus dem Leben genommen. Nehmen wir nun an, ich hätte Kinder zu erziehen. Wer achtgibt auf die Fähigkeiten, der merkt bei jedem Kinde das Individuelle heraus. Solche Erfahrungen kann man aber nur machen, wenn man Kinder erzieht. Wenn nun bei einem Kinde die Mutter oder der Vater früh gestorben ist und nur der eine Teil des Elternpaares noch lebt, da kann man das Folgende erleben. Es zeigen sich da bei dem Kinde gewisse Neigungen, die vorher nicht vorhanden waren und die man sich somit nicht erklären kann. Als Erzieher muß man sich aber mit ihnen beschäftigen. Der Erzieher täte nun gut, wenn er sich sagte: Das, was in den geisteswissenschaftlichen Büchern steht, betrachten die Menschen zwar als eine Narrheit. Ich will es aber nicht von vornherein als Narrheit betrachten. Ich will es untersuchen auf seine Richtigkeit. Dann wird er bald sagen können: Ich finde, daß da Kräfte sind, die früher schon vorhanden waren, und wieder andere, die hineinwirken in diejenigen, welche früher schon da waren. Nehmen wir an, der Vater sei durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen, und jetzt kommen mit einer gewissen Stärke bei dem Kinde Eigenschaften heraus, welche in ihm gelebt haben. Macht man diese Voraussetzung und betrachtet man die Sache in dieser Weise, so wendet man die Erkenntnisse, die uns durch die Geisteswissenschaft zufließen, in vernünftiger Weise auf das Leben an und kommt dann, wie man bald finden wird, zurecht im Leben, während man vorher nicht zurechtgekommen ist. Der durch die Pforte des Todes Gegangene bleibt also verbunden mit seinen Kräften mit denjenigen, mit welchen er im Leben zusammenhing.
Die Menschen beobachten nur nicht genau genug, sonst würden sie häufiger sehen, daß Kinder bis zum Tode ihrer Eltern ganz anders sind als nach demselben. Man lenkt nur nicht den Blick genügend auf die Sachen; aber die Zeit wird noch kommen, wo man das auch noch tun wird.
Wenn man den Blick auf Raffael richtet und sich sagt: Giovanni Santi, der Vater, starb, als Raffael elf Jahre alt war; er hatte zwar keine besondere Vollendung als Maler erreichen können, aber seine kraftvolle Phantasie blieb ihm, und diese entwickelte sich nun hinein in die Seele des Raffael - so sagen wir nichts Trivialisierendes und Verkleinerndes für Raffael, wenn wir den Blick hinrichten auf Raffaels Seele und sagen: Giovanni Santi lebte in Raffael weiter, und daher erscheint dieser uns, als ob er eine voll abgeschlossene Persönlichkeit wäre; er erscheint uns so, als wenn er keiner Steigerung mehr fähig wäre, weil ein Toter seinen Arbeiten Leben gibt.
Jetzt begreift man, da in dem Menschen Raffael, in seiner eigenen Seele, wiedererstanden sind die energischen Kräfte des Johannes des Täufers und nun außerdem auch leben in seiner Seele die energischen Kräfte von Giovanni Santi, daß diese beiden Dinge zusammen das Ergebnis in der Seele des Raffael zeitigen konnten, was als Raffael vor uns steht.
Gewiß, heute kann über so außerordentliche Dinge noch nicht öffentlich geredet werden. In fünfzig Jahren wird das vielleicht schon möglich sein, weil die Entwickelung schnell voranschreitet und die bisherige Anschauung rasch ihrer Dekadenz entgegeneilt.
Derjenige, der also eingeht auf solche Dinge, sieht, daß wir in der Geisteswissenschaft die Aufgabe haben, das Leben von einer neuen Seite überall zu betrachten. Wie man in der Zukunft heilen wird in der Form, wie ich es angedeutet habe, so wird man die eigentümlichen Wunder des Lebens betrachten, indem man zuhilfe ziehen wird die Taten, die aus der Geisterwelt von den Menschen noch kommen, welche durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen sind.
Zwei Dinge möchte ich noch vor Ihre Seele hinstellen, indem ich von den Rätseln des Lebens spreche. Das ist etwas, in dem uns so recht der Sinn des Lebens aufgehen kann. Es ist, wenn wir die Erscheinung Raffaels ansehen, das Schicksal, dem seine Werke entgegengehen. Der, welcher heute die Bilder in Reproduktion ansieht, sieht nicht das, was Raffael gemalt hat, auch der, welcher nach Dresden oder Rom geht, nicht, denn diese Bilder sind auch schon so verdorben, daß man nicht sagen kann, daß man die Bilder von Raffael noch sieht. Leicht ist es ins Auge zu fassen, was aus denselben werden wird, wenn man das Schicksal des Abendmahl-Gemäldes des Leonardo da Vinci betrachtet, welches immer mehr und mehr dem Verfall entgegengeht. Wer sich dieses überlegt, der weiß, daß diese Bilder mit der Zeit pulverisiert werden. Er wird die traurige Überzeugung bekommen, daß alles das verschwinden wird, was die großen Menschen einst geschaffen haben. Da also diese Dinge verschwinden werden, so könnten wir uns fragen: Welcher Sinn liegt denn in dem Entstehen und Vergehen derselben? Wir werden sehen, daß im Grunde genommen nichts bleibt von dem, was von der einzelnen Persönlichkeit geschaffen worden ist.
Und noch eine andere Tatsache möchte ich vor Ihre Seele hinstellen, und das ist diese: Wenn wir heute mit der Geisteswissenschaft als Instrument das Christentum begreifen wollen und begreifen sollen — es wurde von mir schon früher ausgeführt, wie wir ins Auge fassen das Christentum als einen Impuls, der wirkt für die Zukunft —, dann brauchen wir gewisse Grundbegriffe, durch die wir wissen, wie der Christus-Impuls weiterwirken wird. Das brauchen wir. Nun ist es merkwürdig, daß wir vor der Tatsache hier stehen, daß wir auf ein Werden des Christentums hinweisen müssen; aber wir brauchen dazu die Geisteswissenschaft. Nun gibt es auch eine Persönlichkeit, bei der wir die geisteswissenschaftlichen Wahrheiten in einer eigenartigen Form finden, und zwar in kurzen Sätzen dargestellt. Wenn wir herangehen an diese Persönlichkeit, so sehen wir, daß wir bei ihr manches finden können, was bedeutsam ist für die Geisteswissenschaft. Diese Persönlichkeit ist der deutsche Dichter Novalis., Wenn wir seine Schriften durchsehen, so finden wir, daß er die Zukunft des Christentums aus dessen okkulten Wahrheiten heraus schildert. Die Geisteswissenschaft lehrt uns, daß wir es dabei mit derselben Individualität zu tun haben wie bei Raffael, derselben Individualität wie bei Johannes dem Täufer und Elias.
Wieder haben wir da eine Vorschau der Fortentwickelung des Christentums. Das ist eine Tatsache okkulter Art, denn niemand kommt durch Schlüsse zu diesem Resultat.
Stellen wir die einzelnen Bilder nochmals zusammen. Wir haben da das Tragische des Unterganges in den Geschöpfen und in den Werken der einzelnen Personen. Raffael tritt auf und läßt sein interkonfessionelles Christentum hineinströmen in die Menschenseelen. Aber eine Ahnung geht uns auf, daß sein Schaffen zugrunde gehen, seine Werke einst pulverisiert sein werden. Es tritt wieder auf Novalis, um die Lösung der Aufgabe von neuem in Angriff zu nehmen, um fortzusetzen das, was er begonnen, was er gearbeitet hat.
Jetzt erscheint uns der Gedanke nicht mehr so tragisch, jetzt sehen wir, daß, wie die Persönlichkeit in ihren Hüllen zerrinnt, auch die Werke zerrinnen, daß aber der Wesenskern weiterlebt und weiterführt das, was er begonnen hat. Da werden wir hingewiesen also wieder zur Individualität. Aber weil wir energisch die abendländische Weltanschauung und damit die Persönlichkeit ins Auge gefaßt haben, wird uns erst die Bedeutung der Individualität so recht klar. So sehen wir, wie bedeutsam es ist, daß das Morgenland auf die Individualität das Auge gerichtet hat, auf die Bodhisattvas, die durch viele Inkarnationen hindurchgegangen sind, und wie bedeutsam es ist, daß das Abendland zunächst das Auge gerichtet hat auf die Betrachtung der einzelnen Persönlichkeit, um dann erst dazu zu kommen, zu erfassen, was die Individualität ist.
Nun glaube ich, daß es viele Theosophen gibt, die sagen werden: Nun, das müssen wir eben glauben, wenn so von Elias, von Johannes dem Täufer, von Raffael und Novalis gesprochen wird. Für manche wird es in der Hauptsache auch so sein, daß sie es glauben müssen, denn es ist ebenso wie mit der Tatsache, daß es viele glauben müssen, wenn von wissenschaftlicher Seite behauptet wird, daß dieses oder jenes Spektrum sich zeigt, wenn dieses oder jenes Metall oder wenn zum Beispiel der Orionnebel vermittelst der Spektralanalyse untersucht wird. Einige haben es gewiß untersucht, aber die andern, die Mehrzahl, die glauben es. Darauf kommt es aber im Grunde gar nicht an. Es kommt darauf an, daß die Geisteswissenschaft am Anfange ihrer Entwickelung steht und immer mehr die Seelen dazu bringen wird, solche Dinge, wie sie heute gesagt worden sind, selber einzusehen. In dieser Beziehung wird die Geisteswissenschaft sehr rasch die Menschheitsevolution weiterbringen.
Ich habe einiges, was sich als okkulte Gesichtspunkte über das Leben ergeben hat, angeführt. Nehmen Sie nur die drei Gesichtspunkte, die wir ins Auge gefaßt haben, so sehen Sie, wie man dadurch, daß man sieht, wie das Leben zum Erdgeiste steht, der Heilkunst eine neue Richtung geben kann, ihr neue Impulse zuführt; wie man Raffael nicht so betrachtet, daß die Persönlichkeit des Raffael allein es ist, welche wirksam war, sondern daß auch die Kräfte da hineinragten, die vom Vater stammen, und wie man so diese Persönlichkeit erst recht wird verstehen können. Das dritte ist, daß wir Kinder erziehen können, wenn wir wissen, wie die Sache liegt mit den Kräften, die in sie hineinspielen. Äußerlich geben die Menschen durchaus zu, daß sie selber umringt sind von einer Unzahl von Kräften, die fortwährend auf sie einwirken, daß der Mensch von der Luft, von der 'Temperatur, von der Umgebung und den anderen Verhältnissen des Klimas, in denen er lebt, fortwährend beeinflußt wird. Und daß seine Freiheit dadurch nicht beeinträchtigt ist, das weiß jeder Mensch. Das sind die Faktoren, mit denen wir schon heute rechnen. Daß aber der Mensch fortwährend umgeben ist von geistigen Kräften und daß man diese geistigen Kräfte zu untersuchen hat, das wird die Menschheit durch die Geisteswissenschaft lernen. Sie wird rechnen lernen mit diesen Kräften, und sie wird mit ihnen zu rechnen haben in wichtigen Fällen von Gesundheit und Krankheit, von Erziehung und Leben. Sie wird solcher Einflüsse, wie sie aus der Umgebung, aus der übersinnlichen Welt kommen, eingedenk sein müssen, wenn zum Beispiel einem ein Freund dahingestorben ist und er sich dann trägt mit diesen oder jenen Sympathien und Ideen, die dem Dahingestorbenen eigen waren. Das, was jetzt gesagt worden ist, bezieht sich nicht bloß auf Kinder, sondern auf alle Lebensalter. Die Menschen brauchen durchaus nicht mit ihrem Oberbewußtsein zu wissen, wie die Kräfte der übersinnlichen Welt tätig sind. Aber ihre gesamte Gemütsverfassung kann es uns zeigen, ja ihre Gesundheits- oder Krankheitszustände können es uns zeigen.
Und noch viel weiter gehen die Dinge, die den Zusammenhang des Menschen in bezug auf das Leben auf dem physischen Plan mit den Tatsachen der übersinnlichen Welt bedeuten. Ich möchte eine einfache Tatsache vor Sie hinstellen, die Ihnen zeigen wird, wie dieser Zusammenhang ist, eine Tatsache, die nicht bloß ausgedacht ist, sondern in vielen Fällen beobachtet wurde: Ein Mensch merkt in einer bestimmten Zeit, daß er Empfindungen hat, die er früher nicht hatte, daß Sympathien und Antipathien auftreten bei ihm, die er früher nicht kannte, daß ihm das oder jenes leicht gelingt, was ihm früher nur schwer gelungen ist. Er kann sich das nicht erklären. Seine Umgebung kann es ihm nicht erklären. Die Tatsachen des Lebens selber geben ihm auch nicht die Erklärung. Bei einem Menschen, bei welchem wir solches beobachtet haben, wird man erfahren können, wenn man aufmerksam zu Werke geht — man muß allerdings auch einen Blick für solche Dinge haben —, daß er jetzt Dinge weiß und kann, über die er früher nichts gewußt, die er früher nicht gekannt hat. Geht man der Sache weiter nach, wenn man durch die Lehren des Okkultismus und der Geisteswissenschaft durchgegangen ist, so wird man von ihm ungefähr folgendes hören können: Ich komme mir jetzt ganz merkwürdig vor. Ich träume jetzt etwas von einer Persönlichkeit, die ich nie im Leben gesehen habe. Sie spielt in meine Träume hinein, obgleich ich mich nie mit ihr beschäftigte. — Verfolgt man die Sache nun, so wird man finden, daß er bisher keine Veranlassung gehabt hat, sich mit ihr zu beschäftigen. Nun starb aber die Person, und nun erst tritt sie an ihn heran in der geistigen Welt. Als sie ihm genügend nahe gekommen war, zeigte sie sich ihm noch als Traumgestalt in einem "Traume, der mehr war als Traum. Von dieser Person, die er vorher im Leben nicht gekannt hat, die aber, nachdem sie gestorben war, Einfluß auf sein Leben gewann, kamen die Impulse, die er vorher nicht gehabt hatte.
Es kommt nicht darauf an, zu sagen: Es ist ja nur ein Traum, der hier vorliegt. Es kommt vielmehr auf das an, was er enthält. Es kann etwas sein, was zwar in Traumform erscheint, aber der Wirklichkeit viel näher ist als das äußere Bewußtsein. Kommt es denn etwa darauf an, ob Edison im Traume oder bei hellem Tagbewußtsein eine Erfindung machte? Es kommt darauf an, ob die Erfindung wahr, brauchbar ist. So kommt es auch nicht darauf an, ob ein Erlebnis im Traumbewußtsein oder im äußeren physischen Bewußtsein stattfindet, sondern darauf, ob das Erlebnis wahr oder nicht wahr ist.
Fassen wir zusammen, was wir uns klarmachen konnten aus dem, was jetzt gesprochen worden ist, so können wir sagen: Wir konnten uns klarmachen, daß, wenn wir die okkulten Erkenntnisse zugrunde legen, das Leben sich uns in einem ganz anderen Zusammenhang darstellt, als wenn wir diese okkulten Erkenntnisse nicht haben. In dieser Beziehung sind die in materialistischer Denkweise gescheiten Leute wirklich recht kuriose Kinder. Man kann sich jede Stunde davon überzeugen. Als ich heute mit der Bahn zu Ihnen hierher fuhr, hatte ich eine Broschüre zur Hand genommen, die ein deutscher Physiologe geschrieben hat und die jetzt in zweiter Auflage erschienen ist. Darin sagt er, daß man nicht sprechen könne von einer aktiven Aufmerksamkeit in der Seele, von einem Hinlenken der Seele auf etwas, sondern daß alles abhänge von der Funktion der einzelnen Gehirnganglien, und weil da von den Gedanken die Bahnen gemacht werden müssen, sei alles davon abhängig, wie die einzelnen Gehirnzellen funktionieren. Keine Intensität der Seele könne da eingreifen, es hinge eben lediglich davon ab, ob diese oder jene Verbindungsfäden in unserem Gehirn gezogen sind oder nicht gezogen sind. Es sind wirklich rechte Kinder, diese materialistischen Gelehrten. Wenn man so etwas in die Hand bekommt, muß man sich folgendes denken: Arglos sind diese Herren, denn in derselben Broschüre findet sich der Satz, daß man in neuester Zeit gefeiert habe den hundertsten Geburtstag von Darwin und daß dabei Berufene und Unberufene gesprochen hätten. Natürlich hält sich der Verfasser der Broschüre für einen ganz besonders Berufenen, Und dann kommt die ganze Gehirnzellen-Theorie und ihre Verwendung. Wie steht es aber mit der Logik der Sache? Wenn man gewohnt ist, die Dinge in Wahrheit zu betrachten und dann ins Auge faßt, was diese großen Kinder den Menschen über den Sinn des Lebens bieten, da kommt man auf den Gedanken, daß es eigentlich dasselbe ist, wie wenn jemand sagen würde, es sei einfach Unsinn, daß irgendeinmal ein menschlicher Wille eingegriffen hätte in die Art und Weise, wie über die Fläche Europas hin die Eisenbahnen gehen. Denn es ist doch ganz dasselbe, wenn man in einem gewissen Zeitpunkte alle Lokomotiven in ihren Teilen und Funktionen ins Auge fassen und sagen würde: Die Lokomotiven sind soundso eingerichtet und fahren nach soundso vielen Richtungen, es begegnen sich aber die verschiedenen Richtungen an gewissen Knotenpunkten und somit kann man alle Lokomotiven nach allen Richtungen hin ableiten. — Was dadurch geschehen würde, wäre ein großes Durcheinanderwirbeln der Lokomotiven und Züge auf den europäischen Eisenbahnen. Ebensowenig aber kann man erklären, daß das, was in den Gehirnzellen sich abspielt als menschliches Gedankenleben, lediglich von der Beschaffenheit der Zellen abhängt. Wenn solche Gelehrten dann einmal unvorbereitet einen Vortrag über Okkultismus oder Geisteswissenschaft zu hören bekommen, so sehen sie das, was da gesagt wird, als den heillosesten Unsinn an. Sie sind fest überzeugt, daß niemals ein Wille eingreifen kann in die Art und Weise, wie die europäischen Lokomotiven gehen, sondern daß es abhängt davon, wie sie geheizt und gerichtet sind.
So sehen wir, wie wir in der Gegenwart vor der Frage nach dem Sinn des Lebens stehen. Auf der einen Seite wird sie in uns stark verdunkelt, auf der anderen Seite drängen sich uns aber auf die okkulten Tatsachen. Wenn wir zusammenfassen, was heute mitgeteilt worden ist, dann werden wir mit dieser Grundlage die Frage vor unsere Seele so hinstellen, wie man sie sich im Okkultismus stellen kann, nämlich: Welches ist der Sinn des Lebens und des Daseins, insbesondere des menschlichen Lebens und des menschlichen Daseins?
First Lecture
In these two evening reflections, I would like to speak to you from the perspective of occult research about a question that is often and urgently asked by human beings: What is the meaning of life? Now, if we want to approach what can be said about this meaning of life in our reflections on these two evenings, we must first create a kind of foundation, a kind of basis on which we will then build, so to speak, the edifice of knowledge which, even if brief and sketchy, can give us an answer to the question posed.
If human beings initially disregard what surrounds them, what they can observe, for the sake of their sensory perception and their ordinary life, and if they then also take a look at their own lives, then not much more than a question arises, a difficult, anxious riddle. There, human beings see the beings of outer nature arise and pass away. They can observe this every year, how in spring the earth, prompted by the forces of the sun and the cosmos, gives them the plant beings that green and sprout and bear fruit throughout the summer. Towards autumn, human beings see these beings pass away again. Some remain for years, sometimes even for very, very long years, such as our long-lived trees. But even of these, human beings know that, although they sometimes outlive them, they nevertheless pass away, disappear, sink down into what in the great nature constitutes the realm of the lifeless. In particular, they know how, even in the greatest facts of natural events, emergence and passing prevail everywhere, and even the continents that today form the ground on which cultural developments spread were, as we know, not there at certain times. They only rose up in the course of time, and we know exactly that they will also fall into ruins again.
Thus we see creation and destruction around us. You can observe this creation and destruction in the plant and mineral kingdoms as well as in the animal kingdom. What is the meaning of it all? Something is always arising and passing away around us. What is the meaning of this arising and passing away? When we look into our own human lives and see how we have lived through the years and decades, we have also seen arising and passing away in our own lives. When we think back to our earlier youth, it has vanished and only remains as a memory. What remains is basically only a stimulus for an anxious question about life. When we have done this or that, we ask ourselves: What has become of it, what has come of our doing this or that? The most important thing is that we ourselves have progressed a little, that we have become wiser. But usually, it is only after we have done something that we know how it should have been done. Then we know that everything could have been done much better, even though we are no longer in a position to do it better, so that we actually include all the mistakes we make in our lives. But it is precisely through our mistakes and errors that we gain our most extensive experience.
A question presents itself to us, and it seems as if what we can perceive with our senses and comprehend with our minds cannot provide an answer. This is the situation we humans find ourselves in today, where everything around us poses an anxious question about life, namely: What is the meaning of all existence? And in particular: Why are we humans placed in this existence? So for us humans, this question arises first and foremost.
An extremely interesting legend from Hebrew antiquity tells us that in those ancient times there was an awareness that this anxious question we have raised about the meaning of life, and especially about the meaning of human beings, actually concerns not only human beings but also entirely different beings. This legend is extremely instructive and goes like this: When the Elohim wanted to create humans in their image and likeness, the so-called servant angels of the Elohim, that is, certain spirits of a lower order than the Elohim themselves, asked Yahweh or Jehovah: Why should humans be created in the image and likeness of God? Then, according to the legend, Yahweh gathered together the animals and plants that were already sprouting at a time before man existed in his earthly form, and then Yahweh or Jehovah also gathered the angels, the so-called ministering angels, that is, those who served Yahweh or Jehovah directly. He showed them the animals and also the plants and asked them what these plants and animals were called, what their names were. The angels did not know the names of the animals or the names of the plants. Then man was created as he was before the Fall. And again Jehovah or Yahweh gathered the angels, the animals, and the plants and asked the man before the angels what the animals were called, which he let pass before the man's eyes one after the other, and behold, the man was able to answer: This animal bears this name, that animal bears that name, this plant has this name, that plant has that name. And then Jehovah asked man, “What is your own name?” And man said, “I must actually be called Adam.” — Adam is related to Adama and means “made from the mud of the earth, earth being; this is how Adam is to be translated.” — “And what shall I call myself?” Jehovah then asked man. You shall be called Adonai, you are the Lord of all beings created on earth, replied man, and the angels now had an inkling of the meaning connected with human existence on earth.
Religious traditions and religious expressions often present the most important mysteries of life in a very simple way, but the matter is nevertheless difficult because we first have to get beyond their simplicity, because we first have to understand what lies behind them. If we succeed in doing this, great truths are revealed to us, and deep knowledge is revealed to us. This will probably also be the case with this legend, which we will first present to you, because the two lectures will give us a kind of answer to the questions that this legend raises for us.
Now you know that a certain religious movement posed the question of the value and meaning of existence in a truly magnificent way by putting this question into the mouth of its own religious founder in an overwhelmingly grand form. You are all familiar with the accounts of the Buddha, which say that when he left the palace where he was born and was shown the events of life, of which he had no idea within his palace in his incarnation at that time, he was deeply dismayed by life and came to the conclusion: Life is suffering, which, as we know, is divided into four parts: birth is suffering, illness is suffering, old age is suffering, death is suffering, to which is added: being united with those one does not love is suffering, being separated from those one loves is suffering, not being able to achieve what one strives for is suffering. — Then we know that the meaning of life within this religious community is revealed by the statement: Life, suffering, only acquires meaning by being overcome, by transcending itself.
Basically, all the different religious beliefs, including all philosophies and worldviews, are an attempt to answer the question of the meaning of life. Now, we will not approach the question in a philosophical-abstract way, but for the time being, in a kind of occult form, we will visualize something of the phenomena of life, of the facts of life. We will try to look a little deeper into these facts to see whether a deeper occult view of life can provide anything to answer the question about the meaning of life.
Let us take up the matter again where we have already pointed to the annual arising and passing away in the sensible nature, to life, to the arising and passing away in the plant world. In spring, human beings see plants sprouting from the earth. What sprouts and shoots up from the earth awakens their joy, awakens their desire. They become aware that their entire existence is connected to the plant world, for without it they could not exist. Thus they feel how everything that emerges from the earth toward summer is connected to their own life. They also feel that in autumn, what in a certain sense belongs to them passes away again.
It is obvious that man compares what he sees emerging and passing away with his own life. It is therefore quite natural for an external, purely sensory and intellectual observation to compare the springtime emergence of plants from the earth with, say, the awakening of human beings in the morning, and to compare the withering and passing away of the plant world in autumn with the falling asleep of human beings in the evening. But such a comparison would be entirely external. It would disregard the actual events, which we can already penetrate through the elementary truths of occultism. What happens when we fall asleep in the evening? We know that we leave our physical body and our etheric body behind in bed. With our astral body and our I, we withdraw from our physical body and our etheric body. We then spend the night, from falling asleep to waking up, in a spiritual world with our astral body and our I. We draw the forces we need from this spiritual world. But it is not only our astral body and our ego that undergo a kind of restoration, a kind of regeneration during the night's sleep, when they lie in bed, separated from the astral body and the ego.
If one looks down clairvoyantly from the ego and the astral body onto the etheric and physical bodies, one sees what has been destroyed during our daily life, one sees how that which expresses itself in fatigue is present as destruction and is restored during the night. In fact, the whole conscious life of the day, when we consider it in its connection with human consciousness and in its relationship to the physical and etheric bodies, is a kind of destructive process for the physical and etheric bodies. We are always destroying something, and the fact that we are destroying is expressed in fatigue. What has been destroyed is then restored during the night.
If we now look at what happens when we lift ourselves out of the etheric and physical bodies with the astral body and the I, it is as if we had left behind a devastated field. But the moment we are outside the physical and etheric bodies, it begins to restore itself little by little. It is as if the forces belonging to the physical and etheric bodies begin to blossom and sprout, as if a whole vegetation were rising from the ground of destruction. The deeper we go into the night, the longer we sleep, the more it sprouts and shoots up in the etheric body. The closer we get to morning, the more we enter the physical and etheric bodies with our astral body, the more a kind of withering, a kind of decay begins again in the physical and etheric bodies.
In short, when the ego and the astral body look down from the spiritual world onto the physical and etheric bodies as a person falls asleep in the evening, they see the same phenomenon that can be seen in the great world outside when plants sprout and blossom in spring. Therefore, when we compare inwardly, we must compare our falling asleep and the beginning of the state of sleep at night with spring in nature, and the time of waking up, the time of the ego and the astral body re-entering the physical and etheric bodies, with what autumn is outside in nature. If we compare in this way, we compare correctly, but not if we compare in the opposite way. In the opposite way, we compare externally. Within ourselves, spring corresponds to falling asleep and autumn to waking up. How does this appear when the occult observer, the one who can truly see into the spiritual world, turns his gaze to outer nature as it progresses through the course of the year? What results from such an occult gaze teaches us that we must compare not externally but internally. What occult observation shows us teaches us that just as the astral body and the I are connected with the physical and etheric bodies of the human being, so what we call the spirit of the earth is connected with the earth. The earth is also, as it were, a body, a vast body. If we consider it only in relation to its physical aspects, it is as if we were considering the human being only in relation to the physical. We consider the earth completely when we consider it as the body of spiritual beings, in the same way that we consider the spirit to belong to the body in the human being. There is, however, a difference. Human beings have a unified being that governs their physical and etheric bodies. A unified soul-spiritual being corresponds to what is the physical human body and the etheric human body. However, many spirits initially correspond to the Earth's body. What is therefore a unity in human beings in relation to the spiritual-soul realm is a multiplicity in the Earth. That is the next difference.
If we accept this difference, then everything else is immediately similar in a certain respect. To the occult eye, it appears in spring that, to the same extent that plants emerge from the earth and green shoots sprout, the spirits we call earth spirits depart from the earth. However, they do not depart completely, as humans do, but rather they settle in a certain way in the earth; they go to the other side of the earth. When it is summer in one hemisphere of the earth, it is winter in the other. With the earth, what is spiritual and soul-like moves from the northern hemisphere to the southern hemisphere when summer arrives in the northern hemisphere. This does not change the fact that the occult view of a person experiencing spring in any part of the earth sees the spirits of the earth departing. He sees them rise and go out into the vast universe. He does not see them pass over, but depart, just as when a person falls asleep and sees the ego depart with the astral body. And in the same way, the clairvoyant sees the spirits of the earth depart from that with which they were connected. During the winter, when the earth was covered with ice and snow, these forces were connected with the earth. The opposite is true in autumn. Then the occult gaze sees the spirits of the earth approaching and connecting themselves again with the earth. And in fact, something similar to what happens to human beings occurs to the earth: a kind of self-consciousness. During the summer, the spiritual part of the earth knows nothing of what is happening around it in the universe. But in winter, the spirit of the earth knows what is happening in the universe around it, just as a human being knows and sees what is happening around him when he wakes up. So the analogy is completely valid, only it must be reversed in relation to external consciousness.
However, if we want to look at the matter in its entirety, we cannot simply say: When plants sprout and shoot up from the earth in spring, the earth spirits depart, for with the sprouting and shooting plants other, more powerful spirits emerge, as if from the subsoil of the earth, as if from the depths of the earth, as if from the interior of the earth. That is why the ancient mythologies were right when they distinguished between upper and lower gods. Only when people spoke of gods who departed in spring and returned in autumn did they speak of the upper gods. There were more powerful gods, older gods. The Greeks counted them among the chthonic gods. They come up when everything sprouts and blossoms in summer, and they descend again when, during winter, the actual earth spirits unite with the body of the earth.
These are the facts. Now I would like to note here that a certain idea taken from natural and occult research is of immense importance for human life. This research shows that, when we look at the individual human being, we are actually dealing with something like an image of the great earth being itself. And what do we see when we look at plants that are beginning to sprout and shoot? We see exactly the same thing that human beings do when they live within themselves in sleep. We have seen clearly that the one corresponds completely to the other. How the individual plants relate to the human body, what they mean for human life, can only be recognized when one surveys such a connection. For it is indeed true that if you look closely, you see how, when a human being falls asleep in his physical and etheric body, everything sprouts and shoots up, that you see how a whole vegetation begins, that you see how the human being is actually a tree, or a garden in which plants grow.
Those who observe this with occult vision see how the sprouting and budding within human beings corresponds to what sprouts and buds outside in nature. And so you can form an idea of what may come to pass in the future when spiritual science, which is still largely regarded as nonsense today, is applied to life and made fruitful. For example, we have a person who lacks this or that in the external facts of their life. Let us observe what happens when this person falls asleep, what kinds of plants fail to appear when their physical and etheric bodies begin to develop their vegetation. If we see that entire plant genera do not emerge in a certain place on the earth, we know that something is not quite right with the nature of the earth. The same is true of the absence of certain plants in the physical and etheric bodies of human beings. In order to correct the defect in human beings, we need only seek out the plants that are lacking in the person concerned and apply their juices in the appropriate manner, either in dietary form or as medicine, and we will then find the relationship between medicine and disease from their inner forces. From this we can see how spiritual science intervenes in immediate life. But we are only at the beginning of this matter.
With this I have given you, in a parable, a kind of natural thought about the connection between the human being and the relationship of his whole being to the environment in which he is immersed with his very being.
Let us now consider the matter from a spiritual point of view. I would like to draw your attention to something that is extremely important, namely that our spiritual scientific worldview, in allowing us to view human development from the standpoint of occultism in order to decipher the meaning of existence, does not give any creed, or any other worldview over any other confession or worldview. How often has it been emphasized within our occult movement that we can point to what humanity on Earth developed and experienced immediately after the great Atlantean catastrophe befell the Earth. As the first great post-Atlantean culture, we experienced the ancient sacred Indian culture. Here, too, in this place, we have already spoken about this ancient sacred Indian culture and emphasized that it was such a high culture that what remains of it in the Vedas or in the written traditions that have come down to us is only an echo. The ancient teachings that emerged from that time can only be seen in the Akashic Records. There we see a height of culture that has not been reached again since then.
The later epochs had a completely different task. We also know that a descent has taken place since those times. But we also know that an ascent will take place again and that, as we have already noted, spiritual science is there to prepare this ascent. We know that in the seventh post-Atlantean cultural epoch there will be a kind of renewal of the ancient sacred Indian culture. So it is that we do not give preference to any religious view or any creed. They are measured with the same yardstick, characterized everywhere, and the kernel of truth is sought everywhere.
But what matters is that we grasp the essence. We must not allow ourselves to be misled in our consideration of the essence of each individual religious creed, and when we approach worldviews in this way, we find a fundamental difference. We find worldviews that are more oriental in nature and those that are more permeated by Western culture. If we make this particularly clear to ourselves, then we have something that gives us great insight into the meaning of existence. We find that the ancients already had something that we are now only regaining with difficulty, namely the teaching of the return of life. The Orientalizing tendencies had this as something that arose from the deepest depths of life. You can still see how these Orientalizing tendencies shape their entire life from this point of view when you consider the relationship of the Oriental man to his bodhisattvas and his Buddhas. When you consider how little importance Orientals attach to singling out a single figure with this or that particular name as the ruling power of human development, you see at the same time how much more important it is to them to trace the individuality that passes through the various lives.
Orientalists say that there are so many bodhisattvas, high beings who started out as human beings but gradually developed to that height which we describe by saying: A fine being has gone through many incarnations and then become a bodhisattva, as Gautama, the son of King Sudhodana, did. He was a bodhisattva and became a Buddha. However, the name Buddha is given to many who have passed through many incarnations, become bodhisattvas, and then ascended to the next higher dignity, the dignity of a Buddha. The name Buddha is a general name. It indicates human dignity and cannot be conceived without looking at the spiritual-soul aspect that passes through many incarnations. In this respect, Brahmanism is completely in agreement with Buddhism in that it focuses mainly on the individual that passes through the various personalities, and less on the individual personalities, for it amounts to the same thing when the Buddhist says: A Bodhisattva is destined to ascend to the highest human dignity that can be attained, and to do so he must pass through many incarnations, but I see the highest in the Buddha—or whether the follower of Brahmanism says: The bodhisattvas are indeed highly developed beings and then ascend to the Buddhas, but they originated from the avatars, the higher spiritual individualities. You see, the consideration of the spiritual, which passes through many incarnations, is something that is peculiar to these two Eastern views.
But let us now take the West and see what was great and powerful there. In order to look a little deeper into this relationship, we must look at the ancient Hebrew worldview and direct our gaze to the personal element. When we speak of Plato, Socrates, Michelangelo, Charlemagne, or anyone else, we are always speaking of a personality; we place before us the completed lives of personalities with what these personalities have become for humanity. In Western culture, we do not focus on the life that has passed from person to person; for it was precisely the task of Western culture for a time to focus on the individual life. When one speaks of Buddha in the East, one knows that the title Buddha is a dignity attributed to many personalities. When one mentions the name Plato, on the other hand, one knows that it was only a single personality. Such was the education of the West. The personal was to be valued and respected first.
Let us now consider our own time. How must it relate to this whole series of facts? Through Western culture, humanity has been educated for a while to look at the personal. Now the individual, individuality, had to be added to the personal. So now we are at the point of reconquering the individual, but strengthened, energized by the consideration of the personal.
Let us take a specific case. In this connection, we turn our gaze to the ancient Hebrew worldview that preceded the Western one. Let us turn our gaze to such a powerful personality as that of the prophet Elijah. We characterize him first as a personality. In the West, little attention is paid to viewing him differently. If we disregard all the details and look at the personality as a whole, we see that Elijah was something significant in the course of world development. He expressed something like a precursor to the Christ impulse.
When we look back to the time of Moses, we see how something is proclaimed to the people; we see that the God within man is proclaimed to man: I, the God who was, who is, and who will be. He must be grasped in the I, but in ancient Hebrew he was grasped in the way the soul of the people was. Elijah goes even further. Through him it is not yet clear that the I lives in the individual human being as the highest divine; but he could not make it clearer to the people of his time than the world was able to receive. Therefore, we see, so to speak, a leap in development. While the culture of Moses among the ancient Hebrews was still clear about this: the highest lies in the I — and this I was expressed in the soul of the people during the time of Moses — Elijah already points to the individual soul. But here, too, an impulse was needed, and for this there was again a precursor, whom we know as the personality of John the Baptist. Once again, it was a significant word that expressed this precursorship of John the Baptist. What does this word express to us? A great occult fact. It points to the fact that human beings once, as primitive humans, had an ancient clairvoyance that enabled them to see into the spiritual world, into the divine activity; but then they drew closer and closer to the material world. Their view of the spiritual world became closed. John the Baptist points this out when he says: Change your state of mind! Look no longer at what you can achieve in the physical world, but be attentive, for now a new impulse is coming! — by which he means the Christ impulse — therefore I say to you, you must seek the spiritual world in your midst. — Then the spiritual enters, with the Christ impulse. This made John the Baptist the forerunner of the Christ impulse.
Now we can consider another personality, the remarkable personality of the painter Raphael. This remarkable personality appears strange when one considers him. Above all, one need only compare Raphael as a painter of the Latin race with later painters, for example Titian. Anyone who has an eye for such things and looks at even the reproductions of the paintings will see the difference. Take a look at the paintings of Raphael and also those of Titian. Raphael painted in such a way that he put Christian ideas into his pictures. He painted for the European people as Christians of the West. His pictures are understandable to all Christians of the West, and they will become more and more so. Take the later painters, on the other hand. They painted almost exclusively for the Latin race, so that even the schisms in the Church are expressed in their pictures.
But which paintings are Raphael's most successful? Those in which he can reveal the impulses inherent in Christianity! Where he can place the baby Jesus in some kind of relationship with the Madonna, where he can portray this relationship between Christ and the Madonna as something that is an emotional impulse, that is where he is most successful. Basically, he painted these things best. We do not have a crucifixion by him, for example, but we do have a Transfiguration. Where he can paint the sprouting and budding, the self-proclamation, there he paints with joy and paints his greatest and best pictures.
Basically, this is also true of the effect of his paintings. If you ever come to Germany and see the Sistine Madonna in Dresden, you will see that this work of art—of which it is said that Germans can be happy to have such a significant painting in their midst, indeed that Germans can regard this painting as the flower of painting—reveals a secret of existence.
When Goethe traveled from Leipzig to Dresden in his day, he heard something different about the painting of the Madonna. The officials at the gallery in Dresden said something like this: We also have a painting by Raphael. But it's nothing special. It's poorly painted. The look in the child's eyes, the whole child, everything that is painted on the child, is vulgar. The Madonna herself is the same. One can only believe that it was painted by a bungler. And then there are the figures at the bottom, which one does not know whether they are supposed to be children's heads or angels. Goethe heard this harsh judgment at the time. That is why he did not have a proper appreciation of the painting at first. Everything we hear about the painting today only became apparent later, and the fact that Raphael's paintings made their triumphal march through the world in reproductions is a consequence of this improved appreciation. One need only recall what England in particular has done for the reproduction and dissemination of Raphael's paintings. But what has been achieved in England by ensuring the reproduction and dissemination of Raphael's paintings will only be recognized when we learn to look at the matter more from the perspective of the humanities.
Thus, through his paintings, Raphael appears to us as a harbinger of a Christianity that will become international. Speculative Protestantism long regarded the Madonna as specifically Catholic. Today, the Madonna has also penetrated Protestant countries everywhere, and there is a growing tendency toward an occult view, toward a higher, interdenominational Christianity. This will continue to be the case.
If we can hope for these effects for an interdenominational Christianity, then what Raphael has done will also help us in the spiritual sciences.
It is remarkable — three personalities appear before us, all three of whom have something to do with being precursors of Christianity. And now we turn our occult gaze to these three personalities. What does this teach us? The occult gaze teaches us that it is the same individuality that lived in Elijah, in John the Baptist, and in Raphael. As impossible as it seems, it is the same soul that lived in Elijah, in John, and in Raphael. But now we ask ourselves, if the occult gaze, which investigates and does not merely compare externally with the intellect, now discovers that it is the same soul that was present in Elijah, John the Baptist, and Raphael: How is it that Raphael, the painter, becomes the bearer of the individuality that lived in John the Baptist? Can one imagine that this remarkable soul of John the Baptist lived in the forces that were present in Raphael? Here again comes occult research, but not in such a way that it merely “puts theories into the world,” but in such a way that it says how things are, how things are really implanted in life! How do people still write biographies of Raphael today? You can see it everywhere; even the best ones are written in such a way that they simply state: Raphael was born on Good Friday in 1483. Raphael was not born on Good Friday for nothing! This birth already foreshadows his special position in Christianity and shows that he is deeply and meaningfully connected to Christian mysteries. So Raphael was born on Good Friday. His father was Giovanni Santi. Giovanni Santi died when Raphael was eleven years old. When Raphael was eight years old, he was sent to learn painting from a master who was not particularly talented. But if one considers what was in Giovanni Santi, Raphael's father, one has a peculiar impression, which is heightened when one looks at the matter in the Akashic Records. It shows that what lived in Giovanni Santi's soul was much more than what actually came out of him, and one must agree with the duchess who said at his death: “A man full of light and justice and the very best faith has died.” As an occultist, one could say that a much greater painter lived within him than was apparent on the outside. But the external abilities that depend on the physical and etheric organs were not developed in Giovanni Santi. That was the reason why the abilities of his soul could not break through. But a great painter truly lived in his soul.
He died when Raphael was eleven years old. If one now follows what is presented here, it becomes clear that although man loses his body, what was his longing, what were the aspirations and impulses of his soul, lives on and continues to work in that with which it is most closely connected.
Times will come when spiritual science will be made fruitful for life, as it is already fruitful for those who master it in a living way and not merely theoretically. I would like to insert something here before I continue with Raphael. I am speaking in such a way that my examples are not speculative. On the contrary, they are always taken from life. Let us now suppose that I have children to raise. Anyone who pays attention to their abilities will notice the individual characteristics of each child. However, such experiences can only be gained by raising children. If a child's mother or father dies early and only one parent is still alive, the following may happen. Certain tendencies appear in the child that were not there before and that cannot be explained. As an educator, however, one must deal with them. The educator would do well to say to himself: What is written in the spiritual science books is considered foolishness by people. But I do not want to consider it foolishness from the outset. I will investigate it to see if it is true. Then he will soon be able to say: I find that there are forces that were already present, and others that are working on those that were already there. Let us assume that the father has passed through the gate of death, and now certain qualities that lived in him are emerging with a certain strength in the child. If we make this assumption and look at the matter in this way, we apply the knowledge that comes to us through spiritual science in a reasonable way to life and then, as we will soon find, we get along in life, whereas before we did not. The person who has passed through the gate of death therefore remains connected with his forces, with those with whom he was connected in life.
People just don't observe closely enough, otherwise they would see more often that children are completely different before their parents die than after they die. People just don't focus enough on things, but the time will come when they will do so.
When we look at Raphael and say to ourselves: Giovanni Santi, his father, died when Raphael was eleven years old; he had not achieved any particular perfection as a painter, but his powerful imagination remained with him and developed in Raphael's soul—we are not saying anything trivial or belittling about Raphael when we look at Raphael's soul and say: Giovanni Santi lived on in Raphael, and therefore he appears to us as if he were a fully accomplished personality; he appears to us as if he were incapable of further improvement, because a dead man gives life to his works.
Now we understand that in the man Raphael, in his own soul, the energetic forces of John the Baptist have been resurrected and now also live in his soul, and that these two things together could produce in Raphael's soul the result that stands before us as Raphael.
Certainly, such extraordinary things cannot yet be spoken of publicly today. In fifty years, this may already be possible, because development is progressing rapidly and the previous view is rapidly rushing toward its decadence.
Those who are receptive to such things see that we in spiritual science have the task of looking at life from a new perspective in all areas. In the future, healing will take the form I have indicated, and the peculiar miracles of life will be viewed with the help of the deeds that still come from the spirit world through people who have passed through the gate of death.
I would like to present two more things to your soul as I speak of the mysteries of life. These are things in which the meaning of life can truly dawn upon us. It is when we look at Raphael's appearance, the fate that awaits his works. Those who look at reproductions of the paintings today do not see what Raphael painted, nor do those who go to Dresden or Rome, for these paintings are already so damaged that one cannot say that one still sees Raphael's paintings. It is easy to imagine what will become of them when one considers the fate of Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper, which is increasingly falling into ruin. Anyone who thinks about this knows that these paintings will be pulverized over time. They will come to the sad conclusion that everything that great people once created will disappear. Since these things will disappear, we might ask ourselves: What is the meaning of their creation and destruction? We will see that, basically, nothing remains of what has been created by the individual personality.
And I would like to present another fact to your soul, and that is this: if we want to understand Christianity today with spiritual science as our instrument — I have already explained how we view Christianity as an impulse that will have an effect in the future — then we need certain basic concepts through which we know how the Christ impulse will continue to work. We need this. Now it is strange that we are faced with the fact that we must point to a becoming of Christianity, but we need spiritual science to do so. Now there is also a personality in whom we find spiritual scientific truths in a unique form, presented in short sentences. When we approach this personality, we see that we can find many things that are significant for spiritual science. This personality is the German poet Novalis. When we look through his writings, we find that he describes the future of Christianity from its occult truths. Spiritual science teaches us that we are dealing here with the same individuality as in Raphael, the same individuality as in John the Baptist and Elijah.
Once again, we have a preview of the further development of Christianity. This is a fact of an occult nature, for no one can arrive at this conclusion through reasoning.
Let us put the individual images together again. We have the tragedy of the downfall in the creatures and in the works of the individual persons. Raphael appears and lets his interdenominational Christianity flow into the souls of human beings. But we have a premonition that his work will be destroyed, that his works will one day be pulverized. Novalis reappears to tackle the task anew, to continue what he began, what he worked for.
Now the idea no longer seems so tragic to us; now we see that as the personality melts away in its shell, so too do the works melt away, but that the essence lives on and continues what it has begun. This brings us back to individuality. But because we have taken a close look at the Western worldview and thus at the personality, the meaning of individuality becomes clear to us. Thus we see how significant it is that the East has focused its attention on individuality, on the bodhisattvas who have passed through many incarnations, and how significant it is that the West first focused its attention on the contemplation of the individual personality in order to then come to understand what individuality is.Now I believe that there are many theosophists who will say: Well, we must believe this when Elias, John the Baptist, Raphael, and Novalis speak in this way. For some, it will mainly be a matter of having to believe it, because it is just like the fact that many have to believe when scientists claim that this or that spectrum appears when this or that metal or, for example, the Orion Nebula is examined by means of spectral analysis. Some have certainly investigated it, but the others, the majority, believe it. But that is not really important. What is important is that spiritual science is at the beginning of its development and will increasingly lead souls to see for themselves the things that have been said today. In this respect, spiritual science will very quickly advance human evolution.
I have cited a few things that have emerged as occult perspectives on life. Take just the three perspectives we have considered, and you will see how, by seeing how life relates to the Earth spirit, one can give a new direction to the art of healing, give it new impulses; how one does not view Raphael as if it were Raphael's personality alone that was effective, but that the forces originating from the father also played a part, and how one can thus understand this personality even better. The third is that we can educate children if we know how the forces that influence them work. Outwardly, people readily admit that they are surrounded by a myriad of forces that are constantly acting upon them, that human beings are constantly influenced by the air, the temperature, the environment, and the other conditions of the climate in which they live. And every human being knows that this does not impair his freedom. These are the factors we already take into account today. But the fact that human beings are constantly surrounded by spiritual forces and that these spiritual forces must be investigated is something that humanity will learn through spiritual science. It will learn to reckon with these forces, and it will have to reckon with them in important cases of health and illness, of education and life. It will have to be mindful of such influences as come from the environment, from the supersensible world, when, for example, a friend has died and one then carries around with oneself this or that sympathy and idea that was characteristic of the deceased. What has now been said does not apply only to children, but to all ages. People do not need to know with their higher consciousness how the forces of the supersensible world work. But their entire state of mind can show us this, indeed their state of health or illness can show us this.
And things go much further in terms of the connection between human beings in relation to life on the physical plane and the facts of the supersensible world. I would like to present a simple fact that will show you how this connection works, a fact that is not merely imagined but has been observed in many cases: A person notices at a certain time that he has feelings that he did not have before, that sympathies and antipathies arise in him that he did not know before, that he easily succeeds in doing this or that, which he found difficult before. He cannot explain this to himself. Those around him cannot explain it to him. The facts of life themselves do not provide an explanation. If we observe a person in whom we have noticed this, we will discover, if we proceed carefully—and we must have an eye for such things—that he now knows and can do things that he did not know before, that he did not know before. If one investigates the matter further, having studied the teachings of occultism and spiritual science, one will hear something like the following: “I feel very strange now. I am now dreaming about a person whom I have never seen in my life. They appear in my dreams, even though I have never had anything to do with them. If you pursue the matter, you will find that he has had no reason to concern himself with them. But now the person has died, and only now does she approach him in the spiritual world. When she had come close enough to him, she appeared to him as a dream figure in a “dream that was more than a dream.” From this person, whom he had not known in life but who, after her death, gained influence over his life, came impulses that he had not had before.
It is not important to say: It is only a dream. What is important is what it contains. It may be something that appears in dream form but is much closer to reality than the outer consciousness. Does it matter whether Edison made an invention in a dream or in broad daylight? What matters is whether the invention is true and useful. So it does not matter whether an experience takes place in dream consciousness or in outer physical consciousness, but whether the experience is true or not.
Let us summarize what we have been able to clarify from what has now been said, and we can say: We have been able to clarify that when we take occult knowledge as our basis, life presents itself to us in a completely different context than when we do not have this occult knowledge. In this respect, people who are clever in a materialistic way of thinking are really quite curious children. You can see this for yourself every hour of the day. When I was traveling here by train today, I picked up a brochure written by a German physiologist, which is now in its second edition. In it, he says that one cannot speak of active attention in the soul, of directing the soul toward something, but that everything depends on the function of the individual brain ganglia, and because the pathways must be created by the thoughts, everything depends on how the individual brain cells function. No intensity of the soul can intervene here; it depends solely on whether this or that connecting thread in our brain is pulled or not. These materialistic scholars are really honest children. When one comes across something like this, one must think the following: These gentlemen are naive, because in the same brochure there is a sentence stating that the hundredth birthday of Darwin was recently celebrated and that both qualified and unqualified people spoke at the event. Of course, the author of the brochure considers himself to be particularly qualified. And then comes the whole brain cell theory and its application. But what about the logic of the matter? If you are accustomed to looking at things as they really are and then consider what these big children are offering people about the meaning of life, you come to the conclusion that it is actually the same as if someone were to say that it is simply nonsense that at some point human will intervened in the way railways run across Europe. For it is quite the same thing if, at a certain point in time, one were to consider all locomotives in their parts and functions and say: The locomotives are arranged in such and such a way and run in such and such directions, but the different directions meet at certain junctions, and thus all locomotives can be derived in all directions. What would happen as a result would be a great confusion of locomotives and trains on the European railways. Nor can one explain that what takes place in the brain cells as human thought life depends solely on the nature of the cells. When such scholars are unprepared to hear a lecture on occultism or spiritual science, they regard what is said as the most hopeless nonsense. They are firmly convinced that no will can ever intervene in the way European locomotives run, but that it depends on how they are heated and directed.
Thus we see how we stand today before the question of the meaning of life. On the one hand, it is greatly obscured within us, but on the other hand, occult facts impose themselves upon us. If we summarize what has been communicated today, then on this basis we will pose the question before our souls as it can be posed in occultism, namely: What is the meaning of life and existence, especially of human life and human existence?