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The Gospel of St. Mark
GA 139

20 September 1912, Basel

Lecture VI

Yesterday an attempt was made to give you an idea of Krishna's revelation and its relation to what entered later into human evolution, the revelation through the Christ. It was especially noted how the revelation of Krishna can appear to us as the conclusion of the clairvoyant, the primitive clairvoyant epoch of human development. If we once more place before our souls from this point of view the understanding we obtained yesterday about the revelation of Krishna as a conclusion, we may say that whatever was gained through this revelation is still present in human evolution, but in a certain way it has reached an end and can go no further. Some teachings handed down at that time must be accepted during all subsequent evolution just as they were given then.

Now it is necessary for us to study the peculiar nature of this revelation from one particular point of view. We might say that it does not really reckon with time and the sequence of time. Everything that does not reckon with time as a real factor is already contained in Krishna's teaching. What do we mean by this?

Every spring we see the plants spring forth from the earth, we see them grow and ripen, bring forth fruit and drop their seeds, and from these seeds when they have been laid in the ground we see similar plants begin to grow again in the same way, come to maturity and again develop their seeds. This process is repeated year after year. If we reckon with the time span that man is able to survey we must say that we are here concerned with a real repetition. The lilies of the valley, the primroses and hyacinths look the same every year. Their nature is repeated within them every year in the same way, in the same form. We can ascend further to the animal kingdom in a certain way, and we shall still find something similar in it. When we consider the individual animal, the separate species of lions, hyenas, the separate species of monkeys, we find that every creature is from the beginning directed to become what it does become. So we may with a certain justification say that no education is possible among the animals. Although some foolish persons have recently begun to apply all kinds of educational and pedagogical concepts to animals, this cannot be considered as something essential, nor does it lead to a correct characterization of animals. When we have short time-spans in mind we see this repetition in nature fundamentally confirmed, in the same way as we see how spring, summer, autumn and winter repeat themselves regularly through the centuries. Only when we consider really large spans of time, so large that they cannot in the first place be observed by man, would we see something resembling the need to take account of the concept of time. Then we should see how in the far distant past things happened differently from the way they do now, and we should, for example, be able to take into account the fact that the present way in which the sun rises and sets will in the far distant future be different. But these are realms which will come into our view only when we enter into the field of true spiritual science. But as regards what man is first of all able to observe, for example the field of astronomy, the fact of recurrence, the recurrence of the same or similar, holds good, as we can especially notice in the annual recurrence of plant forms. With this kind of recurrence time has no special significance; time itself, as time, is essentially not a real, active factor.

It is different when we think of individual human lives. As you all know, we also divide human life into successive, recurring periods. We distinguish one such period from birth to the coming of the second teeth, or about the seventh year, then a period from the seventh to the fourteenth year, to puberty, then one from the fourteenth to the twenty-first year, and so on. In short, we distinguish successive seven-year periods in individual human lives; and it is quite true to say that in these seven-year periods certain things recur. But far more striking than the mere recurrence is something else, the constant changing, the progress that is actually made. For human nature is quite different in the second period of seven years from what it was in the first period; and again in the third period it is different. We cannot say that in the case of man the first seven-year period repeats itself in the second, as we can say that the plant repeats itself in another plant. We can see that time as it passes plays a real role in human life. It has a meaning.

When we thus come to see how what is significant for the individual human being is applicable to all mankind, we can say that in the consecutive periods of evolution this can in a sense be seen to be true for both the individual and for humanity as a whole. We need not go beyond the postAtlantean epoch. Here we differentiate in this era the ancient Indian or first post-Atlantean cultural epoch, the Old Persian as the second, the Egypto-Chaldean as the third, the Greco-Roman as the fourth and our own as the fifth. Two more epochs will follow ours, until there is again a great catastrophe. This evolutionary progress in successive epochs does often show similarities that can be compared in a certain way with the kind of recurrence that may be observed, for example, in the plant kingdom. We see how these periods run their course so that in a certain respect at the beginning of each epoch humanity receives certain revelations; a stream of spiritual life is given to mankind as an impulse, in the same way as the plants of the earth receive an impulse in springtime. Then we see how a further development is built on the first impulse, how it bears fruit and then dies away when the period comes to an end, as plants wither at the approach of winter. However, in addition, something appears during the successive epochs that is similar to the progress of an individual human being, and of this we can say that time plays a significant role, and it proves to be a real factor. It is not only the case that in the second, the Old Persian epoch, seeds are again planted, as was the case in the first epoch, or that in the third epoch the same thing happened as in the first. The impulses are always different, always at a higher level and always new, in just the same way that in human life the seven-year periods can be differentiated, and there is progress.

Now that which came to humanity in the course of time came in such a way that we could say that the things which comprise the sum total of human knowledge were opened up to man slowly and gradually. Not all the streams of peoples and nations always had the same perceptions of things at the same time. Thus we see that in that human evolutionary stream that came to an end at about the time of the Mystery of Golgotha, the sense for time as a real factor was missing. Indeed, in all Eastern knowledge this sense of time as a real factor was fundamentally missing. Characteristically the Eastern knowledge has a sense for the recurrence of the same. Therefore everything that is concerned with recurrence is magnificently grasped by the knowledge of the East.

When we think of this recurrence of the same in successive cultural epochs, what is it that comes into consideration? Take, for example, the question of plant growth. We see how in springtime the plants shoot forth from the earth; we witness their “creation.” We see how these plants grow and flourish until they reach a kind of culmination. Then they wither, and in withering they carry in themselves the seed for a new plant. Thus we have to do here with a threefold process: coming into being, growth and flourishing, and then withering, and this withering is accompanied by the production of the seed of a similar plant. When time does not come into question, when it is a question of recurrence, then this principle of recurrence is best understood as a triad. It was the special talent of Oriental wisdom, pre-Christian wisdom, to understand recurring development as a triad. The grandeur of this ancient world view was limited by what we may think of as a predisposition in favor of events that recur and are timeless. And when this world view comes to a conclusion, trinities confront us everywhere, and fundamentally these represent the clairvoyant perception of what lies behind coming into being, passing away, and renewal. Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu, this trinity of creative forces is the foundation of all things. In the time preceding Krishna's revelation it was recognized as a trinity that could be perceived through clairvoyance, and it was seen as Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. The image of this trinity exists wherever time is seen only as the successive recurrence of the same.

The significance of a new era is recognized when the gift of seeing events in historical perspective arises, that is, when time is taken into account in relation to evolution, when time is looked upon as a real factor. It was a special task of Western knowledge to develop a historical sense, to penetrate into the truths of history. And the two streams in human evolution coming from East and West differ in that the East looks at the world unhistorically, while the West, prompted by a new impulse, begins to look at the world from a historical point of view. It was the world view of the Hebrews that gave the first impulse to this historical viewpoint.

Let us now consider together what the essential elements of the Oriental world view actually are. We are always told of recurring world ages, of what happens at the beginning of the first and at the end of the first cosmic age. Then we are told of the beginning of the second world age, and its end, then the beginning of the third and its end. And the secret of world development is correctly presented when it is said that when the ancient culture of the third world age had become dry and arid and the culture had entered the phase of autumn and winter, then there appeared Krishna. The son of Vasudeva and Devaki, his task was to sum up for later ages, namely for the fourth period, what could be carried from the third into the fourth period as the germ, the new seed for that period. The individual world ages appear to us like successive years in the life of a plant. In the Oriental world view the cycles of time, which constantly recur, are the essential element.

Now let us compare these world views in their timelessness, their profoundest aspect, with what confronts us in the Old Testament. What a mighty difference we find from the world views of the East! Here we perceive as an essential part of this view a real continuous line in time. We are first led to Genesis, to the Creation, and linked to Creation is the whole history of mankind. We see a continuous sequence through the seven days of Creation, through the era of the patriarchs, from Abraham down through Isaac and Jacob, everything developing, everything a part of history. Where is there any recapitulation? The first day of Creation is by no means repeated in an abstract way in the second. The patriarchs are not repeated in the prophets, nor does the era of the kings repeat the era of the judges. In due course comes the time of the captivity. We are everywhere led through an entire dramatic process, in which time plays a real part as it does in an individual human life. Irrespective of what is repeated time is shown as a real factor in all that happens. The special element in the picture presented by the Old Testament is progress. The Old Testament is the first great example of a historical approach to events, and it is this historical approach that was bequeathed to the West.

Men learn only slowly and gradually what in the course of time has been revealed to them; and we may say that in a certain sense when there are new revelations there is a kind of reversion to what had gone before. Great and significant things were revealed at the beginning of the theosophical movement. But it was an extraordinary feature of this revelation that the historical approach permeated the movement very little. You can convince yourselves of this especially if you glance at Sinnett's Esoteric Buddhism,1Sinnet, A. P., 1840–1921. His Esoteric Buddhism was published in London in 1883, and a German translation appeared the following year. which in other respects is an excellent and meritorious book. All the chapters in it that are pervaded by history will be found acceptable by the Western mind. But side by side with this is another element that we may call an “unhistorical” element, curious passages in which large and small cycles are spoken of, the procession of rounds and races, where the material is presented in such a way that recurrence is of central importance—how the third round follows after the second, how one root-race follows after the other root-race, one subrace follows after the other subrace, and so on. One really becomes caught up in a kind of working of a clock, and the greatest importance is given to recurrence. This was a reversion to a kind of thinking that had already been outgrown by mankind, for the way of thinking suited to western culture is in truth historical.

What is the consequence of this historical element that belongs to Western culture? Precisely the knowledge of the one focus of all earthly development. The Orient regarded development as similar to the process of plant growth that recurs every year. Thus the individual great initiates appeared in each period and repeated—at all events it was what they repeated that was especially stressed—what had been done earlier. It was particularly emphasized in an abstract manner how each initiate was only a particular form of the one who continues his development from epoch to epoch. There was in the East a special interest in picturing how this continuous development of the same also is easily seen in the plant world as the form reveals itself each year, and the individual years are not distinguished from each other. Only in one particular case do people notice that there is a difference from year to year. If someone wants to describe a lily or a vine leaf it is of no consequence whether the plant grew in 1857 or 1867, for lilies all resemble each other if they belong to a particular variety of lily. But when what we may think of as the general, recurring, identical “Apollonian” element passes over into the “Dionysian,” even in the realm of plant life, then we attach special importance to the fact that individual “vintages” do differ, and it becomes important to distinguish the different years. In all other cases no one cares whether a lily flowered in 1890 or 1895.

Similarly, the Orient saw no particular point in distinguishing the incarnation of the Boddhisattva in the third epoch from his incarnation in the second or first epoch. This comparison should not be carried too far, however. For the Easterner the Boddhisattva was always an incarnation of the One. This abstract concentration on the One, this tendency to look for the One, demonstrates the unhistorical nature of Oriental thought; and fundamentally this is equally characteristic of all the unhistorical conceptions of the pre-Christian era. The single exception is the historical point of view that appears in the Old Testament. In the case of the Old Testament this historical viewpoint was only a beginning, which reached a more perfected stage in the New Testament. The important thing here is to look at the whole line of development, as such, and not confine ourselves to looking at what is repeated in the individual cycles, but rather to try to see what constitutes the focus of all development. Then we shall be justified in saying that it is absolute nonsense to say that there can be no such focus of development.

This is the point about which the various peoples, scattered across the world, must come to an understanding: the subject of historical development. The first thing they must realize is that for a true and genuine study of mankind it is absolutely vital to take the historical element into consideration. Even today one may have the experience that if a true and genuine Christianity is taken to the East—not a fanatical or denominational Christianity—but a Christianity that wishes to hold its own beside the other Eastern religions, then one may be received with the words, “It is true that you have only the one God who incarnated only once, in Palestine. But we are ahead of you for we have many embodiments of God.” For an Oriental such an answer would be a matter of course. It is connected with his special gift for looking always for the recurrence of the One. By contrast, what is important for the Westerner is that everything should have a center of gravity. So if people speak of several incarnations of Christ they are making the same mistake as if they were to say that it is ridiculous to pretend that only one fulcrum is needed for a pair of scales, and that the load on one side is balanced by the weights on the other; and moreover that the pair of scales can be supported in two, three or four places. But this of course is nonsense—a pair of scales can have only one fulcrum. So if we wish to understand evolution as a whole we must look for the one fulcrum, the single center of gravity, and not think it would be better if we looked for successive incarnations of the Christ. Regarding this question the nations and peoples spread across the world will have to come to the understanding that in the course of human history it was necessary for men to come to a historical way of thinking, to a concept of history, as the only conception in a higher sense truly worthy of man.

This manner of looking at human evolution from a historical standpoint came about only very slowly; it began in the most primitive conditions. We find this historical evolution first indicated in the Old Testament through the repeated emphasizing of the nature of the people of the Old Testament, how they belong to the bloodstream of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, how the blood flows through successive generations; fundamentally what develops in this people is a form of descent through the blood, of propagation through the blood. As a man progresses through the successive periods in his life and time plays its part in this process, so it is also in the case of the entire people of the Old Testament. And if we examine the process down to its very details we shall find that in truth the sequence of the generations of the Old Testament peoples is analogous to the life of an individual human being insofar as he develops naturally, developing in himself everything that we may think of as being possible through his physical disposition. What could happen as a result of the passing on of his heritage from father to son as an invariable process is described for us in the Old Testament; and it also describes the kind of religious faith that came into being because later generations always clung to those who were their blood relatives. The significance to be attached to the bloodstream in the natural life of the individual human being is made applicable to the entire people of the Old Testament. And just as the soul element, as it were, emerges in individual man at a particular time and plays a specific part in his life, so—and this is an especially interesting fact—does something similar occur in the historical evolution of the Old Testament.

Let us take the case of a child. Here we see that nature predominates; its bodily needs are at first dominant. The soul-element is still concealed within the body; it does not wish to emerge fully. Bodily well-being is produced through pleasant external impressions; unpleasant, painful impressions of the external world are also reflected in the manifestations of the child's soul-nature. Then the child grows up, and through his natural development his soul-element begins to be dominant; we then enter a stage in life—the age varies in different people, but in general this occurs in the twenties—when men give full expression to the element of soul that is within them. Purely bodily pains and necessities recede into the background and the soul configuration emerges in a marked manner. There follows a period during which the soul-element in man is inclined to recede more into the background—and this period will be longer or shorter in different men. It may happen that a man will retain his specific soul-nature his whole life long. Nevertheless something else is really present, even if in his twenties someone persists in emphasizing what he is, as if the world had been only waiting for just that specific soul-element that he bears within him. This is likely to happen especially when a man has strong spiritual potential, as, for example, when he possesses a marked talent for philosophy. It then seems as if the world had only been waiting until he came and established the correct philosophical system, for which only his soul configuration was suited. And it may happen that what is right and good may emerge in this way. Then there comes a time when we begin to see what the world may give through others. Then we allow something different to speak through ourselves, and we take up what others have achieved before us.

The whole body of the ancient Hebrew people is presented in the Old Testament as analogous to an individual man. We see how in the time of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob everything in this people develops through its racial characteristics. And if you follow up what has been described here you will say that it was certain racial characteristics that provided the impulses in the Old Testament. Then came the time when this people formed its soul, in the same way that individual man forms his personal soul in his twenties. It is at this point that the prophet Elijah appears, for Elijah seems in himself like the whole soul peculiar to the Hebrew people. After him came the other prophets of whom I spoke a few days ago, telling you that they were the souls of the widely varying initiates of other peoples who came together in the people of the Old Testament. Now the soul of this people listens to what the souls of the other peoples have to say. What Elijah left behind and what the souls of other peoples have to say through their prophets, who now reincarnate in the people of the Old Testament, is blended as in a great harmony or symphony.

Thus did the body of the old Hebrew people come to maturity. Then in a certain way it dies by retaining only the spiritual, what remains spiritual, in its faith and religion, as we see so wonderfully in the picture of the Maccabees. We could say, “Here appears in a picture of the Maccabees the Old Testament people, now grown old, slowly lying down to rest in its old age, yet at the same time proclaiming, through the sons of the Maccabees, its awareness of the eternity of the human soul. The eternity of individual man confronts us as the consciousness of the people. And it seems as though while the body of the people is sinking to its destruction, its soul continues as a soul seed in an entirely new form. Where is this soul to be found?

This Elijah-soul is at the same time the soul of the Old Testament people, as it enters the Baptist and lives in him. When he was imprisoned and then beheaded by Herod, what happened then to his soul? This we have already indicated. His soul left the body and worked on as an aura; and into the domain of this aura Christ Jesus entered. Where then is the soul of Elijah, the soul of John the Baptist? The Mark Gospel indicates this clearly enough. The soul of John the Baptist, of Elijah, becomes the group soul of the Twelve; it lives, and continues to live in the Twelve. We can say that it is artistically and pictorially shown in a remarkable manner how the teaching of Christ Jesus, his way of teaching, differed when he taught the crowd and when he taught his own individual disciples—and this, even before the Mark Gospel has told us of the death of John the Baptist. We have already spoken of this. However, a change takes place when the soul of Elijah is freed from John the Baptist and works on further in the Twelve as a group soul. And this is indicated, for from this time onward—this is quite clear if we read the passage and reread it—Christ makes greater demands on His disciples than before. He calls upon them to understand higher things. And it is very remarkable what He expects them to understand, and what later on He reproaches them for not understanding. Read it in the Gospel just as it is written. I have already referred to one aspect of these events, namely that mention was made of an increase of bread when Elijah went to the widow at Sareptah, and how, when the soul of Elijah was freed from John the Baptist, again an increase of bread is reported. But now Christ Jesus demands of His disciples that they should understand in particular the meaning of this increase of bread. Before that time He had not spoken to them in such terms. Now they ought to understand what was the destiny of John the Baptist after he had been beheaded through Herod, what happened in the case of the feeding of the five thousand when the fragments of bread were collected in twelve baskets, and what happened when the four thousand were fed from seven loaves and the fragments were collected in seven baskets. So He said to them:

“Do you notice and understand nothing? Are your souls still in the darkness? You have eyes and do not see, ears and do not hear, and you do not think of what I did. I broke the five loaves for the five thousand. How many baskets of the fragments did you gather?” They answered, “Twelve.”

“And when seven loaves were divided among four thousand, how many basketsful of fragments did you gather?” And they answered, “Seven.”

Then he said to them, “Do you still not understand?” (Mark 8:17-21.)

He reproaches them severely because they cannot understand the meaning of these revelations. Why does He do this? Because the thought was in His mind, “Now that the spirit of Elijah has been freed, he lives in you, and you must gradually prove yourselves worthy of his penetration into your souls, so that you may understand things that are higher than what you have hitherto been able to understand.” When Christ Jesus spoke to the crowd, He spoke in parables, in pictures, because there was still in their souls an echo of what had formerly been perceived in the super-sensible world in imaginations, in imaginative knowledge. For this reason He had to speak to the crowd in the way used by the old clairvoyants. To those who came out of the Old Testament people and became His disciples He could interpret the parables in a Socratic manner, in accordance with ordinary human reasoning capacities. He could speak to the new sense that had been given to mankind after the old clairvoyance had died out. But because Elijah's spirit as a group soul came near to the Twelve and permeated them like a common aura, they could, or at least it was possible for them to become in a higher sense clairvoyant. Enlightened as they were through the spirit of Elijah-John they could, when the Twelve were united together, perceive what they could not attain as individual men. It was for this that Christ wished to educate them.

To what end did He wish to educate them? Fundamentally what is this story of the increase of bread, the first time the division of five loaves among five thousand and the gathering of twelve basketsful of fragments? Then the second time, when seven loaves were divided among four thousand, with seven basketsful over? This has been a difficult theme for commentators. In our time they have come to an agreement and simply say that the people had brought bread with them, and when they had been made to sit down in rows they unpacked their fragments. Even those who wish to adhere to the letter of the Gospel story seem to have agreed on this interpretation. But when things are taken in this external manner they are reduced to nothing but external trappings and external ceremony; and one cannot tell why the whole story should have been related at all. On the other hand we cannot of course think of black magic, though if a plentiful quantity of bread had really been conjured up out of five or seven loaves respectively then it would indeed have been black magic. But it can neither be a question of black magic, nor yet a process found satisfactory by Philistines who suppose that the people had brought bread with them and unpacked it. Something special is meant by the story. I have indicated this when I interpreted the other Gospels, and in this Gospel it is clearly indicated what is the point at issue:

And the apostles gathered around Jesus and reported to Him everything they had done and what they had taught. And he said to them: “Withdraw to a solitary place apart and rest for a short time.” (Mark 6:30-31.)

We should pay careful attention to this saying. Christ Jesus sends His apostles away to a solitary place so that they could rest for a while; that is to put themselves into a condition which comes naturally when one goes into solitude. What now do they see? In this different condition what do they see? They are led into a new kind of clairvoyance, which they are able to enter because the spirit of Elijah-John now overshadows them. Until this time Christ has interpreted the parables for them; now He allows a new clairvoyance to come over them. And what do they see? They see in comprehensive pictures the development of humanity, they see how the peoples of the future gradually come near to the Christ Impulse. The disciples see in the spirit what is described here as the multiple increase of bread. It is an act of clairvoyance. And like other such clairvoyant perceptions it flits past if one is not accustomed to it. It is for this reason that the disciples could not understand it for so long.

In the lectures that are to follow we shall have to occupy ourselves ever more intensively with the fact, especially evident in the Mark Gospel, that the stories concerned with outer events in the world of the senses pass over little by little into reports of clairvoyant moments and the Gospel is then understandable only through spiritual research. Let us, for example, imagine ourselves in the period just after the beheading of John, and let us suppose ourselves to be affected by the Christ Impulse, which was already in the world. From the point of view of ordinary sense perception Christ first of all seems to us like a lonely personality, unable to achieve much. But a clairvoyant vision, schooled in a modern manner, perceives the element of time. Christ did not appear only to those who were living then in Palestine, but to all who will appear in future generations. All of them gather around Him; and what He is able to give to them He gives to thousands upon thousands. This is the way the apostles see Him. They see Him actively working from His own epoch onward through countless millennia, casting His impulse forward spiritually into all perspectives of the future. They perceive how all human beings of the future come near. In this process they are indeed in very special measure united with the Christ.

We must especially recognize that from now on the entire presentation of the Mark Gospel is permeated by the spiritual. How the Gospel grows ever more profound because of this permeation we shall perceive in the lectures that are to follow. But let us focus our attention on one thing—a scene that can be understood only through the spiritual scientific method of research. This scene follows closely on the one we have just quoted:

And Jesus and his disciples went into the areas around Caesarea Philippi. And on the way he asked his disciples, “What do people say of me? Who do they say I am?”

So they told him, “Some say you are John the Baptist; others that you are Elijah, and yet others that you are one of the prophets.”

And he asked them, “What about you? Who do you say that I am?”

Peter answered and told him, “You are the Christ.”

And he warned them not to tell anyone about him.

And he began to teach then that the Son of Man must suffer much and be rejected by the elders and the chief priests and the scribes; and that he would undergo death and after three days be raised. And he spoke quite openly of the matter.

Then Peter went close to him and began to scold him. But he turned round and when he saw his disciples he scolded Peter in this way. “Get behind me, Satan! You are thinking only of what is convenient for men, not for God.” (Mark 8:27-33.)

Surely a tough nut for Gospel commentators to crack! For what does the entire passage really mean? Unless we engage in spiritual research nothing in the passage is comprehensible. Christ asks the disciples, “Who do the people say I am?” And they answer, “Some say you are John the Baptist!” But John the Baptist had been beheaded a short time before, and in any event Christ was already teaching while John was still alive! Could the people have been talking such obvious nonsense when they took Christ for John the Baptist while the Baptist was still living? It might have been still acceptable when they said He was Elijah or another prophet. But then Peter says, “You are the Christ!” That is to say, he reveals something of a sublime nature that could have been spoken only from the holiest part of his being. Then, a few lines later, Christ is supposed to have told him, “Satan, get behind me. You are thinking only of what is convenient for men, not for God.” Is it possible for anyone to believe that after Peter had made his sublime affirmation Christ would have insulted him by calling him Satan? Or can one believe what was said just before, that Christ warned them not to tell anyone about Him, that is to say, to tell no one that Peter believes Him to be the Christ? Then the Gospel goes on to say, “He began to teach them that the Son of Man must suffer much, and be rejected and killed, and then after three days be raised. And he spoke quite openly about the matter.” Then after Peter scolded Him because of what He had said He calls Peter a “Satan.” But most curious of all is the remaining passage where it is said that “Jesus and his disciples went into the areas around Caesarea Philippi,” and the rest. The Gospel always tells how they speak to Him, and then later it is said, “and he began to teach them ...” and so on. But then it says, “But he turned around, and when he saw his disciples he scolded Peter.” Earlier it is said that He spoke to them and taught them. Did He do all this with His back turned to them? For it is said that “he turned around and saw his disciples.” Did He really turn His back on them and talk into the air?

You see what a tangle of incomprehensible things is to be found in this single passage. We can only marvel that such things are accepted without ever looking for real and truthful explanations. But if you look at the Gospel commentaries they either hurry over such passages or they are interpreted in a most curious way. It is true that there have been some discussions and controversies; but few will claim they have made them any wiser.

At this moment we wish to stick to only one point, and bring before our souls a picture of what has been said. We pointed out that after the death of John the Baptist when the soul of Elijah-John passed over into the disciples as a group soul, then the first true “miracle” was accomplished, and it will become ever clearer how this word is to be understood. Here we come upon a completely incomprehensible passage in which Christ Jesus is portrayed as having said to His disciples, “What do people believe is now happening?” In truth the question can be put also in this way, for what concerned these people most of all was what the source of these actions was, where these happenings came from. To this the disciples reply, “People think it has something to do with—to use a trivial expression—John the Baptist, or it has to do with Elijah or one of the other prophets. And because of this connection the deeds that we have witnessed have taken place.”

So Christ Jesus then asks, “But where do you believe these things come from?” and now Peter answers, “They come from the fact that you are the Christ.” With these words Peter, in the sense of the Mark Gospel, placed himself through this knowledge at the midpoint of the evolution of mankind. For what did he actually say with these words? Let us picture to ourselves what he said.

In former times it was the initiates who were the great leaders of humanity, those who were taken up to the final stage of initiation in the sacred mysteries. It was these men who approached the gate of death, who had been immersed in the elements, had remained for three days outside their bodies and during these three days were in the super-sensible worlds. Then they were brought back again into their bodies and became thereafter emissaries, ambassadors from the super-sensible worlds. It was always those initiates who had become initiates by means such as these who were the great leaders of mankind. Now Peter says, “You are the Christ,” that is, “You are a leader who has not gone through the mysteries in this way but has come down from the cosmos and become a leader of mankind.” Something which in all other cases had happened in a different way, through initiation, was now to take place on the earth plane once and for all as a historical fact. It was something colossal that Peter had just proclaimed. So what had he to be told? He had to be told that this was something that must not be brought before the people. It is something that according to the most sacred laws of the past must remain a mystery; it is not permissible to speak of the mysteries. That is what Peter had to be told at that moment.

Yet the whole meaning of the further evolution of humanity is that with the Mystery of Golgotha something that otherwise took place only in the depths of the mysteries had now been manifested on the plane of world history. Through what happened on Golgotha, the lying in the grave for three days, the resurrection, through this what otherwise had taken place only in the depths and darkness of the mysteries was placed historically on the earth plane. In other words, the moment in time had now come when what had hitherto been regarded as a sacred law: that silence must be preserved about the mysteries, must be broken. The law that one has to be silent about the mysteries had been established by men. But now, through the Mystery of Golgotha, the mysteries must become manifest! Within the soul of the Christ a decision was taken, the greatest world-historical decision, when He resolved that what until now had always, according to human law, been kept secret must now be made manifest before the sight of all, before world history.

Let us think of this moment in world history when the Christ meditated and reflected in this way, “I am looking at the whole development of mankind. The laws of mankind forbid me to speak about death and resurrection, about raising from the dead, and about the sacred mystery of initiation. Yet no! I have in truth been sent down to the earth by the Gods to make these things manifest. It is not for me to conform to what people say, but I must act in conformity with what the Gods tell me.” It is in this moment that the decision to make the mysteries manifest is prepared. And Christ must shake off the irresolution that might arise from a wish to maintain within human evolution what human commands have enjoined. “Get behind me, irresolution, and decision, grow in me, the decision to place before all mankind what hitherto has been kept in the depths of the mysteries.” Christ addresses His own resolution after He had rejected everything that could make Him irresolute when He says, “Get behind me,” and at this moment He resolves to fulfill what He had been sent down to earth by God to accomplish.

In this passage we have to do with the greatest monologue in world history, the greatest that has ever taken place in the whole of earth evolution, the monologue of a God about making manifest the mysteries. No wonder that the God's monologue is from the beginning incomprehensible to the human intellect. If we wish to penetrate into its depths we must wish, at least in some measure, to make ourselves worthy of understanding the God's monologue through which the deed of the God moves one step further towards realization. More of this tomorrow.

Sechster Vortrag

Gestern wurde versucht, eine Vorstellung zu geben von der Offenbarung des Krishna und ihrer Beziehung zu dem, was später in der Evolution der Menschheit eintritt: zu der Offenbarung durch den Christus. Es wurde namentlich darauf hingewiesen, daß uns die Offenbarung des Krishna erscheinen kann wie der Abschluß einer langen Evolutionsströmung der Menschheit, der Abschluß der hellseherischen, der primitiv hellseherischen Epoche der Menschheitsentwickelung. Wenn wir von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus noch einmal das, was wir gestern über diesen zusammenfassenden Abschluß der KrishnaOffenbarung gewinnen konnten, vor unsere Seele stellen, so können wir sagen: Was innerhalb dieser Offenbarung gewonnen worden ist, das ist eben dadurch in der Menschheitsentwickelung vorhanden, ist aber zu einem gewissen Abschluß gelangt und kann eigentlich nicht weiter erhöht werden. Gewisse Lehren, die damals herabgekommen sind, müssen eben so hingenommen werden, man möchte sagen, durch die ganze folgende Entwickelung, wie sie damals gegeben worden sind.

Nun ist es vonnöten, auf das ganz Eigenartige dieser Offenbarung von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus einzugehen. Man möchte diese Offenbarung eine solche nennen, die nicht in dem eigentlich menschlichen Sinne mit der Zeit und der Folge der Zeit rechnet. Alles, was nicht mit der Zeit als mit einem realen Faktor rechnet, das ist schon in der Lehre des Krishna enthalten. Wie ist das gemeint?

Wir sehen jeden Frühling die Pflanzen aus dem Erdboden hervorbrechen, sehen sie heranwachsen und heranreifen, Früchte bringen, Keime entlassen, und aus diesen Keimen sehen wir, wenn sie wieder in die Erde gesenkt werden, im nächsten Jahre gleiche Pflanzen in derselben Weise hervorwachsen, zu ihrer Höhe herangedeihen und wieder Keime entwickeln. So wiederholt sich dieser Vorgang von Jahr zu Jahr. - Wenn wir rechnen mit Zeitspannen, die der Mensch zunächst überschaut, dann müssen wir sagen: Wir haben es da mit einer richtigen Wiederholung zu tun. Die Maiglöckchen, die Primeln, die Hyazinthen, sie sehen jedes Jahr gleich aus. Was sie sind, wiederholt sich in ihnen in der gleichen Form, in der gleichen Art jedes Jahr. Wir können in einer gewissen Weise noch hinaufsteigen bis zu den Tieren und werden dort ein Ähnliches finden. Denn wenn wir das einzelne Tier betrachten, die einzelne Löwenspezies, die einzelne Hyänenspezies, die einzelne Affenart, dann finden wir, daß in einer gewissen Weise das, was werden soll aus einem solchen Wesen, gleich von Anfang an veranlagt ist. Daher sprechen wir mit einem gewissen Recht bei den Tieren nicht von einer eigentlichen Erziehung. Unverständige Leute fangen allerdings in der neueren Zeit an, allerlei Erziehungs- und pädagogische Begriffe auch bei den Tieren anzuwenden. Aber weder kann das als die Hauptsache angesehen werden, noch kann es bei einer richtigen Charakteristik ins Auge gefaßt werden. Im Grunde genommen sehen wir die Wiederholung auch bewahrheitet in der Natur, wenn wir kleine Zeitspannen ins Auge fassen. Wir sehen Frühling, Sommer, Herbst und Winter in regelmäßiger Wiederholung durch die Jahrhunderte hindurch. Und nur wenn wir recht große Zeitspannen nehmen, wie sie zunächst für die menschliche Beobachtung nicht in Betracht kommen, würden wir so etwas sehen wie die Notwendigkeit des Rechnens mit dem Zeitbegriff, würden uralte Zeiten sehen, wie die Dinge da anders verlaufen als in unseren Zeiten, und würden zum Beispiel darauf eingehen können, daß die Art, wie die Sonne aufgeht und untergeht in der Gegenwart, sich in eine ferne, ferne Zukunft hinein verändert. Aber das sind Gebiete, die sich erst ergeben, wenn wit in die eigentliche Geisteswissenschaft einrücken. Für das, was der Mensch zunächst beobachten kann, man möchte sagen, für die astronomische Natur, gilt auch die Wiederholung, die Wiederholung des Gleichen oder des Ähnlichen, wie wir sie in der alljährlichen Wiederkehr der Pflanzenformen ganz besonders vor uns haben. Bei dieser Wiederholung hat die Zeit als solche nicht eine tiefere Bedeutung. Sie ist nicht im wesentlichen Sinne dadurch, daß sie Zeit ist, ein real wirkender Faktor.

Das ist anders, wenn wir das einzelne Menschenleben betrachten. Wir gliedern ja auch das Menschenleben, wie Sie alle wissen, in aufeinanderfolgende, sich wiederholende Perioden. Wir unterscheiden eine solche Periode von der Geburt bis zum Abschluß der Zahnung, das heißt bis zum siebenten Jahr ungefähr, dann eine Periode vom siebenten bis zum vierzehnten Jahr, bis zur Geschlechtsreife, dann eine vom vierzehnten bis zum einundzwanzigsten Jahr usw. Kurz, wir unterscheiden im einzelnen Menschenleben siebenjährige Perioden. Wir können schon sagen, daß sich in diesen siebenjährigen Perioden gewisse Dinge wiederholen. Aber viel mehr in die Augen springend als die bloße Wiederholung ist etwas anderes, nämlich die fortschreitende Veränderung, der Fortschritt selber, der da vorgegangen ist. Denn ganz anders ist die menschliche Wesenheit in der zweiten siebenjährigen Periode als in der ersten, und wieder anders ist sie in der dritten. Wir können nicht sagen: wie die Pflanze sich in der Pflanze wiederholt, so würde sich in der zweiten siebenjärigen Periode ebenso wiederholen der Mensch der ersten siebenjährigen Periode und so weiter. Da sehen wir im Menschenleben die Zeit in ihrem Fortschreiten eine reale Rolle spielen. Sie bedeutet etwas.

Und wenn wir sehen, wie sich das, was für den einzelnen Menschen also eine Bedeutung hat, auf die ganze Menschheit anwenden läßt, so können wir sagen: Bei der ganzen Menschheit in der aufeinanderfolgenden Entwickelung zeigt sich uns sowohl das eine wie das andere in einer gewissen Weise. Wir brauchen dabei nur bei der sogenannten nachatlantischen Zeit stehenzubleiben. Wir unterscheiden in der nachatlantischen Zeit als erste nachatlantische Kulturperiode die altindische, als zweite die urpersische, als dritte die ägyptisch-chaldäische, als vierte die griechisch-lateinische, als fünfte unsere jetzige, und zwei weitere werden der unsrigen folgen, bis wieder eine große Katastrophe kommen wird. Dieser Fortgang der Evolution zeigt vielfach in den aufeinanderfolgenden Perioden Ähnlichkeiten, die sich in einer gewissen Weise vergleichen lassen mit der Wiederholung des Gleichen, wie wir sie zum Beispiel von Jahr zu Jahr im Pflanzenreich beobachten. Wir sehen, wie solche Perioden dadurch ablaufen, daß in einer gewissen Weise im Beginne solcher Epochen gewisse Offenbarungen an die Menschheit herantreten, gleichsam ein Strom von spirituellem Leben als Impuls der Menschheit gegeben wird, wie in jedem Frühling der Impuls den Pflanzen der Erde gegeben wird. Und dann sehen wir, wie auf diesen ersten Impuls das Weitere gebaut wird, zur Frucht wird und abstirbt, wenn die Periode zu Ende ist, wie die Pflanzen absterben, wenn es gegen den Winter zugeht. Aber daneben zeigt sich in den aufeinanderfolgenden Perioden etwas, was dem Fortschritt des einzelnen Menschen ähnlich ist, und wovon wir sagen können, daß die Zeit dabei eine Rolle spielt, sich als ein realer Faktor erweist. Es ist nicht nur so, daß in der zweiten, urpersischen Epoche die Keime wieder gelegt werden, wie es in der ersten Epoche war, oder daß es in der dritten Periode wieder so ist, wie es in der ersten war, sondern die Impulse sind immer andere, immer mehr gesteigerte, immer neue, wie es im Menschenleben auch ist, daß die einzelnen siebenjährigen Perioden ihre Differenzierung, ihren Fortschritt haben.

Nun war das, was an die Menschheit im Laufe der Zeit herangetreten ist, in der Art an sie herangetreten, daß den Menschen, man möchte sagen, langsam und allmählich die Dinge eröffnet worden sind, welche die Summe der Erkenntnis ausmachten. Nicht alle die Strömungen von Volkstümern haben immer den Sinn gehabt für alles zu gleicher Zeit. So sehen wir, daß in derjenigen Evolutionsströmung der Menschheit, welche gerade mit dem Mysterium von Golgatha ablief, in einer gewissen Weise der Sinn fehlt für die Zeit als einen realen Faktor. Dieser Sinn für die Zeit als einen realen Faktor fehlt im Grunde genommen der ganzen morgenländischen Erkenntnis. Ihr ist besonders eigen der Sinn für die Wiederholung des Gleichen. Daher wird auch alles das, was sich geltend macht in bezug auf die Wiederholung des Gleichen, in grandioser Weise erfaßt von der Erkenntnis des Morgenlandes.

Was kommt da in Betracht, wenn wir die Wiederholung des Gleichen in den aufeinanderfolgenden Kulturperioden ins Auge fassen? Nehmen wir es an dem Beispiel des Pflanzenwachstums. Da sehen wir, wie im Frühling die Pflanzen herausbrechen aus der Erde. Wir haben es mit ihrer Schöpfung zu tun. Wir sehen, wie diese Pflanzen wachsen und gedeihen, bis sie einen gewissen Höhepunkt erreicht haben, wie sie dann wieder absterben und, indem sie absterben, wieder schon den Keim zu einer neuen Pflanze in sich tragen. Wir haben es also mit einem dreifachen Schritt im Werden zu tun: mit Entstehen, mit Wachsen und Gedeihen und mit Absterben, und haben im Absterben wieder den Keim zu einem Gleichen. Wo es nicht besonders auf die Zeit ankommt, wo es auf die Wiederholung ankommt, ist dieses sich wiederholende Prinzip immer am allerbesten in der Dreizahl zu fassen. Den Sinn des sich wiederholenden Werdens durch die Dreizahl zu fassen, das lag insbesondere in den Begabungen der morgenländischen Weisheit, lag besonders in der Weisheit, die dem Christentum vorangegangen ist. Und in der einseitigen Hinneigung zu dem zeitlosen sozusagen, dem sich wiederholenden Geschehen ist bedingt die Größe dieser alten Weltanschauung. Und da, wo sie zu ihrem Abschluß kommt, treten uns überall entgegen die Trinitäten, die im Grunde genommen der hellseherische Ausdruck dessen sind, was hinter Entstehen, Vergehen und Wiederherstellen ist. Brahma, Shiva, Vishnu, diese Dreiheit liegt überall als schöpferische Mächte zugrunde. Sie wurde in der Zeit, die der Krishna-Offenbarung vorangeht, als durch Hellsehen zu erreichende Dreiheit, sagen wir von Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, erkannt. Und das Abbild von dieser Dreiheit ist überall da vorhanden, wo man nicht mit der Zeit anders rechnet als mit der aufeinanderfolgenden Wiederholung des Gleichen.

Das ist der Sinn in bezug auf die Erkenntnis einer neuen Zeit, daß die Begabung eintritt, historisch, geschichtlich zu sehen, das heißt, die Zeit mitzurechnen bei dem, was eigentlich für die Evolution in Betracht kommt, die Zeit als einen realen Faktor aufzufassen. Das aber war insbesondere der Erkenntnis des Abendlandes vorbehalten, historischen Sinn zu entwickeln, Geschichte in ihrer Wahrheit zu durchschauen. Und darin unterscheiden sich die beiden Evolutionsströmungen des Morgenlandes und des Abendlandes, daß das Morgenland ungeschichtlich, unhistorisch, aber ungeschichtlich und unhistorisch in höchster Vollendung die Welt anschaut, während das Abendland zunächst beginnt, auf einen Impuls hin historisch, geschichtlich die Welt anzuschauen. Und die Anregung zu einem geschichtlichen Anschauen geht aus von der althebräischen Weltanschauung. Die gibt den ersten Impuls zum geschichtlichen Anschauen.

Betrachten wir jetzt einmal nebeneinander, was die eigentlichen Essenzen morgenländischer Weltanschauungen sind. Da wird uns immer von den sich wiederholenden Weltenaltern erzählt. Es wird uns erzählt, was am Anfange des ersten, was am Ende des ersten Weltenalters geschieht. Dann wird erzählt der Beginn des zweiten Weltenalters, das Ende des zweiten Weltenalters, der Beginn des dritten, das Ende des dritten Weltenalters. Und richtig wird das Geheimnis des Weltenwerdens zur Zeit des Krishna so hingestellt, daß gesagt wird: Als die alte Kultur des dritten Weltenalters dürr und trocken geworden war, als die alte Kultur in ihren Herbst und Winter einrückte, da erschien als der Sohn des Vasudeva und der Devaki der Krishna, um zusammenzufassen für später, das heißt für den vierten Zeitraum, was sich als Keim, als neuer Same herüberbringen ließ aus dem dritten in den vierten Zeitraum. Die einzelnen Weltenalter erschienen einem so wie die aufeinanderfolgenden Jahre in bezug auf das Pflanzenwachstum. Zyklen von Zeiten, die das Sich-Wiederholende zum Inhalt haben, das ist das wesentliche Element der morgenländischen Weltanschauungen.

Nun vergleichen wir mit diesen Weltanschauungen in ihrer tiefsten Struktur, in ihrer Zeitlosigkeit dasjenige, was uns gleich im Alten Testament entgegentritt. Oh, es ist ein beträchtlicher Unterschied gegenüber den morgenländischen Weltanschauungen! Da sehen wir, wie eine fortlaufende, reale Zeitlinie sich einlagert. Erst werden wir hingeführt zur Genesis, zur Schöpfung, und angegliedert wird an die Schöpfung die Menschheitsgeschichte. Wir sehen einen fortlaufenden Gang durch die sieben Schöpfungstage hindurch, durch die Patriarchenzeit hindurch; von Abraham herunter durch Isaak und Jakob alles Werden, alles Geschichte. Wo wiederholt sich etwas? Nicht wird der erste Schöpfungstag in abstrakter Weise wiederholt in dem zweiten. Nicht werden die Patriarchen wiederholt in den Propheten. Die Königszeit wiederholt nicht die Richterzeit und so weiter. Dann tritt die Zeit der Gefangenschaft ein. Überall werden wir hingeführt in den ganzen dramatischen Fortgang, wo die Zeit eine reale Rolle spielt wie im einzelnen Menschenleben. Durch das ganze Alte Testament wird uns die Zeit als ein realer Faktor des Geschehens gezeigt, abgesehen von dem, was sich wiederholt. Der Fortschritt ist das, was als ein besonderes Element eintritt in die Darstellung des Alten Testamentes. Das erste große Beispiel einer historischen Betrachtungsweise ist dieses Alte Testament. Dadurch wird dem Abendlande das Vermächtnis übergeben zur historischen Betrachtungsweise.

Langsam und allmählich lernen erst die Menschen, was ihnen geoffenbart wird im Laufe der Zeit. Und so darf man sagen, daß immer wieder gerade dann, wenn in einem gewissen Sinne neue Offenbarungen kommen, eine Art Rückfall in das Vorhergehende stattfindet. Großes und Bedeutsames ist im Anfange der theosophischen Bewegung geoffenbart worden. Allein gerade das Merkwürdige ist eingetreten, daß gleich vom Beginn an die historische Betrachtungsweise dieses theosophische Leben wenig durchzogen hat. Davon können Sie sich insbesondere überzeugen, wenn Sie einen Blick werfen in ein sonst ausgezeichnetes, verdienstvolles Buch, in den «Esoterischen Buddhismus» von Sinnett. Alle Kapitel, die dort von Geschichte durchdrungen sind, werden für das abendländische Gemüt gut annehmbar sein. Aber daneben ist ein anderes Element, das wir das «unhistorische Element » nennen können, jenes sonderbare Element, wo geredet wird von großen und kleinen Zyklen, von dem Fortgang in Runden und Rassen, und wo immer die Sache so dargestellt wird, als wenn die Wiederholung die Hauptsache wäre, wie auf die zweite Runde die dritte folgt, wie auf die eine Hauptrasse die andere Hauptrasse, auf die eine Unterrasse die andere Unterrasse folgt und so weiter. Man kommt wirklich in eine Art von Räderwerk hinein und legt den Hauptwert auf die Wiederholung. Das war ein Rückfall in eine bereits überwundene Denkweise der Menschheit.

Diejenige Denkweise, welche sich als der abendländischen Kultur angemessen ergibt, ist aber die historische. Und was ist die Folge dieses historischen Elementes der abendländischen Kultur? Eben die Erkenntnis des einen Brennpunktes alles Erdenwerdens. Das Morgenland betrachtete das Werden wie den sich wiederholenden Pflanzenvorgang eines jeden Jahres. So traten in jeder Periode die einzelnen großen Initiierten auf und wiederholten - wenigstens betont man vorzugsweise das, was sie wiederholten -, was schon früher da war. Man betont besonders in abstrakter Weise, daß ein jedes nur die besondere Ausgestaltung ist des einen, was sich da von Epoche zu Epoche fortentwickelt. Man hatte das besondere Interesse, das sich fortentwikkelnde Gleiche so darzustellen, wie man im Pflanzlichen durchaus das, was sich als Form offenbart, beachtet, und nicht die einzelnen Jahre unterscheidet. Nur in einem besonderen Falle beachtet der Mensch, wie sich auch im Pflanzenleben die einzelnen Jahre unterscheiden. Wenn er eine Lilie oder ein Weinblatt beschreiben will, kommt es ihm nicht darauf an, ob die Pflanze im Jahre 1857 oder im Jahre 1867 gewachsen ist; denn die Lilien gleichen sich, sie sind Ausprägungen der einen Lilienart. Nur, man möchte sagen, da, wo dieses allgemeine, sich wiederholende gleichartige «Apollinische» auch im Pflanzenwachstum ins «Dionysische » übergeht, da legt der Mensch einen besonderen Wert auch darauf, daß sich die einzelnen « Jahrgänge » unterscheiden: in den Weinjahren. Da kommt es ihm darauf an, zu unterscheiden; aber sonst hat er kein Interesse zu sagen: Dies ist die Form der Lilie vom Jahre 1890 oder 1895.

So hatte das Morgenland in einem gewissen Sinne auch kein rechtes Interesse daran - obwohl man den Vergleich nicht pressen darf -, die Verkörperung des Bodhisattva im dritten Zeitalter zu unterscheiden von der im zweiten oder im ersten Zeitalter. Es war die Verkörperung des «einen». Dieses Hinlenken auf das Eine, dieses abstrakte Zuspitzen auf das Gleiche macht das Unhistorische der morgenländischen Betrachtung aus, und es macht im Grunde genommen das Unhistorische aller Betrachtungen der vorchristlichen Zeitalter aus, außer der historischen Betrachtung des Alten Testamentes. Mit dem Alten Testament trat vorbereitend - und mit dem Neuen Testament in gröBerer Vollendung - die historische Betrachtung ein. Da kommt es denn darauf an, die Linie des Werdens als solche als ein Ganzes anzusehen. Da muß man nicht bloß auf das hinsehen, was in den einzelnen Zyklen wiederkehrt, sondern auf das, was den Brennpunkt alles Werdens ausmacht. Und da tritt dann das ins Recht, daß man sagt: Es ist ein einfaches Unding, davon zu sprechen, daß es einen solchen Brennpunkt des Werdens nicht geben soll.

Hier liegt der Punkt, wo sich die verschiedenen Völker über den Erdenkreis hin erst über das historische Werden verständigen müssen, wo sie sich erst klarwerden müssen, daß dieses Historische zu einer wirklich realen Menschheitsbetrachtung unbedingt notwendig ist. Man wird es heute noch erleben können, auch wenn nicht irgendein fanatisches oder konfessionelles, sondern ein wirklich gemeintes Christentum nach dem Orient gebracht wird und sich nur objektiv neben den anderen Religionen des Orients geltend machen will, daß dann gesagt wird: Ihr habt doch nur den einen Gott, der sich nur einmal in Palästina verkörpert hat; wir aber haben viele Verkörperungen des Gottes; da sind wir euch voraus. Diese Antwort wird eine ganz selbstverständliche sein vom Standpunkte des Morgenländers. Sie hängt zusammen mit seiner besonderen Begabung für das Hinsehen auf die Wiederholung des einen. Für den Abendländer aber muß gelten, daß das Ganze einen Schwerpunkt hat. Wenn daher von mehreren Verkörperungen des Christus gesprochen wird, so ist das derselbe Fehler, als wenn jemand sagen würde: Ja, man macht den Unsinn, zu sagen, daß man für die Waage nur einen Unterstützungspunkt brauche, daß auf der einen Seite die I.ast angreife und auf der anderen Seite die Gewichte; unterstützen wir die Waage an zwei, drei, vier Punkten! - Das ist aber ein Unsinn. Eine Waage kann nur einen Unterstützungspunkt haben. Und will man das ganze Werden verstehen, so muß man den einen Unterstützungspunkt, den einen Schwerpunkt, aufsuchen und nicht glauben, daß man besser fährt, wenn man aufeinanderfolgende Verkörperungen des Christus sucht. In dieser Beziehung werden sich die Nationen, die Völker, über den Erdkreis hin zu verständigen haben, daß im Laufe der Geschichte selbst die historische Denkweise, die historische Auffassung als die im höheren Sinne menschenwürdige erst eintreten mußte.

Langsam geschah es, indem diese historische Art, das Menschenwerden anzuschauen, man möchte sagen, zuerst von den primitivsten Zuständen ausgegangen ist. Da finden wir, daß dieses geschichtliche Werden im Alten Testamente uns zuerst angedeutet wird durch das immer wiederkehrende Betonen, wie es das Wesen des alttestamentlichen Volkes ausmacht, daß man sagen kann, sie gehören zu dem Blut von Abraham, Isaak und Jakob; es rinnt durch die aufeinanderfolgenden Generationen hindurch, und was sich entwickelt, ist im Grunde genommen eine Form der Blutabstammung, der Blutfortpflanzung. Wie ein Mensch in der Aufeinanderfolge seiner Lebensepochen den Fortschritt zeigt, so daß die Zeit darin eine Rolle spielt, so ist das beim ganzen alttestamentlichen Volke der Fall. Und man wird, wenn man auf die genaueren Einzelheiten eingeht, tatsächlich diesen Verlauf der Generationen des alttestamentlichen Volkes so ähnlich auffassen können wie das Leben eines einzelnen Menschen, insofern er sich naturgemäß entwickelt, insofern er das in sich entwickelt, was sozusagen entwickelt werden kann am Menschen vermöge der physischen Anlage. Was dadurch geschehen konnte, daß immer überging das Väterliche auf den Sohn und so weiter, und so weiter, das wird uns geschildert im Alten Testament. Und was entstehen konnte an Bekenntnissen des Glaubens dadurch, daß die Nachkommen immer festhielten an denjenigen, mit denen sie blutsverwandt waren, das wird geschildert. Was im natürlichen Leben des einzelnen Menschen durch das Blut bedeutungsvoll geschieht, das wird angewendet auf den ganzen Körper des alttestamentlichen Volkes. Und wie im einzelnen Menschen zu einer gewissen Zeit sozusagen das seelische Element besonders herauskommt, wie dieses seelische Element eine besondere Rolle spielt, so wird das auch — und das ist ganz besonders interessant - in der geschichtlichen Entwickelung des Alten Testamentes schon festgehalten.

Betrachten wir das Kind. Da werden wir sehen, daß bei ihm das Natürliche überwiegt. Die Bedürfnisse des Leibes überwiegen zunächst. Das Seelische steckt noch drinnen im Leibe, es will noch nicht ganz heraus. Wohlsein des Leibes wird bewirkt durch angenehme Eindrücke der Außenwelt. Unangenehme, peinliche Eindrücke der AuBenwelt äußern sich auch in den seelischen Äußerungen des Kindes. Dann wächst der Mensch heran. Durch das, was sich in ihm natürlich entwickelt, gewinnt allmählich das Seelische die Oberhand, und wir treten in ein Lebensalter ein - es wird bei den verschiedenen Menschen verschieden liegen, aber im wesentlichen ist es so in den Zwanzigerjahren -, da wird der Mensch so recht herausbringen, was seelisch in ihm ist. Da wird zurücktreten, was rein körperliche Schmerzen und Bedürfnisse sind; die seelische Konfiguration kommt besonders heraus. Dann tritt die Zeit ein, wo der Mensch geeigneter wird, dieses Seelische, das in ihm selbst ist, mehr in den Hintergrund treten zu lassen. Das dauert wieder beim einen länger, beim andern kürzer. Vielleicht bleibt einer auch ganz dabei, dieses ihm eigentümliche Seelische sein ganzes Leben hindurch festzuhalten. Aber es ist doch auch anderes vorhanden, wenn auch der Mensch oft in den Zwanzigerjahren so recht herausstellt, was er ist, daß es ihm vorkommt, als hätte die Welt nur gewartet auf das spezifische Seelische, das er hat. Insbesondere, wenn jemand starke geistige Anlagen hat, kommt dies heraus, so zum Beispiel, wenn jemand besondere philosophische Anlagen hat. Da zeigt es sich dann so, als ob die Welt nur darauf gewartet hätte, bis er kommt und das richtige philosophische System aufstellt, denn nur sein Seelisches ist dafür geeignet. Aber es kann auch das Richtige und Gute dabei herauskommen. Dann kommt die Zeit, in welcher man beginnt, das zu sehen, was die Welt durch andere hergeben kann, wo man anderes durch sich sprechen läßt, wo man aufnimmt, was bisher geleistet worden ist.

So, wie der einzelne Mensch ist, so stellt das Alte Testament den ganzen Körper des althebräischen Volkes dar. Wir sehen, was sich durch die Rasseneigentümlichkeiten dieses Volkes alles entwickelt in der Zeit des Abraham, Isaak und Jakob, wie alles davon abhängt, daß dieses Volk gerade diese Bluts- und Rasseneigentümlichkeiten hat. Und verfolgen Sie, was da geschildert wird, dann werden Sie sagen: Bis zu einem bestimmten Moment treten gewisse Rasseneigentümlichkeiten als das die Impulse Gebende im Alten Testament auf. Dann kommt die Zeit, da dieses Volk seine Seele ausbildet, was sich so ausnimmt, wie der einzelne Mensch sein Seelisches in den Zwanzigerjahren hinstellt. Das ist da, wo der Prophet Elias auftritt, denn der Prophet Elias erscheint wie die ganze eigentümliche Seele des althebräischen Volkes. Dann kommen die anderen Propheten, von denen ich Ihnen vor einigen Tagen sagen konnte, daß sie die Seelen der verschiedensten Eingeweihten der anderen Völker sind, die sich in dem alttestamentlichen Volke versammeln. Da hört die Seele dieses Volkes auf dasjenige, was die Seelen der anderen Völker zu sagen haben. Wie in einer großen Harmonie, wie in einer Symphonie vermischt sich das, was von Elias bleibt und was die Seelen der anderen Völker durch die anderen Propheten zu sagen haben, die sich in dem alttestamentlichen Volke verkörpern.

So reift dieser Körper des althebräischen Volkes heran. Und er stirbt in einer gewissen Weise, indem er nur das Geistige, das, was geistig bleibt, in seinen Glauben, in sein Bekenntnis aufnimmt, wie wir es so herrlich sehen an der Darstellung der Makkabäer. Man möchte sagen: In dieser Darstellung der Makkabäer erscheint das altgewordene Volk des Alten Testamentes, das sich allmählich als altgewordenes Volk zur Ruhe legt, aber das Bewußtsein von der Ewigkeit der Menschenseele aus den Makkabäersöhnen unmittelbar kundgibt. Die Ewigkeit des einzelnen tritt uns als Bewußtsein des Volkes entgegen. Und es ist jetzt, indem der Körper des Volkes selber zugrunde geht, wie wenn diese Seele als Seelensame in einer ganz neuen Gestalt bleibt. Wo ist sie, diese Seele?

Diese Elias-Seele, zugleich ist sie die Seele des alttestamentlichen Volkes, als sie in den Täufer eintritt, im Täufer lebt. Da er gefangengesetzt und dann von Herodes geköpft wird, was geschieht da mit dieser Seele? Wir haben es schon angedeutet. Diese Seele wird selbständig, verläßt den Leib, wirkt aber wie eine Aura weiter, und in das Gebiet dieser Aura tritt cin der Christus Jesus. Wo aber ist die Seele des Elias, die Seele Johannes des Täufers? Es ist im Markus-Evangelium deutlich genug angedeutet. Die Seele Johannes des Täufers, die Seele des Elias, sie wird die Gruppenseele der Zwölf, sie lebt in den Zwölfen und lebt in den Zwölfen weiter. Sehr, sehr merkwürdig wird uns das, man möchte sagen, in jener Art, wie künstlerisch gezeichnet wird, angedeutet, indem uns erzählt wird, bevor im Markus-Evangelium von dem Tode Johannes des Täufers gesprochen wird, wie der Unterricht sozusagen, die Lehrweise des Christus Jesus zu der großen Menge ist und wie zu seinen einzelnen Schülern. Wir haben davon gesprochen. Aber das ändert sich, als die Elias-Seele von Johannes dem Täufer frei wird, als sie wie eine Gruppenseele in den Zwölfen weiterlebt. Und das wird angedeutet. Denn von da ab - lesen Sie nach, man merkt es ganz deutlich - macht der Christus an seine Zwölf höhere Ansprüche als vorher. Er fordert von ihnen, daß sie Höheres verstehen. Und das sehr Merkwürdige ist dies, was sie gerade verstehen sollen und was es ist, das er, weil sie es nicht verstehen, ihnen später zum Vorwurf macht. Lesen Sie in diesem Buche genau! Auf die eine Seite der Dinge habe ich bereits hingewiesen: daß von einer Brotvermehrung die Rede ist, als Elias zu der Witwe nach Sarepta kommt, und daß, als die Elias-Seele frei wird von Johannes dem Täufer, wieder von einer Brotvermehrung berichtet wird. Aber jetzt verlangt der Christus gerade von seinen Jüngern, daß sie den Sinn dieser Brotvermehrung ganz besonders verstehen sollen. Vorher spricht er solche Art von Worten nicht zu ihnen. Dann aber, als sie verstehen sollen, was das Schicksal Johannes des Täufers nach der Enthauptung durch Herodes ist, was durch die fünf Brote mit den Fünftausend geschieht, wo die Brocken in zwölf Körben gesammelt werden, und was mit den sieben Broten und den Viertausend geschieht, wo die Brocken in sieben Körben gesammelt werden, da sagt er zu ihnen:

«Merket und verstehet ihr noch nichts? Bleibt es bei der Verfinsterung eurer Seele?

Ihr habt Augen und sehet nicht, Ohren und höret nicht, und denket nicht daran, da ich die fünf Brote gebrochen habe für die Fünftausend. Wieviel Körbe voll Brocken habt ihr da aufgehoben? Sie sagen zu ihm: Zwölf.

Und wie dann die sieben Brote unter die Viertausend, wieviel Handkörbe voll Brocken habt ihr aufgehoben? Und sie sagen zu ihm: Sieben.

Und er sagt zu ihnen: «Verstehet ihr noch nicht?» (8, 17-21.)

Er macht ihnen den schweren Vorwurf, daß sie das, was in diesen Offenbarungen enthalten ist, nicht verstehen können. Warum? Weil er im Sinne hat: Jetzt ist der Geist des Elias freigeworden, er lebt in euch, und ihr müßt euch nach und nach würdig erzeigen, daß er in eure Seele eindringt, daß ihr Höheres verstehen könnt, als ihr früher verstanden habt. Wenn der Christus Jesus zur Menge sprach, so sprach er in Gleichnissen, in Bildern, weil diese Menschen noch den Nachklang derjenigen bildeten, die das Übersinnliche gesehen haben in den Imaginationen, in der imaginativen Erkenntnis; so daß er zur Menge sprechen mußte in der Art, wie die alten Hellseher gesprochen haben. Sokratisch, das heißt nach der gewöhnlichen Vernunft auslegen konnte er es denen, die als seine Jünger aus dem alttestamentlichen Volke hervorgegangen sind. Er konnte ihnen die Gleichnisse auslegen. Er konnte zu dem neuen Sinn sprechen, zu dem, was für die Menschheit gewöhnlich geworden war, nachdem das alte Hellsehen verglommen war. Aber dadurch, daß der Geist des Elias als eine Gruppenseele an die Zwölf herangetreten ist, sie durchsetzt hat wie eine gemeinsame Aura, dadurch wurden sie in einem höheren Sinne oder konnten wenigstens in einem höheren Sinne hellsichtig werden, konnten das, was sie als einzelne nicht erlangen konnten, als Zwölf zusammen, erleuchtet durch den Geist des Elias-Johannes, erschauen. Dazu wollte der Christus sie erziehen.

Zu was wollte er sie erziehen? Was ist denn eigentlich im Grunde genommen diese ganze Erzählung von der Brotvermehrung, das eine Mal durch Verteilung von fünf Broten unter Fünftausend, die Überreste geben zwölf Körbe voll; das zweite Mal durch Verteilung von sieben Broten unter Viertausend, die Überreste geben sieben Körbe voll? Ja, das war immer eine sonderbare Sache für die Bibelerklärer. Heute sind die Erklärer darin übereingekommen, daß sie sagen: Die Leute haben halt Brot mit sich gehabt; und als sie angeordnet worden sind, reihenweise, da haben sie ihre Brocken ausgepackt. Das ist ja das, was heute sozusagen als Übereinkommen selbst bei denjenigen dasteht, die so recht festhalten wollen am Evangelium. Wenn man allerdings die Sachen in dieser äußerlichen Weise nimmt, dann sinken sie zu einer äußeren Draperie, zu einer äußern Zeremonie herunter. Man weiß nicht, warum dann die ganze Sache erzählt wird. Auf der anderen Seite darf man natürlich auch nicht an schwarze Magie denken; denn das wirkliche Hervorzaubern von einer ausgiebigen Menge Brot aus fünf, beziehungsweise sieben Broten wäre schwarze Magie. Aber cs kann sich nicht um schwarze Magie handeln, auch nicht um einen Vorgang, der besonders zurechtgerückt erscheint für die Philister, wie wenn die Leute Brot mitgebracht und ausgepackt hätten. Es ist dabei etwas Besonderes gemeint. Ich habe schon bei der Auslegung der verschiedenen anderen Evangelien darauf hingedeutet, und es wird im Evangelium selbst deutlich genug darauf hingewiesen, um was es sich handelt.

«Und die Apostel sammelten sich bei Jesus und berichteten ihm alles, was sie getan und was sie gelehrt hatten.

Und er sagte zu ihnen: Zieht euch zurück bei seit an einen einsamen Ort und ruhet ein wenig aus.» (6, 30-31.)

Diesen Ausspruch sollen wir wohl ins Auge fassen. Der Christus Jesus schickt die Apostel an einen einsamen Ort, daß sie ein wenig ausruhen, das heißt, daß sie sich in einen Zustand versetzen, in den man eben kommt, wenn man in die Einsamkeit geht. Und was sehen sie da? Was sehen sie da in einem anderen Zustande? Sie werden geführt zu einer Art von neuem Hellsehen, in das sie dadurch versetzt werden, daß der Geist des Elias-Johannes über sie kommt. Bis dahin hat der Christus ihnen die Gleichnisse ausgelegt, jetzt läßt er über sie kommen ein neues Hellsehen. Und was sehen sie? Sie sehen in umfassenden Bildern die Menschheitsentwickelung, sie sehen die Zukunft, sie sehen, wie allmählich heranrücken zu dem, was der Impuls des Christus ist, die Menschen der Zukunft. Was hier erzählt wird als die zweimalige Brotvermehrung, im Geistigen haben es die Jünger gesehen. Ein hellseherischer Akt ist es. Und als hellseherischer Akt ist er so wie ein anderer hellseherischer Akt: er huscht vorüber zunächst, wenn man seiner ungewohnt ist. Daher verstehen die Jünger ihn so lange nicht.

Das ist es überhaupt, was uns nun in den folgenden Vorträgen immer intensiver beschäftigen wird — am meisten wird es ersichtlich im Markus-Evangelium -, daß die Erzählungen vom äußeren Sinnensein übergehen in Wiedergabe von hellseherischen Momenten und daß wir das Evangelium nur verstehen, wenn wir es vom Gesichtspunkte der geistigen Forschung aus auffassen. Da steht man, sagen wir, in der Zeit, von der die Rede ist, nach der Enthauptung des Johannes, hat auf sich wirken lassen den Christus-Impuls; der steht da in der Welt. Mit dem äußeren Blick der Sinne erscheint einem zunächst der Christus selber als die einsame Persönlichkeit, die nicht viel wirken kann. In den im gegenwärtigen Sinne geschulten hellseherischen Blick tritt die Zeit ein! Der Christus tritt nicht nur unter diejenigen, die damals in Palästina waren, sondern auch unter diejenigen, welche da in allen folgenden Geschlechtern aufgehen werden. Sie alle versammeln sich um ihn, und was er ihnen geben kann, das gibt er für Tausende und aber Tausende. Und so sehen ihn die Apostel, die Zwölf. So sehen sie ihn wirken, von damals ausgehend und durch die Jahrtausende hindurch, wie er geistig den Impuls in alle Perspektiven der Zukunft hineinwirft, wie herbeikommen alle die zukünftigen Menschen. Das schauen sie. Es ist ein Vorgang, wo sie im besonderen Maße im Geiste mit dem Christus verbunden sind.

Das müssen wir insbesondere ins Auge fassen, daß das Spirituelle von jetzt ab die ganze Darstellung des Markus-Evangeliums zu durchdringen beginnt. Wie das eigentümlich ist und wie das Evangelium immer mehr wächst und wächst, wenn man dies ins Auge faßt, das wird uns in den folgenden Vorträgen noch beschäftigen. Jetzt aber sei auf eines aufmerksam gemacht. Auf eine Szene sei hingewiesen, die nur verstanden werden kann durch diese geisteswissenschaftliche Art der Forschung. Es ist die Szene, welche bald nach der eben angeführten eintrat.

«Und Jesus und seine Jünger zogen hinaus in die Ortschaften bei Cäsarea Philippi. Und unterwegs befragte er seine Jünger also: Was sagen die Leute von mir, wer ich sei?

Sie aber sagten zu ihm: Einige sagen, du seist Johannes der Täufer; und andere sagen, du seist Elias; andere aber, du seist einer von den Propheten.

Und er befragte sie: Ihr aber, was sagt ihr, wer ich sei? Antwortete ihm Petrus und sagte zu ihm: Du bist der Christus.

Und er bedräute sie, daß sie niemandem von ihm sagen sollten.

Und er begann sie zu belehren, daß der Sohn des Menschen viel leiden müsse und verworfen werde von den Ältesten und den Hohepriestern und den Schriftgelehrten, und den Tod erleiden werde und nach drei Tagen auferweckt werde.

Und er redete ganz offen davon. Und Petrus zog ihn an sich heran und begann ihn zu schelten.

Er aber wandte sich um, und da er seine Jünger sah, schalt er den Petrus also: Weiche hinter mich, Satan! du denkst nicht, was Gott ansteht, sondern was den Menschen.» (8, 27-33.)

Man möchte sagen: eine harte Nuß für die Evangelienforschung! Denn was ist eigentlich alles in dieser Stelle? Es ist eigentlich, wenn man nicht in die spirituelle Forschung einrücken will, alles darin so, daß man es nicht verstehen kann. Der Christus fragt die Jünger: «Was sagen die Leute, wer ich sei?» Und sie antworten: «Einige sagen, du seist Johannes der Täufer.» Aber Johannes der Täufer ist doch kurz vorher enthauptet worden, und der Christus hat doch schon gelehrt, als Johannes der Täufer noch da war. Sollen die Leute offenbaren Unsinn reden, wenn sie den Christus für den Täufer Johannes halten und der Täufer doch noch da ist? Wenn sie sagen, er sei Elias oder ein anderer Prophet, so ginge das noch an. Nun aber, Petrus sagt: «Du bist der Christus», das heißt, er tut etwas kund, was ganz großartig ist, was nur das Heiligste in ihm sprechen kann. Und wenige Zeilen darnach soll der Christus zu ihm sagen: «Satan, weiche hinter mich! du sagst etwas, was Gott nicht ansteht, sondern den Menschen »? Kann jemand glauben, daß, nachdem Petrus diese großartigen Dinge gesagt hat, ihn der Christus mit «Satan » beschimpft? Oder kann man verstehen, wenn vorher gesagt wird: «Er bedräute sie, daß sie niemand davon sagen sollten», also, das heißt: Sagt keinem, daß der Petrus ihn für den Christus hält? Und dann heißt es weiter: «Er begann sie zu lehren, daß des Menschen Sohn viel leiden müsse, verworfen werde, getötet werde und nach drei Tagen auferweckt werde. Und er redete ganz offen davon.» Und dann, nachdem ihn der Petrus deswegen schilt, nennt er den Petrus einen «Satan ». Und das Kurioseste, was noch darinnen liegt: es heißt: «Und Jesus und seine Jünger zogen hinaus in die Ortschaften von Cäsarea Philippi » und so weiter; immer wird erzählt, wie sie zu ihm sprechen, und dann wird noch einmal gesagt: «Und er begann sie zu belehren» und so weiter. Dann aber heißt es: «Er aber wandte sich um, und da er seine Jünger sah, schalt er den Petrus.» Also vorher ist gesagt: Er sprach zu ihnen, er belehrte sie. Ja, hat er das alles getan, indem er mit dem Rücken zu ihnen gewendet war? Denn es heißt dann: «Er wandte sich um und sah seine Jünger.» Hat er ihnen denn den Rücken zugewendet und in die Luft gesprochen?

Sie sehen: ein ganzes Knäuel von Unverständlichkeiten liegt in dieser einzelnen Stelle. Man wundert sich nur, daß solche Dinge hingenommen werden, ohne daß wahrhafte und wirkliche, reale Erklärungen gesucht werden. Aber gehen Sie die Evangelienerklärung durch: entweder huscht man über solche Stellen hinweg, oder man sucht das Allerkurioseste anzuführen. Auch Streite und Diskussionen waren da; wenige aber werden behaupten, daß sie durch solche Diskussionen gescheiter geworden sind.

Nun wollen wir nur das eine festhalten und vor unsere Seele hinstellen, was gesagt ist. Nachdem wir angedeutet haben, daß nach dem Tode Johannes des Täufers, da die Elias-Johannes-Seele übergeht als eine Gruppenseele in die Jünger, das erste wirkliche «Wunder» vollbracht wird, von dem wir aber immer mehr und mehr sehen werden, wie es zu verstehen ist, da finden wir eine vollständig unverständliche Stelle, in der dargestellt wird: der Christus Jesus spricht zu seinen Jüngern, fragt sie: «Was glauben die Leute, was jetzt geschieht? » Nicht wahr, diese Frage darf man auch so stellen; denn den Leuten kam es vor allen Dingen darauf an, wovon die Wirkungen ausgehen, die jetzt geschehen. Darauf antworten die Jünger: «Die Leute meinen, es gehe» - wenn wir einen trivialen Ausdruck gebrauchen wollen — «Johannes der Täufer um, oder es gehe der Elias um oder ein anderer der Propheten; und dadurch, daß dies geschieht, geschähen die Wirkungen, die eben beobachtet worden sind.» - «Aber wovon glaubt ihr», so fragt der Christus Jesus, «daß die Dinge herkommen?» Da sagt Petrus: «Sie kommen davon her, daß du der Christus bist.» Damit hat Petrus im Sinne des Markus-Evangeliums sich selber in seiner Erkenntnis hingestellt wie den Knotenpunkt in der Menschheitsentwickelung. Denn was hat er damit eigentlich gesagt? Stellen wir uns vor Augen, was er gesagt hat.

Diejenigen, welche die großen Menschheitsführer waren in der vorhergehenden Zeit, das waren die Initiierten, die bis zum letzten Akt der Initiation in den heiligen Mysterien geführt worden waren. Es waren die, welche bis an die Pforte des Todes herangetreten waren, die in die Elemente untergetaucht waren, drei Tage außerhalb ihres Leibes verweilt hatten, während dieser dreier Tage aber in den übersinnlichen Welten waren, danach wieder auferweckt waren und nun Kundschafter, Botschafter waren von den übersinnlichen Welten. Das waren immer die großen Menschheitsführer, die Initiierten, die es auf solche Weise geworden. Petrus sagt nun: «Du bist der Christus», das heißt: Du bist ein Führer, der nicht so durch die Mysterien gegangen ist, der aus dem Kosmos gekommen ist und jetzt Menschheitsführer ist. Historisch, einmal soll das auf den Plan der Erde gestellt werden, was sonst in seiner anderen Weise bei der Initiation geschehen ist. Es war etwas Ungeheutes, was Petrus damit aussprach. Was mußte man denn dem Petrus sagen? Man mußte ihm sagen: Das ist etwas, was man nicht unter die Menge bringen darf; das ist etwas, wovon die heiligsten, ältesten Gesetze sagen, daß es Mysterium bleiben muß. Man darf nicht von den Mysterien sprechen. — In diesem Moment mußte man das dem Petrus sagen.

Nun ist aber der ganze Sinn der weiteren Menschheitsentwickelung der, daß mit dem Mysterium von Golgatha das, was sich sonst nur in den Tiefen der Mysterien abgespielt hatte, hinausgestellt worden ist auf den Plan der Weltgeschichte. Durch das, was auf Golgatha geschehen ist, das Drei-Tage-im-Grabe-Liegen, das Auferwecktwerden, durch das ist historisch hinausgestellt auf den Erdenplan, was sonst in den Tiefen, in dem Dunkel der Mysterien geschehen war. Mit anderen Worten: Was als heiliges Gesetz gegolten hat, daß man schweigen müsse über dieses Mysterium, jetzt ist der Zeitpunkt gekommen, wo das durchbrochen werden muß. Die Menschen haben die Gesetze aufgerichtet, wonach man über die Mysterien zu schweigen hat. Jetzt aber müssen die Mysterien durch das Mysterium von Golgatha offenbar werden. Ein Entschluß in der Seele des Christus, der größte welthistorische Entschluß ist es, da er sich vornimmt: was bis jetzt immer nach Menschengesetz hat verschwiegen werden müssen, das muß jetzt gezeigt werden vor aller Augen, vor der Weltgeschichte.

Denken wir uns einen Augenblick welthistorischen Nachdenkens in dem Christus, einen Augenblick welthistorischen Besinnens: Ich blicke hin auf die ganze Menschheitsentwickelung. Sie verbietet mir durch ihre Gesetze, zu sprechen über den Tod und die Auferstehung, die Auferweckung, über das heilige Mysterium der Initiation. Nein. Ich bin ja von den Göttern heruntergeschickt auf die Erde, um es offenbar zu machen. Ich darf mich nicht nach dem richten, was die Menschen sagen; ich muß mich nach dem richten, was die Götter mir sagen. - Der Entschluß, die Mysterien offenbar zu machen, bereitet sich in diesem Augenblick vor. Und abwerfen von seiner Seele muß der Christus die Unentschlossenheit, die etwa davon kommen könnte, daß er halten möchte in der Evolution, was Menschengebote gegeben haben. Weiche von mir, Unentschlossenheit, und wachse in mir, Entschluß, dasjenige hinzustellen vor die ganze Menschheit, was bisher in den Tiefen der Mysterien gewesen war! - Zu seinem eigenen Entschluß, als er zurückzuweisen hat, was ihn unentschlossen machen kann, sagt der Christus: «Weiche von mir!» und nimmt sich vor in diesem Moment, dasjenige auszuführen, wozu er von seinem Gotte auf die Erde heruntergeschickt worden ist.

Wir haben es an dieser Stelle zu tun mit dem welthistorisch größten Monolog, der jemals in der ganzen Erdenevolution stattgefunden hat, mit dem Monolog des Gottes von dem Offenbarmachen der Mysterien. Kein Wunder, daß der Monolog des Gottes nicht von vornherein für Menschenintellekt verständlich ist, daß wir tief schürfen müssen, wenn wir uns nur einigermaßen würdig machen wollen, um diesen Monolog des Gottes, durch den die Tat des Gottes ein Stück weitergeht, zu verstehen. Davon morgen weiter.

Sixth Lecture

Yesterday, an attempt was made to give an idea of the revelation of Krishna and its relationship to what later occurs in the evolution of humanity: the revelation through Christ. It was pointed out in particular that the revelation of Krishna can appear to us as the conclusion of a long evolutionary stream of humanity, the conclusion of the clairvoyant, the primitive clairvoyant epoch of human development. If we once again consider from this point of view what we were able to gain yesterday about this summarizing conclusion of the Krishna revelation, we can say: What has been gained within this revelation is present in human evolution, but has reached a certain conclusion and cannot actually be further elevated. Certain teachings that came down at that time must be accepted, one might say, throughout the entire subsequent development, just as they were given at that time.

Now it is necessary to consider the very peculiar nature of this revelation from a certain point of view. One might call this revelation one that does not reckon with time and the sequence of time in the actual human sense. Everything that does not reckon with time as a real factor is already contained in the teaching of Krishna. What is meant by this?

Every spring we see plants sprouting from the ground, growing and maturing, bearing fruit, releasing seeds, and from these seeds, when they are planted back into the earth, we see the same plants growing in the same way the following year, reaching their height and developing seeds again. This process repeats itself year after year. If we calculate with time spans that humans can initially comprehend, then we must say that we are dealing with a true repetition. The lilies of the valley, the primroses, the hyacinths look the same every year. What they are repeats itself in them in the same form, in the same way every year. In a certain sense, we can go up to the animals and find something similar there. For when we look at the individual animal, the individual species of lion, the individual species of hyena, the individual species of monkey, we find that in a certain sense what is to become of such a being is already determined from the beginning. Therefore, we speak with a certain degree of justification when we do not refer to actual education in relation to animals. However, in recent times, uninformed people have begun to apply all kinds of educational and pedagogical concepts to animals. But this cannot be regarded as the main thing, nor can it be taken into account in a correct characterization. Basically, we see repetition confirmed in nature when we consider small periods of time. We see spring, summer, autumn, and winter repeating regularly throughout the centuries. And only if we take very long periods of time, which are not initially relevant for human observation, would we see something like the necessity of calculating with the concept of time. we would see ancient times, how things were different then than they are now, and we would be able to discuss, for example, how the way the sun rises and sets in the present will change in the distant future. But these are areas that only become apparent when we enter the realm of the actual spiritual sciences. For what humans can initially observe, one might say, for astronomical nature, repetition also applies, the repetition of the same or the similar, as we see it particularly in the annual return of plant forms. In this repetition, time as such has no deeper meaning. It is not, in an essential sense, a factor with a real effect simply because it is time.

This is different when we consider the individual human life. As you all know, we divide human life into successive, repeating periods. We distinguish between a period from birth to the end of teething, that is, until about the seventh year, then a period from the seventh to the fourteenth year, until puberty, then one from the fourteenth to the twenty-first year, and so on. In short, we distinguish seven-year periods in the life of an individual human being. We can already say that certain things repeat themselves in these seven-year periods. But much more striking than mere repetition is something else, namely the progressive change, the progress itself that has taken place. For the human being is quite different in the second seven-year period than in the first, and again different in the third. We cannot say that just as the plant repeats itself in the plant, so the human being of the first seven-year period repeats itself in the second seven-year period, and so on. Here we see time playing a real role in the progression of human life. It means something.

And when we see how what is significant for the individual human being can be applied to the whole of humanity, we can say: in the successive development of the whole of humanity, both the one and the other appear to us in a certain way. We need only consider the so-called post-Atlantean period. In the post-Atlantean era, we distinguish the ancient Indian culture as the first post-Atlantean cultural period, the ancient Persian culture as the second, the Egyptian-Chaldean culture as the third, the Greek-Latin culture as the fourth, our present culture as the fifth, and two more will follow ours until another great catastrophe occurs. This progression of evolution shows many similarities in successive periods, which can be compared in a certain way to the repetition of the same thing, as we observe, for example, from year to year in the plant kingdom. We see how such periods unfold in that, at the beginning of such epochs, certain revelations come to humanity, as it were, a stream of spiritual life is given as an impulse to humanity, just as in every spring the impulse is given to the plants of the earth. And then we see how, on this first impulse, the rest is built up, bears fruit, and dies when the period comes to an end, just as plants die when winter approaches. But alongside this, something appears in the successive periods that is similar to the progress of the individual human being, and we can say that time plays a role here, proving to be a real factor. It is not just that in the second, ancient Persian epoch, the seeds are sown again, as they were in the first epoch, or that in the third period it is again as it was in the first, but the impulses are always different, always more intense, always new, as it is in human life, that the individual seven-year periods have their differentiation, their progress.

Now, what came to humanity in the course of time came in such a way that, one might say, the things that made up the sum of knowledge were slowly and gradually revealed to human beings. Not all the currents of folk cultures have always had a sense for everything at the same time. Thus we see that in the evolutionary current of humanity that unfolded precisely with the Mystery of Golgotha, there is, in a certain sense, a lack of sense for time as a real factor. This sense for time as a real factor is basically lacking in all Eastern knowledge. It is particularly characteristic of Eastern knowledge to have a sense of the repetition of the same. Therefore, everything that asserts itself in relation to the repetition of the same is grasped in a grandiose way by Eastern knowledge.

What comes into consideration when we consider the repetition of the same in successive cultural periods? Let us take the example of plant growth. We see how plants burst out of the earth in spring. We are dealing with their creation. We see how these plants grow and flourish until they reach a certain peak, how they then die again and, in dying, already carry within themselves the seed of a new plant. We are therefore dealing with a threefold step in becoming: with emergence, with growth and flourishing, and with dying, and in dying we again have the seed for something similar. Where time is not particularly important, where repetition is important, this repetitive principle can always best be grasped in the number three. Capturing the meaning of repetitive becoming through the number three was particularly characteristic of Eastern wisdom, especially the wisdom that preceded Christianity. And the greatness of this ancient worldview is conditioned by its one-sided inclination toward the timeless, so to speak, toward repetitive events. And where it comes to its conclusion, we encounter everywhere the trinities, which are basically the clairvoyant expression of what lies behind creation, decay, and restoration. Brahma, Shiva, Vishnu—this trinity lies everywhere as creative powers. In the time preceding the Krishna revelation, it was recognized as a trinity to be attained through clairvoyance, let us say of Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva. And the image of this trinity is present everywhere where time is not calculated in any other way than as the successive repetition of the same.

This is the meaning, in relation to the recognition of a new era, that the ability arises to see things historically, that is, to take time into account in what actually comes into consideration for evolution, to understand time as a real factor. But it was reserved for the West in particular to develop a sense of history, to see history in its truth. And this is where the two evolutionary currents of the East and the West differ: the East views the world in a non-historical, unhistorical way, but in the highest perfection, while the West begins, on impulse, to view the world historically. And the stimulus for a historical view comes from the ancient Hebrew worldview. It provides the first impulse for a historical view.

Let us now consider side by side what the actual essences of Eastern worldviews are. We are always told about the repeating ages of the world. We are told what happens at the beginning of the first age of the world and what happens at the end of the first age. Then we are told about the beginning of the second age of the world, the end of the second age, the beginning of the third age, and the end of the third age. And the mystery of the becoming of the world at the time of Krishna is correctly presented in such a way that it is said: When the old culture of the third world age had become barren and dry, when the old culture entered its autumn and winter, Krishna appeared as the son of Vasudeva and Devaki to summarize for later, that is, for the fourth period, what could be carried over as a germ, as a new seed, from the third to the fourth period. The individual world ages appeared to one like the successive years in relation to plant growth. Cycles of time that have repetition as their content are the essential element of Eastern worldviews.

Now let us compare these worldviews in their deepest structure, in their timelessness, with what we encounter in the Old Testament. Oh, what a considerable difference there is from the Eastern worldviews! Here we see a continuous, real timeline being established. First we are led to Genesis, to creation, and human history is linked to creation. We see a continuous progression through the seven days of creation, through the patriarchal age; from Abraham down through Isaac and Jacob, all becoming, all history. Where is there repetition? The first day of creation is not repeated in an abstract way in the second. The patriarchs are not repeated in the prophets. The time of the kings does not repeat the time of the judges, and so on. Then the time of captivity begins. We are led through the entire dramatic progression, where time plays a real role, as it does in the life of an individual human being. Throughout the Old Testament, time is shown to us as a real factor in events, apart from what is repeated. Progress is what enters as a special element in the presentation of the Old Testament. The first great example of a historical approach is this Old Testament. Through it, the legacy of historical thinking is handed over to the West.

Slowly and gradually, people learn what is revealed to them over time. And so it can be said that whenever new revelations come in a certain sense, there is always a kind of relapse into what has gone before. Great and significant things were revealed at the beginning of the theosophical movement. But the strange thing is that, right from the start, the historical approach has had little influence on theosophical life. You can see this for yourself if you take a look at an otherwise excellent and commendable book, Sinnett's Esoteric Buddhism. All the chapters steeped in history will be readily acceptable to the Western mind. But alongside this there is another element, which we might call the “unhistorical element,” , that peculiar element where there is talk of large and small cycles, of progress in rounds and races, and where everything is presented as if repetition were the main thing, as if the second round followed the first, one main race followed another, one sub-race followed another, and so on. One really gets caught up in a kind of wheelwork and places the main value on repetition. This was a relapse into a way of thinking that humanity had already overcome.

However, the way of thinking that is appropriate to Western culture is the historical one. And what is the consequence of this historical element of Western culture? Precisely the recognition of the one focal point of all earthly becoming. The Orient viewed becoming as the repetitive process of plant growth each year. Thus, in each period, the individual great initiates appeared and repeated — at least, what they repeated is emphasized — what had already been there before. It is emphasized in a particularly abstract way that each is only the special manifestation of the one thing that develops from epoch to epoch. There was a special interest in depicting the developing same in the same way as one observes in plants what manifests itself as form, without distinguishing between individual years. Only in one particular case does man pay attention to how the individual years differ in plant life. When he wants to describe a lily or a vine leaf, it does not matter to him whether the plant grew in 1857 or 1867, for lilies are all alike; they are manifestations of one species of lily. Only, one might say, where this general, repetitive, similar “Apollonian” also transitions into the “Dionysian” in plant growth, there humans also attach special importance to the fact that the individual “vintages” differ: in wine years. It is important to him to distinguish between them, but otherwise he has no interest in saying: This is the shape of the lily from 1890 or 1895.

Thus, in a certain sense, the Orient had no real interest—although one should not press the comparison—in distinguishing the embodiment of the Bodhisattva in the third age from that in the second or first age. It was the embodiment of the “one.” This focus on the One, this abstract sharpening of the same, is what makes the Eastern view unhistorical, and it is basically what makes all views of the pre-Christian ages unhistorical, except for the historical view of the Old Testament. With the Old Testament, historical contemplation began in a preparatory form, and with the New Testament it was brought to greater completion. What is important here is to view the line of becoming as such, as a whole. One must not look merely at what recurs in the individual cycles, but at what constitutes the focal point of all becoming. And then it becomes clear that it is simply absurd to say that there is no such focal point of becoming.

This is the point where the various peoples across the globe must first come to an understanding of historical becoming, where they must first realize that this historical aspect is absolutely necessary for a truly real view of humanity. We will be able to experience this today, even if it is not some fanatical or confessional Christianity that is brought to the Orient, but a truly sincere Christianity that only wants to assert itself objectively alongside the other religions of the Orient, that then it will be said: You have only one God, who incarnated himself only once in Palestine; but we have many incarnations of God; in this we are ahead of you. This answer will be quite natural from the point of view of the Oriental. It is connected with his special gift for seeing the repetition of the one. For the Westerner, however, the whole must have a center of gravity. Therefore, to speak of multiple incarnations of Christ is the same mistake as if someone were to say: Yes, it is nonsense to say that a scale needs only one point of support, that the beam acts on one side and the weights on the other; let us support the scale at two, three, four points! But that is nonsense. A scale can only have one point of support. And if one wants to understand the whole process of becoming, one must seek the one point of support, the one center of gravity, and not believe that one is better off seeking successive incarnations of Christ. In this respect, the nations, the peoples, will have to come to an understanding across the globe that in the course of history itself, the historical way of thinking, the historical view, had to emerge first as the one that is humane in the higher sense.

This happened slowly, in that this historical way of looking at human becoming, one might say, started out from the most primitive states. We find that this historical becoming is first hinted at in the Old Testament by the repeated emphasis on what constitutes the essence of the Old Testament people, namely that they belong to the blood of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; it flows through successive generations, and what develops is basically a form of blood descent, of blood propagation. Just as a human being shows progress in the succession of the stages of his life, so that time plays a role in this, so it is with the entire Old Testament people. And if one goes into the finer details, one can actually understand this course of the generations of the Old Testament people in much the same way as the life of an individual human being, insofar as he develops naturally, insofar as he develops within himself what can be developed in human beings by virtue of their physical constitution. What could happen as a result of the paternal being passed on to the son and so on and so forth is described to us in the Old Testament. And what could arise in terms of confessions of faith as a result of the descendants always holding fast to those with whom they were related by blood is also described. What happens in the natural life of the individual human being through the blood is applied to the whole body of the Old Testament people. And just as in the individual human being, at a certain time, the soul element comes out particularly, so to speak, and plays a special role, so too — and this is particularly interesting — this is already recorded in the historical development of the Old Testament.

Let us consider the child. We will see that the natural predominates in him. The needs of the body predominate at first. The soul is still inside the body; it does not yet want to come out completely. The well-being of the body is brought about by pleasant impressions from the outside world. Unpleasant, painful impressions from the outside world are also expressed in the child's soul. Then the human being grows up. Through what develops naturally within them, the soul gradually gains the upper hand, and we enter an age of life—it will vary from person to person, but essentially it is in our twenties—when the human being will truly bring out what is in their soul. Purely physical pains and needs recede; the soul configuration comes to the fore. Then comes the time when the human being becomes more capable of allowing this soul life within themselves to recede into the background. This takes longer for some than for others. Perhaps some people remain completely attached to this soul life that is peculiar to them throughout their entire lives. But there is also something else at work, even though people often reveal their true selves in their twenties, so that it seems as if the world has been waiting for the specific soul they possess. This is particularly evident in people with strong intellectual abilities, such as those with a particular aptitude for philosophy. It then appears as if the world had been waiting for them to come along and establish the right philosophical system, because only their soul is suited to it. But the right and good can also come out of this. Then comes the time when one begins to see what the world can give through others, when one lets others speak through oneself, when one takes in what has been accomplished so far.

Just as the individual human being is, so the Old Testament represents the entire body of the ancient Hebrew people. We see everything that developed during the time of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob through the racial characteristics of this people, how everything depends on the fact that this people has precisely these blood and racial characteristics. And if you follow what is described there, you will say: Up to a certain moment, certain racial characteristics appear as the driving force in the Old Testament. Then comes the time when this people develops its soul, which looks like the individual human being developing his soul in his twenties. This is where the prophet Elijah appears, for the prophet Elijah appears as the whole peculiar soul of the ancient Hebrew people. Then come the other prophets, of whom I told you a few days ago that they are the souls of the most diverse initiates of other peoples who gather in the Old Testament people. There the soul of this people listens to what the souls of the other peoples have to say. As in a great harmony, as in a symphony, what remains of Elijah and what the souls of the other peoples have to say through the other prophets who are embodied in the Old Testament people are blended together.

Thus, this body of the ancient Hebrew people matures. And it dies in a certain way, taking into its faith, into its confession, only that which is spiritual, that which remains spiritual, as we see so magnificently in the depiction of the Maccabees. One might say: in this depiction of the Maccabees, the aged people of the Old Testament appear, gradually settling down as an aged people, but immediately proclaiming the consciousness of the eternity of the human soul through the sons of Maccabeus. The eternity of the individual confronts us as the consciousness of the people. And now, as the body of the people itself perishes, it is as if this soul remains as a seed of the soul in a completely new form. Where is this soul?

This Elijah soul is at the same time the soul of the Old Testament people when it enters into the Baptist and lives in the Baptist. Since he is imprisoned and then beheaded by Herod, what happens to this soul? We have already hinted at it. This soul becomes independent, leaves the body, but continues to work like an aura, and into the realm of this aura enters Christ Jesus. But where is the soul of Elijah, the soul of John the Baptist? It is clearly indicated in the Gospel of Mark. The soul of John the Baptist, the soul of Elijah, becomes the group soul of the Twelve; it lives in the Twelve and lives on in the Twelve. This becomes very, very strange to us, one might say, in the way it is artistically depicted, in that before the Gospel of Mark speaks of the death of John the Baptist, we are told, as it were, how Christ Jesus teaches the great multitude and how he teaches his individual disciples. We have spoken about this. But that changes when the Elijah soul is freed from John the Baptist, when it continues to live as a group soul in the Twelve. And that is hinted at. For from then on—read it for yourselves, you will notice it very clearly—Christ makes higher demands of his Twelve than before. He demands that they understand higher things. And what is very remarkable is what they are supposed to understand and what it is that he later reproaches them for not understanding. Read this book carefully! I have already pointed out one side of the matter: that there is talk of a multiplication of bread when Elijah comes to the widow at Zarephath, and that when the soul of Elijah is freed by John the Baptist, there is again talk of a multiplication of bread. But now Christ demands of his disciples that they understand the meaning of this multiplication of bread in a very special way. He does not speak such words to them beforehand. But then, when they are to understand what the fate of John the Baptist is after his beheading by Herod, what happens to the five loaves with the five thousand, where the pieces are gathered into twelve baskets, and what happens to the seven loaves and the four thousand, where the pieces are gathered into seven baskets, he says to them:

"Do you still not understand? Are your hearts still darkened?

You have eyes, but you do not see; you have ears, but you do not hear; and you do not remember when I broke the five loaves for the five thousand. How many baskets full of pieces did you pick up? They said to him, “Twelve.”

And then the seven loaves among the four thousand, how many baskets full of pieces did you pick up? And they said to him, “Seven.”

And he said to them, “Do you still not understand?” (8:17-21)

He reproaches them severely for not being able to understand what is contained in these revelations. Why? Because he means: Now the spirit of Elijah has been set free, he lives in you, and you must gradually prove yourselves worthy of him entering your souls, so that you may understand higher things than you understood before. When Christ Jesus spoke to the crowd, he spoke in parables, in images, because these people still had echoes of those who had seen the supersensible in their imaginations, in imaginative knowledge; so he had to speak to the crowd in the same way that the ancient clairvoyants had spoken. He could explain things in a Socratic way, that is, according to ordinary reason, to those who emerged as his disciples from the Old Testament people. He could explain the parables to them. He could speak to the new sense, to what had become ordinary for humanity after the old clairvoyance had faded away. But because the spirit of Elijah approached the Twelve as a group soul, permeating them like a common aura, they became clairvoyant in a higher sense, or at least were able to become clairvoyant in a higher sense, and were able to see what they could not attain as individuals, but as Twelve together, enlightened by the spirit of Elijah-John. Christ wanted to educate them in this.

What did he want to educate them in? What is the meaning of this whole story of the multiplication of the loaves, the first time by distributing five loaves among five thousand, the leftovers filling twelve baskets; the second time by distributing seven loaves among four thousand, the leftovers filling seven baskets? Yes, this has always been a strange thing for Bible interpreters. Today, interpreters have agreed to say: The people had bread with them; and when they were ordered to line up, they unwrapped their loaves. That is what is now accepted, even by those who want to hold fast to the Gospel. However, if you take things in this external way, they sink down to an external drapery, to an external ceremony. You don't know why the whole thing is being told. On the other hand, of course, you mustn't think of black magic; because the actual conjuring up of an abundant amount of bread from five or seven loaves would be black magic. But it cannot be black magic, nor can it be a process that seems particularly appropriate for the philistines, as if people had brought bread with them and unwrapped it. Something special is meant here. I have already pointed this out in my interpretation of the various other Gospels, and it is made clear enough in the Gospel itself what it is about.

“And the apostles gathered themselves together unto Jesus, and reported unto him all things whatsoever they had done and taught.”

And he said to them, “Come away by yourselves to a lonely place and rest a while.” (6:30-31)

We should take this statement to heart. Christ Jesus sends the apostles to a lonely place to rest a little, that is, to put themselves in a state that one enters when one goes into solitude. And what do they see there? What do they see there in a different state? They are led to a kind of new clairvoyance, into which they are brought by the spirit of Elijah-John coming upon them. Up to this point, Christ has explained the parables to them, but now he lets a new clairvoyance come over them. And what do they see? They see the development of humanity in comprehensive images, they see the future, they see how the people of the future are gradually approaching what is the impulse of Christ. What is recounted here as the twofold multiplication of the loaves, the disciples saw in the spiritual realm. It is a clairvoyant act. And as a clairvoyant act, it is like any other clairvoyant act: it flits by at first when one is unaccustomed to it. That is why the disciples do not understand it for so long.

This is precisely what will occupy us more and more intensely in the following lectures — most clearly in the Gospel of Mark — that the narratives of external sensory perception give way to the reproduction of clairvoyant moments, and that we can only understand the Gospel if we approach it from the standpoint of spiritual research. Let us say that we are standing in the time we are talking about, after the beheading of John, and have allowed the Christ impulse to work upon us; it is standing there in the world. With the outer gaze of the senses, Christ himself appears at first as a lonely personality who cannot do much. But when you look with clairvoyant eyes trained in the present sense, time comes into play! Christ appears not only among those who were in Palestine at that time, but also among those who will come in all subsequent generations. They all gather around him, and what he can give them, he gives to thousands upon thousands. And this is how the apostles, the Twelve, see him. They see him working, starting from that time and throughout the millennia, spiritually throwing the impulse into all perspectives of the future, how all future human beings are coming. They see this. It is a process in which they are particularly connected with Christ in spirit.

We must keep this in mind, that from now on the spiritual begins to permeate the entire presentation of the Gospel of Mark. How peculiar this is, and how the Gospel grows more and more when one considers this, will occupy us in the following lectures. But now let us draw attention to one thing. Let us point to a scene that can only be understood through this spiritual scientific method of research. It is the scene that took place shortly after the one just quoted.

"And Jesus and his disciples went out to the villages near Caesarea Philippi. And on the way he asked his disciples, ‘Who do people say I am?

They replied, 'Some say you are John the Baptist; others say you are Elijah; and still others say you are one of the prophets.

And he asked them, “But who do you say that I am?” Peter answered him and said to him, “You are the Christ.”

And he strictly charged them that they should tell no one about him.

And he began to teach them that the Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders and the chief priests and the scribes, and be killed, and after three days be raised.

And he spoke of these things openly. And Peter took him aside and began to rebuke him.

But he turned and looked at his disciples and rebuked Peter, saying, “Get behind me, Satan! You are not setting your mind on the things of God, but on the things of man.” (8:27-33)

One might say: a tough nut to crack for Gospel research! For what is actually going on in this passage? If one does not want to delve into spiritual research, everything in it is actually such that one cannot understand it. Christ asks his disciples, “What do people say about me?” And they answer, “Some say you are John the Baptist.” But John the Baptist had been beheaded shortly before, and Christ had already been teaching when John the Baptist was still alive. Should people openly talk nonsense when they think Christ is John the Baptist and John the Baptist is still around? If they say he is Elijah or another prophet, that would be acceptable. But now Peter says, “You are the Christ,” which means he is proclaiming something truly great, something that only the most sacred part of him can say. And a few lines later, Christ is supposed to say to him, “Satan, get behind me! You are saying something that does not befit God, but men”? Can anyone believe that after Peter said these great things, Christ would call him “Satan”? Or can one understand when it is said beforehand, “He strictly warned them not to tell anyone,” meaning, do not tell anyone that Peter thinks he is the Christ? And then it goes on to say, “He began to teach them that the Son of Man must suffer many things, be rejected, be killed, and be raised after three days. And he spoke of this openly.” And then, after Peter rebukes him for this, he calls Peter “Satan.” And the most curious thing that lies within this is that it says, “And Jesus and his disciples went out to the villages of Caesarea Philippi,” and so on; it always tells how they speak to him, and then it says again, “And he began to teach them,” and so on. But then it says: “But he turned around and, seeing his disciples, rebuked Peter.” So it says before: He spoke to them, he taught them. Yes, did he do all that with his back turned to them? For it then says: “He turned around and saw his disciples.” Did he turn his back on them and speak into the air?

You see: there is a whole tangle of incomprehensibilities in this single passage. One wonders only that such things are accepted without seeking true and real explanations. But go through the explanation of the Gospels: either one skims over such passages, or one seeks to cite the most curious things. There were also disputes and discussions; but few will claim that they became wiser through such discussions.

Now let us just hold fast to what has been said and place it before our souls. After we have indicated that after the death of John the Baptist, when the soul of Elijah-John passes over as a group soul into the disciples, the first real “miracle” is performed, which we will understand more and more as we go along, we find a completely incomprehensible passage in which Christ Jesus speaks to his disciples and asks them: “What do the people think is happening now?” This question can also be asked in this way, for the people were primarily concerned with the source of the effects that were now taking place. The disciples answer: “The people think that” — if we want to use a trivial expression — “John the Baptist is about to come, or Elijah, or one of the other prophets; and that because this is happening, the effects that have just been observed are taking place.” “But where do you think these things come from?” asked Christ Jesus. Peter replied, ‘They come from the fact that you are the Christ.’ In doing so, Peter, in the sense of the Gospel of Mark, placed himself in his knowledge as the focal point of human development. For what did he actually say? Let us consider what he said.

Those who were the great leaders of humanity in previous times were the initiates who had been guided to the final act of initiation into the sacred mysteries. They were those who had approached the gates of death, who had been immersed in the elements, who had spent three days outside their bodies, but during those three days had been in the supersensible worlds, and had then been resurrected and were now explorers and messengers from the supersensible worlds. These were always the great leaders of humanity, the initiates who had become such in this way. Peter now says, “You are the Christ,” that is, you are a leader who has not gone through the mysteries in this way, who has come from the cosmos and is now the leader of humanity. Historically, what otherwise happened in a different way during initiation must now be brought to the surface on the earth. What Peter said was something tremendous. What should one have said to Peter? One should have said to him: This is something that must not be brought before the masses; this is something that the most sacred, most ancient laws say must remain a mystery. One must not speak of the mysteries. — At that moment, one had to say that to Peter.

But now the whole meaning of the further development of humanity is that with the mystery of Golgotha, what had previously only taken place in the depths of the mysteries has been brought out into the plan of world history. Through what happened at Golgotha, the three days in the tomb, the resurrection, what had previously taken place in the depths, in the darkness of the mysteries, has been historically brought out into the light of the earth. In other words, what had been regarded as a sacred law, that one must remain silent about this mystery, has now come to a point where it must be broken. Human beings have established laws according to which one must remain silent about the mysteries. But now the mysteries must be revealed through the mystery of Golgotha. A decision in the soul of Christ, the greatest decision in world history, is that what until now has always had to be kept secret according to human law must now be revealed before the eyes of all, before world history.

Let us imagine for a moment the world-historical reflection of Christ, a moment of world-historical contemplation: I look at the entire development of humanity. Its laws forbid me to speak about death and resurrection, about the sacred mystery of initiation. No. I have been sent down to earth by the gods to reveal it. I must not follow what people say; I must follow what the gods tell me. The decision to reveal the mysteries is being prepared at this moment. And Christ must cast out of his soul the indecision that might come from wanting to hold on to what human commandments have given in evolution. Depart from me, indecision, and grow in me, determination, to present to all humanity what has hitherto been hidden in the depths of the mysteries! - Regarding his own decision to reject what could make him indecisive, Christ says, “Depart from me!” and resolves at that moment to carry out what he was sent to earth by his God to do.

At this point, we are dealing with the greatest monologue in world history, the monologue of God revealing the mysteries. No wonder that the monologue of God is not immediately comprehensible to the human intellect, that we must dig deep if we want to make ourselves even remotely worthy of understanding this monologue of God, through which the deed of God is carried a step further. More on this tomorrow.