Donate books to help fund our work. Learn more→

The Rudolf Steiner Archive

a project of Steiner Online Library, a public charity

The Gospel of St. Mark
GA 139

18 September 1912, Basel

Lecture IV

Today I should like first of all to call your attention to and place before your mind's eye two pictures drawn from the evolution of man during the last few thousand years. I shall first direct your attention to something that occurred about the middle and toward the end of the fifth century B.C. It is well known to all of you, but, as I said, we shall look back at it with the eyes of our soul.

We see how the Buddha had gathered a number of disciples and pupils around him in the land of India, and how, from what took place then between the Buddha and his disciples and pupils, there arose the great and mighty movement that began and flowed on for centuries in the East, throwing up mighty waves and bringing to countless people inner salvation, inner freedom of soul, and an uplifting of human consciousness. If we wish to characterize what happened at that time we need only envisage the main content of Buddha's teachings and actions.

Life as it is lived by man in his earthly incarnations is suffering because through the sequence of his incarnations he is always subject to the urge for ever new incarnations. To free oneself from this yearning for reincarnation is a goal worth striving for. This goal is to blot out of the soul everything that can call forth the desire for physical incarnation, with the aim of at last ascending to an existence in which the soul no longer feels the desire to be connected with life through the physical senses and physical organs, but to ascend and take part in what is called Nirvana. This is the great teaching that flowed from the lips of the Buddha, that life means suffering and that man must find a means to free himself from suffering so as to be able to share in Nirvana. If we wish to picture to ourselves in precise but familiar concepts the impulse contained in the wonderful teaching of Buddha, we could perhaps say that the Buddha directed the minds of his pupils through the strength and power of his individuality to earth existence; while at the same time through the infinite fullness of his compassion he tried also to give them the means to raise their souls and all that was within them from the earthly to the heavenly, to raise human thinking and human philosophy from the human to the divine.

We might picture this as a formula if we wish to characterize clearly and correctly the impulse that went out from the great sermon of the Buddha at Benares. We see the Buddha gathering around him his faithful pupils. What do we perceive in the souls of these disciples? What will they eventually come to believe? That all the striving of the human soul must be directed toward becoming free from the yearning for rebirth, free from the inclination toward sense existence, free to seek the perfecting of the self by freeing it from everything that binds it to sense existence, and connecting it with all that links it to its divine spiritual origin. Such were the feelings that lived in the disciples of the Buddha. They sought to free themselves from all the temptations of life and let their only link with the world be the perception of the soul shining into the spiritual that is experienced in compassion; to become absorbed in striving for spiritual perfection, free from all earthly wants, with the aim of having as little as possible to do with what binds the external man to earthly existence. In this mood the pupils of the Buddha wandered through the world, and it was in this manner that they glimpsed the aims and objectives of Buddhist discipleship.

And if we follow up the centuries during which Buddhism was spreading and ask ourselves what lived in the hearts and souls of the Buddha's adherents and what it was that lived in the dissemination of Buddhism, we receive the answer that these men were devoted to lofty aims, but in the midst of all their thinking, feeling, and perception the great figure of the Buddha was living, together with everything that he had said in such thrilling, significant words about the deliverance from the sorrow of life. In the midst of all their thinking and perception, the comprehensive, all-encompassing, mighty authority of the Buddha lived in the hearts of his pupils and successors down the centuries. Everything the Buddha had said was looked upon by these pupils and successors as holy writ.

Why was it that the words of the Buddha sounded like a message from heaven to his pupils and successors? It was because these pupils and successors lived in the faith and belief that during the event of the Bodhi-tree the true knowledge of cosmic existence had flashed up in the soul of the Buddha, and the light and sun of the universe shone into it, with the consequence that everything that flowed from his lips had to be thought of as if it was the utterance of the spirits of the universe. It was this mood as it lived in the hearts of the pupils and successors of the Buddha, the holiness and uniqueness of this mood that was all-important. We wish to place all this before our spiritual eye so that we may learn to understand what happened there half a millennium before the Mystery of Golgotha.

Now we turn our gaze to another picture from world history. For in the long ages of human evolution what is separated by about a century may really be considered contemporary. In the thousands and thousands of years of human evolution a single century is of little importance. Therefore we can say that if the picture we wish to place before our souls is historically to be put a century later, as far as human evolution is concerned it was almost contemporary with the event of Buddha that we have just described.

In the fifth century B.C. we see another individuality gradually gathering pupils and adherents around himself in ancient Greece. Again this fact is well known. But if we are to come to an understanding of the last centuries it is a good thing to picture this individuality in our minds. We see Socrates in ancient Greece gathering pupils around himself, and indeed we need to mention Socrates in this connection even if we only consider the picture drawn of Socrates by the great philosopher Plato, a picture which in its essentials seems to be confirmed by the great philosopher Aristotle.1Socrates, Athenian philosopher, 470–399 B.C. Our information about him comes mainly from the works of Plato and Xenophon, the more sympathetic and much better known picture being drawn from Plato. Socrates is not known ever to have written a word, his instruction having been all given orally, in the form of dialogues.

Plato's picture of Socrates is contained mostly in his Protagoras, Meno, Symposium, Gorgias, and the three dialogues recounting the death of Socrates: The Apology, the Crito, and the Phaedo. Plato, 427–347 B.C.

Aristotle, 384–322 B.C. A pupil of Plato, he never knew Socrates personally, but credits him with many philosophical innovations, especially the use of logic and dialectic.
If we consider the striking picture of Socrates as presented by Plato, then we can also say that a movement began with Socrates that then spread into the West. Anyone who visualizes the whole character of Western cultural development is bound to conclude that the Socratic element was a determining factor for everything in the West. Although the Socratic element in the West spreads through the waves of world history more subtly than the Buddhistic element in the East, we are still entitled to draw a parallel between Socrates and the Buddha.2Gautama Buddha, c. 563–483 B.C. His dialogue with his pupil Sona is recorded in Vinayapitaka I, page 182 in the edition of H. Oldenberg (in German). But we must certainly make a clear differentiation between the pupils and disciples of Socrates and the pupils and disciples of the Buddha. When we consider the fundamental difference between the Buddha and Socrates we may indeed say that we are confronted with everything that differentiates the East from the West.

Socrates gathers his pupils around himself, but how does he feel in relation to them? His manner of treating these pupils has been called the art of a spiritual midwife because he wished to draw out from the souls of his pupils what they themselves knew, and what they were to learn. He put his questions in such a manner that the fundamental inner mood of the souls of his pupils was stirred to movement. He transmitted nothing from himself to his pupils, but elicited everything from them. The somewhat dry and prosaic aspect of Socrates' view of the world and the way he presented it comes from the fact that Socrates actually appealed to the independence and to the innate reasoning power of every pupil. Though he wandered through the streets of Athens in a rather different way from the way the Buddha walked with his pupils, there is nevertheless a similarity. On the one hand the Buddha revealed to his pupils what he had received through his enlightenment under the Bodhi tree, and by allowing what he had thus received from the spiritual world to stream down to his pupils he enabled what had lived in him to live on in his pupils and remain active for centuries. On the other hand, Socrates did not make the slightest claim to go on living as Socrates in the hearts of his pupils. When he was talking with his pupils Socrates did not wish to transmit anything at all of himself into their souls. He wished to leave it to them to draw out from themselves what they already possessed. Nothing of Socrates was to pass over into his pupils' souls, nothing at all.

We can think of no greater contrast than that between the Buddha and Socrates. The Buddha was to live on in the souls of his pupils, whereas in the souls of the pupils of Socrates nothing more was to live on than what the midwife has given to the child who comes into the world. Thus the spiritual element in the pupils of Socrates was to be drawn forth by the spiritual midwifery of Socrates when he left each person on his own, drawing forth from each one of them what was already there within him. That was the intention of Socrates. So we could characterize the difference between Socrates and the Buddha in the following way. If a voice from heaven had wished to state clearly what the disciples of Buddha were to receive through the Buddha, it might well have said, “Kindle within yourselves what lived in the Buddha, so that through him you can find the path to existence in the spirit.” If we wish to characterize in the same way what Socrates wanted we should have to say, “Become what you are!”

If we bring these two pictures before our souls, ought we not to say to ourselves that we are here confronted with two different streams of development in human evolution, and that they are polar opposites? They do meet again in a certain way, but only in the farthest distance. We should not mix these things together but rather characterize them in their differentiation, and only then indicate that there is at the same time a higher unity. If we think of the Buddha face to face with one of his pupils we could say that he is trying to kindle in the souls of his disciples what is necessary to lead them upward to the spiritual worlds through what he himself had experienced under the Bodhi tree. This may be recognized in the form of his discourses, with their sublime words and their endless repetitions, repetitions that should not be omitted in translation. The words are chosen in such a way that they sound like a heavenly proclamation from the heavenly world coming from beyond the earth, spoken through his lips out of the direct experience of what had happened during his enlightenment, words which he wished to pass on to his followers.

How then can we picture Socrates with his pupils? They confront each other in such a way that when Socrates is trying to make clear to his pupils the relation of man to the divine using the simplest rational considerations of everyday life, he shows them the logical connection between these considerations. The pupil is always directed to the most prosaic everyday matters, and his task is then to apply ordinary logic to what he has grasped as knowledge. Only once is Socrates shown as having risen to the height at which he could, as we might say, speak as Buddha spoke to his pupils. Only once does he appear like this, and that is at the moment when he was approaching death. When just before his death he spoke about the immortality of the soul he was surely speaking then like one of the highest of the enlightened ones. Yet at the same time what he said could only be understood if one takes into account his entire life experience. It is for this reason that what he said then touches our heart and soul when we listen to his Platonic discourse on immortality in which he speaks somewhat as follows, “Have I not striven all my life to attain through philosophy all that a man can in order to become free from the world of sense? Now when my soul is soon to be released from everything material, ought it not to penetrate joyfully into the world of spirit? Should I not be ready to penetrate with joy into that for which I have inwardly striven through philosophy?”

Anyone who can grasp the whole mood of this dialogue of Socrates in the Phaedo finds himself experiencing a feeling similar to that experienced by the pupils of the Buddha when they listened to his sublime teachings, so that it is possible to say that in spite of the difference, the polar difference between these two individualities, at a particular moment they are so sublime that even in this polar difference a certain unity appears. If we direct our vision to the Buddha we shall find that the discourses of Buddha as a whole are such that they arouse a feeling which one has with Socrates only in the case of the discourse on the immortality of the soul. I am referring to the soul-mood, the spiritual tension of this dialogue. But what is poured forth in the other discourses of Socrates which are always directed to a man's own reason is not often met with in the Buddha, although it is occasionally to be found. It sometimes sounds through. One can actually experience it as a kind of metamorphosed Socratic dialogue when on one occasion the Buddha wishes to make clear to his pupil Sona that it is not good to stay only in the realm of the material and enmeshed in sense-existence, nor yet to mortify the flesh and live like the old aescetics. It is good to pursue a middle path. Here the Buddha confronts his pupil Sona and speaks to him somewhat in the following manner, “See here, Sona, would you be able to play well on a lute whose strings are too loose?” “No,” Sona is forced to reply, “I shall not be able to play well on a lute whose strings are too loose.” “Well, then, will you be able to play well on a lute whose strings are too tight?” “No,” Sona must answer, “I shall not be able to play well on a lute whose strings are drawn too tight.” “When will you be able to play well on the lute?” Buddha then asks him. “When the strings are drawn neither too loosely nor too tightly.” “So it is also with man,” rejoined the Buddha. “If he is too much attached to the life of the senses he cannot wholly listen to the voice of reason. Nor will he truly listen to reason if he spends his life mortifying himself and withdrawing from earthly life. The middle path which must be taken also when stringing the lute must likewise be followed in relation to the mood of the human soul.”

This is just the way Socrates talks to his pupils, making an appeal to their reason, so that this dialogue of the Buddha with his pupil could equally well have been devised by Socrates. What I have given you is a “Socratic dialogue” carried on by the Buddha with his pupil Sona. But in just the same way that the discourse of Socrates to his pupils just before his death, a discourse that I have called Buddhistic, was unusual for Socrates, so is a dialogue of this kind rare in the case of the Buddha. We must never fail to emphasize the fact that we can reach the truth only by making characterizations of this kind. It would be easier to make a characterization if we were to say something along these lines, “It is through great leaders that humanity moves forward. What these leaders say is essentially the same thing though it takes different forms. All the individual leaders of mankind proclaim in their teachings different aspects of the same truth.” Such a statement is of course quite true, but it could scarcely be more trivial. What is important is that we should take the trouble to recognize things in such a way that we look for both the differentiations and the underlying unity; that we should characterize things according to their differences, and only afterward look for the higher unity to be perceived in these differences.

I felt that this remark about method was one that I had to make because in spiritual studies it usually is in accord with reality. It would be so easy to say that all religions contain the same thing and then concentrate on this one thing and then characterize it by saying, “All the various religious founders have presented only the same one thing in different forms.” But if we do make this characterization, it will remain infinitely trivial, however beautiful the words in which we express it. It would be just as unproductive as if we wished from the beginning to characterize two such figures as the Buddha and Socrates in the light of some abstract unity without seeking to perceive the polar difference between them. But if we trace them back to their forms of thought the matter will quickly be understood. Pepper and salt, sugar and paprika, are all put on the table to add to the food—they are all one, that is to say they are condiments. But because this can be said of them it does not mean that we must say all these condiments are the same and sugar our coffee by adding salt or pepper to it. What is unacceptable in life should not be accepted in spiritual matters. It would be unacceptable to say that Krishna and Zarathustra, Orpheus and Hermes are fundamentally only variations of the “one thing.” It is no more useful to make a characterization like this than it would be to say that pepper and salt, sugar and paprika are all different variations of one essence, since they are all equally condiments for food. It is important that we should grasp this point about method, and that we should not accept what is comfortable in preference to the truth.

If we visualize these two figures, the Buddha and Socrates, they will seem to us like two different, polar opposite configurations of the evolutionary streams of mankind. And when we now link these two within a higher unity as we have done, we may add to them a third in whom we also have to do with a great individuality around whom gather pupils and disciples—Christ Jesus. If among those pupils and disciples who gather around Him we fix our attention first on the Twelve, then we find that the Gospel of Mark in particular tells us with the utmost clarity something about the relation of the master to his pupils, in the same way as we characterized the relation with the greatest clarity we could between Buddha and Socrates in a different domain. And what was the clearest, the most striking and concise expression of this relationship? It is when the Christ—and this is indicated on several occasions—faced the crowd that wished to hear Him. He speaks to this crowd in parables and imagery. And the Gospel of Mark pictures this in a simple and grandiose manner when it describes how certain profound and significant facts about world events and human evolution are indicated to the crowd through parables and imagery. Then it is said that when He was alone with his disciples He interpreted this imagery to them. In the Gospel of Mark we are on one occasion given a specific example of how the Christ spoke to the crowd in imagery and then interpreted it to His pupils.

And He taught them many things in parables, and said to them in His teaching, “Listen! Behold, a sower went out to sow. And it happened as he sowed that one part fell by the path and the birds came and devoured it. And another part fell on stony ground, where there was not much soil, and it immediately shot up because it did not lie deep in the soil. And when the sun rose it was scorched and withered because it had no root.

“And another part fell in thorns, and the thorns grew up and choked it, and it yielded no fruit.

“And another part fell in the good ground and brought forth fruit, which sprang up and grew and yielded thirty-fold and sixtyfold and a hundredfold.”

And he said, “He who has ears to hear, let him hear.” And when he was alone, his company together with the Twelve asked him about the parables. (Mark 4:2-10.)

And to his more intimate pupils he spoke as follows, “The sower sows the word.

“But in the case of those who heard the word that was sown by the path, Satan comes immediately and takes away the word that had been sown among them.

“Those who hear the word that was sown on stony ground receive it immediately with joy. These have no root in themselves but are children of the moment. Then when they are afflicted or persecuted because of the word they immediately are confused and stumble.

“When by contrast it is sown among thorns some hear it, but then worldly cares, the temptation of riches, and other kinds of desires enter and choke the word, and it remains without fruit.

“Where it is sown on good ground there are people who hear and receive the word, and it yields fruit, thirty, sixty and a hundredfold.” (Mark 4:14-20.)

Here we have a perfect example of how Christ Jesus taught. We are told how Buddha taught, and how Socrates taught. Of the Buddha we can say in our Western language that he carried earthly experience up into the heavenly realm. It has often been said of Socrates that the tendency of his teaching can best be characterized by saying that he brought philosophy down from the heavens to earth in appealing directly to human earthly reason. In this way we can picture clearly the relation of these two individualities to their pupils.

Now how did Christ Jesus stand in relation to His pupils? His relationship to the crowd was different from that toward His own pupils. He taught the crowd in parable whereas for His intimate pupils He interpreted the parables, telling them what they were capable of understanding, of grasping clearly through human reason. So if we want to characterize the way Christ Jesus taught, we must speak of this in a more complex manner. One characteristic feature is common to all the Buddha's teaching; so the personal pupils of the Buddha are all of one kind. Similarly the entire world can become pupils of Socrates since Socrates wished only to elicit what lies hidden in the human soul. His disciples are therefore all of the same kind and Socrates has the same relationship to all. Christ Jesus, however, has two different kinds of relationships, one kind to His intimate pupils and another to the crowd. How may this be understood?

If we wish to understand the reason for this we must recognize clearly in our souls that the whole turning point of evolution had been reached at the time of the Mystery of Golgotha. The end of the period during which clairvoyance was the common possession of humanity was approaching. The further we go back in human evolution the more was the ancient clairvoyance that enabled men to see into the spiritual worlds the common possession of all mankind. How did they see into these worlds? Their vision took the form of perceiving the secrets of the cosmos in pictures, which were either conscious or unconscious imaginations. It was a dreamlike clairvoyance in the form of dreamlike imaginations, not in the rational concepts that people today make use of in the pursuit of knowledge. Both science and popular thinking which today make use of prosaic reasoning power and judgment were absent in those ancient times. In confronting the external world men did indeed see it, but they did not analyze it conceptually. They possessed no logic, nor did they make deductions in their thinking. Actually it is difficult for a man of today to imagine this because today one thinks about everything. But ancient man did not think in this way. He passed by objects and formed mental images of them; and in the intermediate state between sleeping and waking when he looked into his dreamlike imaginative world and saw pictures he was able to understand his mental images.

Let us envisage the matter more concretely. Picture to yourselves how, many thousands of years ago, ancient man would have observed his environment. He would have been struck by the fact that a teacher was present who explained something to his pupils. A man of former times would have stood there and listened to the words the teacher was saying to his pupils. And if there had been several pupils present he would have heard how one receives the word with fervor, another takes it up but soon lets it fall, while a third is so absorbed in his own egoism that he does not listen. A man of former times would not have been able, for example, to have compared these three pupils in a rational manner. But when he was in the intermediate state between waking and sleeping, then the whole scene would have appeared again before his soul in the form of a picture. And he would have seen something, for example, like this: how a sower walks scattering seed; and this he would have really seen as a clairvoyant picture. He would have seen how one seed is thrown in good soil where it comes up well, a second seed he throws on poorer soil, and the third on stony soil. A smaller crop comes up from what was sown on the poor soil and nothing at all from the stony soil. Such a man of earlier times would not have said, as the man of today would, “One pupil takes up the words, another does not take them up at all,” and so on. But in the intermediate state between sleeping and waking he saw the imaginative picture, and with it the explanation. He would never have spoken of it in any other way. If he had been asked to explain the relation of the teacher to his pupils he would have told about his clairvoyant vision. For him that was the reality, and also the explanation. And that is the way he would have talked.

Now the crowd facing Christ Jesus possessed indeed only the last remnant of ancient clairvoyance. But their souls were still well versed at listening to what was told to them in the form of pictures about the coming into being and the evolution of mankind. When Christ Jesus spoke to the crowd He spoke as if He were speaking to people who still retained the last heritage of ancient clairvoyance and took it with them in their ordinary life of soul.

Who, then, were His intimate disciples? We have heard how the Twelve consisted of the seven sons of the Maccabean mother and the five sons of Mattathias. We have heard how throughout the whole history of the Hebrew people they had advanced to the point where they could vigorously assert their immortal ego. They were indeed the first whom Christ Jesus could choose Himself, appealing to that which lives in every human soul, living in it in such a way that it can become the new starting point for human development. To the crowd he spoke on the assumption that they would understand what they had preserved as a heritage from ancient clairvoyance. To His disciples He spoke on the assumption that they were the first who would be able to understand a little of what we today can say to human beings about higher worlds. It was thus a necessity for Christ Jesus during the whole of the turning point of time to speak in a different way when He was addressing the crowd from when He was speaking to His intimate pupils. The Twelve whom He drew to Himself He placed in the middle of the crowd. It was the task of Christ Jesus' closer circle of pupils to acquire that understanding, that rational understanding of things that belonged to the higher worlds and of the secrets of human evolution that in later times would become the common property of mankind. If we take what He said as a whole when He interpreted the parables for His pupils, we can say that He spoke also in a Socratic manner. For He drew forth what He said from the souls of each one of them, with the difference that Christ Jesus spoke of spiritual matters while Socrates spoke rather about the circumstances of earthly life and made use of ordinary logic. When Christ spoke to His intimate pupils about spiritual matters He did so in a Socratic manner. When the Buddha spoke to his disciples and expounded spiritual matters he showed how this was possible through illumination and through the sojourn of the human soul in the spiritual world. When Christ spoke to the crowd He spoke of the higher worlds in the way in which they formerly were experienced by ordinary human souls. He spoke to the crowd, as one might say, like a popular Buddha; to His intimate disciples He spoke like a higher Socrates, a spiritualized Socrates. Socrates drew forth from the souls of his pupils the individual earthly reason, whereas Christ drew forth heavenly reason from the souls of His disciples. The Buddha gave heavenly enlightenment to his pupils; Christ in His parables gave earthly enlightenment to the crowd.

I would ask you to give thought to these three pictures: Over there in the land of the Ganges there is the Buddha with his pupils—the antithesis of Socrates; over there in Greece is Socrates with his pupils—the antithesis of the Buddha. And then four or five centuries later there is this remarkable synthesis, this remarkable combination. Here you have before your souls one of the greatest examples of the regular, lawful development of human evolution. Human evolution proceeds step by step. Many of the things taught in years past in the early stages of spiritual science may have been thought by some people to be a kind of theory, a mere doctrine as, for example, when it was explained that the human soul should be thought of as the combined action of the sentient soul, intellectual soul and consciousness soul. Some people certainly make their judgments too quickly, indeed, a good deal more quickly even than those who take something that is merely a first draft and regard it as the finished product, a draft that was still awaiting further development. Such different judgments which we have actually experienced are all right as long as it is drawn to the attention of anthroposophists how they ought not to think. Sometimes we are confronted with blatant examples of how not to think, although many people believe we should indeed think like that. For example, this morning someone gave me a fine example of an odd kind of thinking which I am quoting here only as an example, though it is one that we should very much take to heart for the reason that we as anthroposophists should not only take notice of the world's shortcomings but should actually do something towards the consistent perfecting of the soul. So if I take what was told me this morning as an example, I do this not for a personal but for a spiritual reason that has wide application.

I was told that in a certain area of Europe a gentleman is living who at one time a long time ago had printed some pointless statements about the teachings that appear in Steiner's Theosophy as well as about his general relationship to the spiritual movement. Now it happened today that an acquaintance of this gentleman was criticized because his acquaintance, that is this particular gentleman, had published something like this. To which the acquaintance replied, “Why, my friend has just begun to study the writings of Dr. Steiner in an intensive manner.” Yet this friend years before had passed judgment on these writings, and it is offered as an excuse that he is just beginning now to study them! This is a way of thinking that ought to be impossible within our movement. When some time in the future people write historically about our movement the question will certainly be asked, “Could it possibly be true that it occurred to someone to propose as an excuse that a man is only now beginning to acquaint himself with something on which he passed judgment years ago?” Such things are an integral part of anthroposophical education, and we shall make no progress unless it becomes generally accepted that such things must be unthinkable, absolutely unthinkable in our anthroposophical movement. For it is a necessary part of our inner honesty that we must be simply unable to think in this way. We can make no step forward in our search for truth if it is possible for us to pass such a judgment. And it is a duty for anthroposophists to take note of these things and not pass them by in an unloving manner while at the same time talking about the “universal love of mankind.” In a higher sense it is indeed unloving toward a man if we forgive him something of this kind because we thereby condemn him to karmic meaninglessness and lack of existence after death. By drawing his attention to the impossible nature of such judgments we make easier his existence after death. This is the deeper meaning of the matter.

So we should not take it lightly when the truth is put forward in the first place in a simple manner, namely, that the human soul is composed of three members, the sentient soul, intellectual soul, and consciousness soul. Already in the course of the years it was emphasized how this fact has a much deeper significance than a mere dividing of the soul into three parts. It was pointed out how the various postAtlantean cultures gradually developed: the ancient Indian, the primeval Persian and the Egypto-Babylonian-Chaldean cultures, the Greco-Latin culture and then ours. And it was shown how the essential characteristic of the EgyptianBabylonian-Chaldean cultural epoch is the specific development of the true sentient soul of man. Similarly in the Greco-Latin era there was the specific culture of the intellectual soul, and in our era of the consciousness soul. So we are confronted with these three cultural epochs, which have their influence on the education and evolution of the human soul itself. These three soul members are not something that have been theoretically thought out, but are living realities developing progressively through successive epochs of time.

But everything must be linked. The earlier must always be carried over into the later, and in the same way the later must be foreshadowed in the earlier. In what cultural epoch do Socrates and the Buddha live? They live in the epoch of the intellectual soul; both have their task and their mission in that epoch.

The Buddha has the task of preserving the culture of the sentient soul from the previous, the third epoch, into the fourth. What the Buddha announces and his pupils take up into their hearts, is something destined to shine over from the third post-Atlantean period—the period of the sentient soul—into the era of the intellectual soul. In this way the era of the intellectual soul, the fourth post-Atlantean cultural period, could be warmed through by the glow and the light of the teachings of Buddha, by what was brought forth by the sentient soul, permeated as it was by clairvoyance. The Buddha was the great preserver of the sentient soul culture, bringing it forward right into the culture of the intellectual soul. What then was the mission of Socrates, who appeared somewhat later in time?

Socrates in the same way stands in the midst of the era of the intellectual soul. His appeal is made to the single human individuality, to something that can truly emerge only in our fifth cultural age. It was his task to foreshadow, though in a still abstract form, the era of the consciousness soul in the era of the intellectual soul. The Buddha preserves what came from the past, so that his message appears like a warming, shining light. Socrates anticipates what in his own time lies in the future, the characteristics of the consciousness soul era. So in his age it seemed to be somewhat prosaic, merely rational, even arid. Thus the third, fourth and fifth cultural epochs are telescoped in the fourth. The third is preserved by the Buddha, the fifth is anticipated by Socrates. West and East have the task of pointing up these two different missions—the East preserving the greatness of the past, while the West in an earlier era is anticipating what is to appear in a later one.

From the very ancient times in human evolution when the Buddha appeared time and again as the Boddhisattva, there is a straight path until the time when the Bodhisattva ascended to Buddhahood. There is a great and continuous development that comes to an end with the Buddha, and this really is an end because the Buddha undergoes his last incarnation on earth and never again descends to it. It was a great age that came to an end then, since it brought over from very ancient epochs what constituted the culture of the sentient soul of the third post-Atlantean cultural era and let it shine out again. If you will read the discourses of the Buddha from this point of view you will gain the right mood of soul and as a result the era of the intellectual soul will be valued by you in a different way. You will then return to the discourses of Buddha and say, “Everything here is of such a nature that it speaks directly to the human mind, but in the background is something that escapes from this mind and belongs to a higher world.” This is the reason for that special rhythmic movement that ordinary rational men find objectionable which we find in the repetition of Buddha's discourses. This we can begin to understand only when we leave the physical for the etheric, entering in this way the first super-sensible element behind the material. Anyone here who understands how much is active in the etheric body which stands behind the physical will also understand why so much in Buddha's discourses is repeated again and again. The repetitions must not be deleted from the discourses since such deletion takes away that special mood of soul that lives in them. Abstract-minded persons have done this in the belief that it is doing something helpful if they eliminate the repetitions and stick to the content. But it is important that they should be left just as the Buddha gave them.

If now we consider Socrates as he was, without all the wealth of material provided by the discoveries of natural science and the humanities since his day, and observe how he approaches the things of everyday life, we shall see how a man of the present time, when fortified by all the material of natural science, will find everywhere the Socratic method active in it. We expect it and need it. So we have a clear line beginning with Socrates and continuing into our own era, and this will grow ever more perfect in the future.

Thus there is one stream of human development that goes as far as the Buddha and ends with him; and there is another stream that begins with Socrates and goes on into the distant future. Socrates and the Buddha stand next to one another like the nuclei of two comets, if I may be allowed such an image. In the case of the Buddha, the light-filled comet's tail encircles the nucleus and points far back into the indeterminate perspectives of the past; in the case of Socrates the comet's tail of light encircles the nucleus in the same way but points far, far into the indeterminate distances of the future. Two diverging comets going in succession in opposite directions whose nuclei shine at the same time, this is the image I should like to use to illustrate how Socrates and the Buddha stand side by side.

Half a millennium passes, and something like a uniting of these two streams comes into being through Christ Jesus. We have already characterized this by putting a number of facts before our souls. Tomorrow we shall continue with this characterization so that we can answer the question, “How can we best characterize the mission of Christ Jesus in relation to the human soul?”

Vierter Vortrag

Heute möchte ich zunächst Ihren Blick auf zwei Bilder lenken, die wir aus der menschlichen Evolution der letzten Jahrtausende heraus vor unser geistiges Auge stellen können. Zuerst möchte ich Ihren Blick hinlenken auf etwas, das etwa in der Mitte und gegen das Ende des fünften Jahrhunderts der vorchristlichen Zeitrechnung geschehen ist. Bekannt ist es ja alles; aber wir wollen, wie gesagt, einmal den Blick unserer Seele darauf hinwenden.

Wir blicken hin, wie der Buddha im Inderlande eine Anzahl von Schülern, eine Anzahl von Jüngern um sich versammelt hatte und wie von dem, was sich da abspielte zwischen dem Buddha und seinen Jüngern, seinen Schülern, jene große, mächtige Bewegung ihren Ausgangspunkt nahm, welche die Jahrhunderte hindurch fortströmte im Orient, mächtige Wellen schlug und unzählbaren Menschen inneres Heil, innere Seelenbefreiung, Erhebung und Menschheitsbewußtsein brachte. Wenn wir charakterisieren wollen, was da geschehen ist, dann brauchen wir sozusagen nur den Hauptinhalt der Buddha-Lehre und des Buddha-Wirkens einmal ins Auge zu fassen.

Leben, so wie es der Mensch auf der Erde vollbringen kann in seiner irdischen Inkarnation, ist Leiden, ist bewirkt dadurch, daß der Mensch durch die Folge seiner Inkarnationen dem Drang unterliegt nach immer neuen Wiederverkörperungen. Erstrebenswertes Ziel ist, sich zu befreien von diesem Drang nach den Wiederverkörperungen, auszulöschen in der Seele alles, was den Trieb hervorruft, in eine physische Inkarnation hineinzudringen, um endlich aufzusteigen zu einem solchen Dasein, in dem die Seele nicht mehr den Drang fühlt, durch physische Sinne, durch physische Organe verbunden zu sein mit dem Dasein, aufzusteigen, wie man das so nennt, zum Nirwana.

Das ist die große Lehre, die den Lippen des Buddha entströmte, daß Leben Leiden sei und daß der Mensch die Mittel finden müsse, um vom Leiden frei zu werden, um teilhaftig werden zu können des Nirwana. Wollen wir einen Ausdruck finden, um in uns geläufigen Begriffen prägnant darzustellen, welcher Impuls in dieser Buddha-Lehre liegt, so könnte man etwa sagen: Buddha lenkte den Blick seiner Schüler durch die Kraft und Gewalt seiner Individualität hin auf das irdische Dasein und versuchte, ihnen aus der unendlichen Fülle seines Mitleides heraus die Mittel zu geben, um ihre Seele mit allem, was in ihr ist, hinaufzutragen aus dem Irdischen in das Himmlische, hinaufzutragen Menschendenken, Menschenphilosophie aus dem Irdischen ins Himmlische.

Das ist, was wir wie eine Formel hinstellen können, wenn wir prägnant und wirklich bezeichnen wollen den Impuls, der von der großen Predigt von Benares durch Buddha ausgegangen ist. So sehen wir den Buddha Schüler sammeln um sich herum, die ihm treu anhängen. Was erblicken wir in der Seele dieser Jünger? Was wird allmählich ihr Bekenntnis? — daß alles Streben der Menschenseele doch dahin gehen muß, frei zu werden von dem Drange nach Wiedergeburten, frei zu werden von dem Hang zum Sinnensein, Vervollkommnung des Selbstes zu suchen, indem dieses Selbst sich befreit von allem, was es verbindet mit dem Sinnensein, und sich mit alledem zu verbinden, was es zusammenhält mit seinem göttlich-geistigen Uxsprunge. Solche Empfindungen lebten in den Schülern des Buddha: frei werden von allen Anfechtungen des Lebens, zusammenhängen mit der Welt nur mit dem ins Spirituelle hineinleuchtenden Empfinden der Seele, das man im Mitleid erlebt, selbst aber aufgehen im Streben nach der geistigen Vervollkommnung, bedürfnislos werden, möglichst wenig zusammenhängen mit dem, was den äußeren Menschen mit dem Dasein verbindet. So wandelten diese Buddha-Schüler durch die Welt, so erblickten sie den Zweck und das Ziel ihrer Buddha-Schülerschaft.

Und wenn wir die Jahrhunderte, in denen der Buddhismus sich ausbreitet, verfolgen und uns fragen: Was lebte in dem sich fortpflanzenden Buddhismus, was lebte in den Seelen, in den Herzen seiner Anhänger? - so erhalten wir zur Antwort: Diese Menschen waren hohen Zielen zugewendet; aber in der Mitte all ihres Denkens, Fühlens und Empfindens lebte die große Gestalt des Buddha, lebte der Hinblick auf alles, was er gesagt hat in so hinreißenden, bedeutungsvollen Worten über die Befreiung von dem Leid des Lebens. In der Mitte alles Denkens und Empfindens lebte die umfassende, die umspannende, mächtige Autorität des Buddha in den Herzen seiner Schüler, in den Herzen seiner Nachfolger in den Jahrhunderten. Was der Buddha gesagt hat, es galt diesen Schülern, diesen Nachfolgern als heiliges Wort.

Woher kam es, daß den Buddha-Schülern und -Nachfolgern diese Buddha-Worte wie eine Botschaft vom Himmel selbst galten? Der Grund dafür war der, daß diese Schüler und Nachfolger in dem Glauben, in dem Bekenntnis lebten, daß damals in dem Ereignis unter dem Bodhibaum in der Seele des Buddha aufgeleuchtet ist die wahre Erkenntnis vom Weltendasein, hereingeleuchtet hat das Licht, die Sonne des Alls, und daß daher, was aus seinem Munde kommt, selbst zu gelten hat wie ein Ausspruch der Geister des Alls. Auf diese Stimmung, wie sie lebte in den Herzen der Buddha-Schüler, der Buddha-Nachfolger, kommt es an, auf das Heilige dieser Stimmung, auf das Einzigartige, auf das Charakteristische dieser Stimmung. Wir wollen das alles vor unser geistiges Auge hinstellen, um verstehen zu lernen, was da geschah ein halbes Jahrtausend vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha.

Und jetzt blicken wir auf ein anderes Bild der Weltgeschichte. Für die langen Zeiten der Menschheitsevolution ist das, was ungefähr um ein Jahrhundert auseinanderliegt, wahrhaftig gleichzeitig zu nennen. Da kommt ein Jahrhundert nicht in Betracht, wenn es sich um die Jahrtausende und aber Jahrtausende der Menschheitsevolution handelt. Deshalb können wir sagen: Wenn auch das Bild, das wir jetzt vor unsere Seele stellen wollen, zwar um ein Jahrhundert später anzusetzen ist, so ist es für die Menschheitsentwickelung doch fast gleichzeitig mit dem Ereignis, das wir eben als das Buddha-Ereignis gekennzeichnet haben.

Im fünften Jahrhundert der vorchristlichen Zeitrechnung sehen wir eine andere Individualität im alten Griechenland allmählich Schüler und Anhänger um sich sammeln. Wieder ist die Tatsache hinlänglich bekannt. Aber um zum Verständnis der Entwickelung der letzten Jahrhunderte zu kommen, ist es gut, das Bild dieser Individualität vor sich hinzustellen. Wir sehen Sokrates im alten Griechenland Schüler um sich sammeln. Und man braucht, um Sokrates in diesem Zusammenhange nennen zu dürfen, nur das Bild in Erwägung zu ziehen, das der große Philosoph Plato von Sokrates entworfen hat und das doch auch im wesentlichen durch den großen Philosophen Aristoteles bestätigt scheint. Man braucht nur in Erwägung zu ziehen, daß Plato in einer so eindringlichen Weise das Bild des Sokrates entworfen hat, und man kann dann auch sagen: Von Sokrates ging eine Bewegung im Abendlande aus. Und wer den ganzen Charakter der Kulturentwickelung des Abendlandes ins Auge faßt, der wird darauf kommen, daß einschneidend war für alles Abendländische dasjenige, was man das sokratische Element nennen kann. Wenn auch dieses sokratische Element im Abendlande subtiler durch die Wogen der Weltgeschichte sich fortpflanzt als das buddhistische Element im Morgenlande, so kann man die Parallele doch ziehen zwischen Sokrates und Buddha. Aber in einer eigentümlichen Weise müssen wir anders charakterisieren die Schüler- und die Jüngerschaft des Sokrates als die Schüler- und die Jüngerschaft des Buddha. Man möchte sagen: Alles, was charakteristisch Abendland und Morgenland unterscheidet, es tritt einem entgegen, wenn man diesen Grundunterschied Buddha - Sokrates ins Auge faßt.

Sokrates sammelt seine Schüler um sich herum. Wie fühlt er sich seinen Schülern gegenüber? Man hat seine Kunst, zu seinen Schülern sich zu verhalten, eine geistige Hebammenkunst genannt, weil er das, was die Schüler wissen, was sie lernen sollten, aus den Seelen der Schüler selbst hervorholen wollte. Er stellte seine Fragen so, daß die eigene innere Grundstimmung der Schülerseelen in Bewegung kam, daß er eigentlich nichts den Schülern von sich aus übertrug, sondern alles herausholte aus den Schülern selbst. Das etwas trockene, nüchterne Element, das die sokratische Weltanschauung und Weltanschauungskunst hat, kommt davon her, daß Sokrates eigentlich an die Selbständigkeit, an die ureigene Vernunft jedes Schülers appellierte, wenn er mit seiner Schar in einer etwas anderen Weise, aber doch ähnlich durch die Straßen von Athen ging, wie Buddha mit seinen Schülern die Wege zog. Aber während Buddha verkündete, was er durch die Erleuchtung unter dem Bodhibaum erhalten hatte, und während durch die Jahrhunderte hindurch das wirkte, was er aus der geistigen Welt heraus empfangen hatte und dann wieder auf die Schüler überströmen ließ, so daß in den Schülern fortlebte, was in Buddha gelebt hatte, machte Sokrates nicht den geringsten Anspruch darauf, als «Sokrates» fortzuleben in den Herzen seiner Schüler. Er wollte nicht einmal, wenn er seinen Schülern gegenüberstand, irgend etwas von sich übertragen in die Schülerseelen, sondern er wollte es ihnen selber überlassen, das, was sie hatten, aus sich herauszuholen. Nichts von Sokrates sollte übergehen in die Schülerseelen, gar nichts.

Man kann sich keinen größeren Unterschied denken als den zwischen Buddha und Sokrates. In der Seele des Buddha-Schülers sollte ganz der Buddha leben. In der Seele des Sokrates-Schülers sollte so wenig etwas von Sokrates leben, wie in dem Kinde, das zur Welt kommt, etwas lebt, was von der Hebamme hinzugetan worden ist. So sollte das geistige Element bei den Sokrates-Schülern durch die geistige Hebammenkunst des Sokrates zum Vorschein kommen, den Menschen auf sich selber stellend, aus dem Menschen das hervorholend, was in dem Menschen selber darinnen ist. Das wollte Sokrates. Man könnte diesen Unterschied zwischen Sokrates und Buddha auch noch mit den folgenden Worten charakterisieren. Hätte eine Stimme vom Himmel angeben wollen, was die Buddha-Schüler durch den Buddha haben sollten, so hätte sie wohl sagen können: Entzündet in euch, was in Buddha gelebt hat, damit ihr durch Buddha den Weg zum geistigen Dasein finden könnt! Und wollte man in einer ähnlichen Weise charakterisieren, was Sokrates wollte, so müßte man sagen: Sokrates wollte jedem seiner Schüler zurufen: Werde, was du bist!

Muß man nicht, wenn man diese zwei Bilder vor die Seele hinstellt, sich sagen: Zwei Entwickelungsströme der Menschheitsevolution stehen da vor uns, zwei Entwickelungsströme, die aber polarisch entgegengesetzt sind? Sie berühren sich in einer gewissen Weise wieder; aber sie berühren sich nur an den äußersten Enden. Man darf die Dinge nicht miteinander vermischen; man muß sie charakterisieren in ihrer Differenzierung und dann aufzeigen, wo immerhin doch eine höhere Einheit ist. Wenn man sich den Buddha einem Schüler gegenübergestellt denkt, so könnte man sagen: Er ist bemüht — Sie werden das aus den Buddha-Reden erkennen -, mit den erhabensten Worten in immer wiederkehrenden Wiederholungen - und die sind notwendig, man kann sie bei der Wiedergabe der Buddha-Reden nicht fortlassen - in der Seele des Jüngers das zu entzünden, was notwendig ist, um ihn hinaufzuführen zu den geistigen Welten mit Hilfe dessen, was er selbst erlebt hat unter dem Bodhibaum. Und so sind die Worte gewählt, daß sie alle klingen von dem Erdentrücktsein wie eine himmlische Kundgebung aus der himmlischen Welt von Lippen, die da sprechen unter dem unmittelbaren Eindruck, der in der Erleuchtung auftrat, und den sie wiedergeben wollen.

Und wie können wir Sokrates und den Schüler einander gegenübergestellt denken? Sie stehen sich so gegenüber, daß Sokrates dem Schüler sagt, wenn er ihm das Verhältnis des Menschen zum Göttlichen an den einfachsten Vernunfterwägungen des Alltages klarzumachen versucht, wie er denken soll, wie die logischen Zusammenhänge sich verhalten. Überall auf das Nüchternste, Alltäglichste wird der Schüler verwiesen und soll dann anwenden, was er mit der gewöhnlichen Logik erringen kann, auf das, was er sich als Erkenntnis erwerben kann. Nur einmal erscheint einem Sokrates wachsend zu einer solchen Höhe, wo er, man möchte sagen, so spricht wie Buddha zu seinen Schülern. Einmal erscheint er so, als er dem Tode entgegengeht. Da, wo er spricht von der Unsterblichkeit der Seele unmittelbar vor seinem Hinscheiden, da redet er allerdings wie ein höchster Erleuchteter; aber er redet wieder auch so, daß alles, was er sagt, nur verstanden werden kann, wenn man sein ganzes persönliches Erlebnis ins Auge faßt. Deshalb geht es so zu Herzen, spricht uns so in die Seele, wenn wir das Platonische Gespräch über die Unsterblichkeit der Seele ins Auge fassen, wo Sokrates etwa sagt: Habe ich nicht mein ganzes Leben danach gestrebt, durch die Philosophie das zu erringen, was man als Mensch erringen kann, um von der Sinneswelt frei zu werden? Und jetzt, wo meine Seele bald losgelöst sein wird von allem Sinnlichen, sollte sie da nicht freudig eindringen in das seelische Element? Sollte ich da nicht freudig eindringen in das, wonach immer ich innerlich strebte, wenn ich philosophisch strebte?

Wer dieses Gespräch des Sokrates bei Plato im «Phaidon» in seiner ganzen Stimmung erfassen kann, der fühlt sich unmittelbar versetzt in eine Empfindung, wie sie ausgeht von den erhabenen Lehren des Buddha, da, wo dieser zu den Herzen der Buddha-Schüler spricht. Und man kann dann sagen mit Bezug auf das, was der Unterschied, was das polarisch Verschiedene dieser beiden Persönlichkeiten ist: An einem besonderen Punkt erheben sie sich so, daß eine Einheit auch in dem polarisch Verschiedenen hervortritt. Wenn wir den Blick zu Buddha wenden, werden wir finden: Im ganzen sind die Buddha-Reden so, daß man sagen möchte, jene Empfindung, die man dem Gespräch des Sokrates über die Unsterblichkeit der Seele gegenüber hat, man hat sie durch die ganzen Buddha-Reden hindurch. Ich meine jetzt die Stimmung, die Seelenspannung. Das aber, was über die anderen, die sokratischen Reden immer ausgegossen ist, die stets darauf hinausgehen, den Menschen zu seiner eigenen Vernunft zu bringen, man findet es selten, aber zuweilen doch, bei Buddha; es klingt zuweilen durch. Man fühlt förmlich etwas wie ein versetztes sokratisches Gespräch, wenn Buddha einmal dem Schüler Sona klarmachen will, daß es nicht gut ist, bloß im Sinnensein zu verweilen und bloß mit dem sinnlichen Dasein zusammenzuhängen oder sich nur zu kasteien oder nur zu leben wie die alten, sich kasteienden Menschen, sondern daß es gut ist, wenn man den Mittelweg einschlägt. Da steht Buddha dem Schüler Sona gegenüber und spricht zu ihm etwa so: «Sieh einmal, Sona, wirst du gut auf der Laute spielen können, wenn die Saiten der Laute zu schlaff gezogen sind?» «Nein», muß Sona sagen, «ich werde nicht gut auf der Laute spielen können, wenn die Saiten zu schlaff gezogen sind.» «Nun wohl», sagt Buddha zu Sona, «wirst du gut auf der Laute spielen können, wenn die Saiten der Laute zu straff gezogen sind?» «Nein», muß Sona sagen, «ich werde nicht gut auf der Laute spielen können, wenn die Saiten der Laute zu straff gezogen sind.» «Also wann», meint Buddha, «wirst du gut auf der Laute spielen können?» «Wenn die Saiten der Laute weder zu schlaff noch zu straff gespannt sind», antwortet Sona. «Und so», meint Buddha, «ist es auch mit dem Menschen. Der Mensch wird nicht zu allen Erkenntnissen kommen können, wenn er zu stark dem Sinnesleben verfällt; und er wird auch nicht zu allen Erkenntnissen kommen, wenn er sich bloß kasteiend zurückzieht von allem Dasein. Der Mittelweg, den man einschlagen muß bei den gespannten Saiten der Laute, er muß auch eingeschlagen werden in bezug auf die Stimmung der Menschenseele.»

Man darf sagen, dieses Gespräch des Buddha mit dem Schüler Sona könnte ebensogut bei Sokrates stehen, denn so spricht durch Appellieren an die Vernunft Sokrates zu seinen Schülern. Was ich Ihnen eben erzählt habe, ist ein «sokratisches Gespräch», das Buddha mit seinem Schüler Sona führte; aber ein solches Gespräch ist bei Buddha so selten, wie bei Sokrates das «buddhistisch» zu nennende Gespräch über die Unsterblichkeit der Seele, wie er es vor seinem Tode mit seinen Schülern führte, selten ist.

Es ist immer nötig zu betonen, daß man zur Wahrheit nur kommt, wenn man in dieser Weise charakterisiert. Es ist leichter zu charakterisieren, wenn man etwa sagen würde: Die Menschheitsevolution geht durch große Führer vorwärts; diese großen Führer verkünden im Grunde genommen immer dasselbe, nur in verschiedenen Formen, und alle einzelnen Menschheitsführer sind in ihren Worten nur Ausgestaltungen des Einen. - Ganz gewiß, wahr ist das schon, aber so trivial als nur möglich. Es kommt darauf an, daß man sich die Mühe gibt, die Dinge zu erkennen, daß man Einheit snd Differenzierung sucht, daß man die Dinge nach ihrer Verschiedenheit charakterisiert und aus dem Verschiedenen erst die höhere Einheit sucht. Diese methodische Bemerkung muß schon einmal gemacht werden deshalb, weil sie ja etwas ist, was in bezug auf geistige Betrachtungen dem Leben überhaupt entspricht. Man kann so leicht sagen: Alle Religionen enthalten nur eines, um sich dann darauf zu verlegen, dieses «Eine » zu charakterisieren und zu sagen: Alle die verschiedenen Religionsstifter haben doch nur verschiedene Ausgestaltungen des Einen gegeben. Aber es ist unendlich trivial, wenn auch dieses Charakterisieren mit noch so schönen Worten geschieht. Man kommt dabei ebensowenig zu etwas, als wenn man zwei solche Gestalten wie Buddha und Sokrates von vornherein bloß nach einer abstrakten Einheit charakterisieren wollte und nicht die polarische Differenzierung suchen würde. Sobald man sie aber auf ihre Gedankenformen zurückführt, werden die Leute bald erkennen, um was es sich handelt. Pfeffer und Salz, Zukker und Paprika sind die Zutaten, die auf dem Tisch stehen für die Speisen; sie sind alle «eins», nämlich Zutaten für die Speisen. Keiner aber wird, weil man sagen kann, diese Dinge sind alle eins, diese einzelnen Zutaten einander gleichstellen und zum Beispiel Pfeffer oder Salz statt Zucker in den Kaffee streuen wollen. Was man so im Leben nicht hinnehmen kann, das sollte man auch im Geistigen nicht hinnehmen. Man sollte es nicht hinnehmen, wenn gesagt wird, Krishna oder Zarathustra, Orpheus oder Hermes seien im Grunde genommen nur verschiedene Ausgestaltungen des «Einen ». Das ist nicht mehr wert für eine ernsthafte und wahrhafte Charakterisierung, als wenn man sagte: Pfeffer und Salz, Zucker und Paprika sind alle verschiedene Ausgestaltungen der einen Wesenheit, der Zutaten zu den Speisen. Es kommt darauf an, daß man solche methodischen Dinge wirklich versteht und nicht das Bequemere hinnimmt für das Wahrhaftige.

Wenn man diese zwei Gestalten sich vor Augen führt, Buddha und Sokrates, so erscheinen sie uns wie zwei verschiedene, polarisch entgegengesetzte Ausgestaltungen der menschheitlichen Evolutionsströmung. Und indem wir nun diese beiden wieder, wie wir gezeigt haben, in einer höheren Einheit verbinden, können wir ein Drittes hinzufügen, bei dem wir es auch mit einer großen Individualität zu tun haben, um die sich Schüler und Jünger versammeln: den Christus Jesus. Wenn wir von diesen Schülern und Jüngern, die sich um ihn versammeln, zunächst seine nächsten Schüler, die Zwölf, ins Auge fassen, so sagt uns insbesondere auch das Markus-Evangelium über das Verhältnis des Meisters zu seinen Schülern mit aller Deutlichkeit etwas, wie wir es eben charakterisiert haben auf einem anderen Gebiet bei Buddha und Sokrates, mit aller möglichen Deutlichkeit. Und der deutlichste Ausdruck, der prägnanteste, der zusammengezogenste Ausdruck, welcher ist es? Es ist der, der uns das Folgende sagt. Der Christus tritt — es wird uns das mehrmals angedeutet - der Menge gegenüber, die ihn hören will. Er spricht zu dieser Menge, spricht zu ihr, wie das Evangelium sagt, in Gleichnissen oder in Bildern. Er deutet das wird ja auch im Evangelium des Markus so großartig und einfach dargestellt - gewisse tief bedeutungsvolle Tatbestände des Weltgeschehens und der Menschheitsentwickelung der Menge an durch Gleichnisse, durch Bilder. Und es wird dann gesagt: Wenn er mit seinen intimen Schülern allein war, so legte er ihnen diese Bilder aus. Es wird uns auch einmal im Markus-Evangelium ein besonderes Beispiel gegeben, wie im Bilde zu der Menge gesprochen wird und wie dann das den intimen Schülern ausgelegt wird.

«Und er lehrte sie viel in Gleichnissen und sagte zu ihnen in seiner Lehre:

Höret! Siehe, es ging der Säemann aus zu säen.

Und es geschah, da er säete, fiel das eine an den Weg; und es kamen die Vögel und fraßen es auf.

Und anderes fiel auf das steinige Land, wo es nicht viel Boden hatte, und schoß alsbald auf, weil es nicht tief im Boden lag.

Und als die Sonne aufging, ward es versengt und verdorrte, weil es keine Wurzel hatte.

Und anderes fiel in die Dornen; und die Dornen gingen auf und erstickten es, und es gab keine Frucht.

Und anderes fiel in das gute Land und brachte Frucht, die aufging und wuchs und trug dreißigfach und sechzigfach und hundertfach.

Und er sagte: Wer Ohren hat zu hören, der höre!

Und als er allein war, fragten ihn seine Umgebung samt den Zwölfen um die Gleichnisse.» (4, 2-10.)

Und so spricht er zu seinen intimeren Schülern:

«Der Säemann säet das Wort.

Das aber sind die am Wege: wo das Wort gesäet wird, und wenn sie es hören, kommt alsbald der Satan und nimmt das Wort weg, das unter sie gesäet ist.

Und desgleichen wo auf das steinige Land gesäet wird, das sind die, die, wenn sie das Wort hören, es alsbald mit Freuden annehmen,

und haben keine Wurzel in sich, sondern sind Kinder des Augenblicks; dann, wenn Drangsal kommt oder Verfolgung um des Wortes willen, nehmen sie alsbald Anstoß.

Und dagegen wo unter die Dornen gesäet wird, das sind die, welche das Wort gehört haben,

und die Sorgen der Welt und der Trug des Reichtums und was sonst Lüste sind, kommen darein und ersticken das Wort, und es bleibt ohne Frucht.

Und dort, wo auf das gute Land gesäet wird, das sind diejenigen, die das Wort hören und annehmen und Frucht bringen, dreißig-, sechzig-, hundertfach.» (4, 14-20.)

Hier haben wir den vollständigen Typus dafür, wie der Christus Jesus lehrte. Von Buddha wird uns gesagt, wie er lehrte, und von Sokrates wird uns gesagt, wie er lehrte. Von Buddha können wir in unserer abendländischen Sprache sagen: Er brachte, was die Menschen im Irdischen erleben, zum Himmlischen hinauf. Auf Sokrates hat man oft das Wort angewendet, daß man seine ganze Tendenz richtig kennzeichnet, wenn man sagt: Er brachte die Philosophie vom Himmel auf die Erde herunter, weil er an die unmittelbare Erdenvernunft appellierte. Man kann sich deutlich ein Bild davon machen, wie diese beiden Individualitäten zu ihren Schülern standen.

Wie stand nun der Christus Jesus zu seinen Schülern? Er stand anders zur Menge: die lehrte er in Gleichnissen; und er stand anders zu seinen Schülern, die mit ihm intimer waren: denen legte er die Gleichnisse aus, indem er ihnen das sagte, was sie einsehen konnten, was unmittelbar für das Ergreifen durch die menschliche Vernunft nahelag. Komplizierter also muß man sprechen, wenn man die Lehrweise des Christus Jesus charakterisieren will. Ein Charakterzug, der allen Buddha-Lehren gemeinsam ist, charakterisiert die Buddha-Lehren; daher haben wir auch nur eine Art bei den Schülern, welche unmittelbar zum Buddha gehören. Einerlei nur sind auch des Sokrates Schüler, denn es kann die ganze Welt Sokrates’ Schülerschaft bilden, weil Sokrates nichts will, als herausholen, was in der Menschenseele liegt; und wiederum auch nur in einerlei Weise steht Sokrates zu seinen Schülern. In zweierlei Weise steht der Christus Jesus da: anders zu seinen intimen Schülern, anders zur Menge. Was hat es damit für eine Bewandtnis?

Wenn man erkennen will, welche Bewandtnis es damit hat, so muß man sich einmal den ganzen Werdewendepunkt der Zeiten klarmachen, der da steht vor unserer Seele für die Zeit des Mysteriums von Golgatha. Die Zeiten gehen zu Ende, in denen das alte Hellsehen allgemeine menschliche Eigenschaft war. Je weiter wir zurückgehen in der Menschheitsevolution, desto mehr kommen wir zu den Zeiten, in denen das alte Hellsehen allgemeines Menschengut war, wo die Menschen in die geistigen Welten hineingesehen haben. Wie haben sie hineingesehen? So haben sie hineingesehen, daß ihr Sehen ein Schauen der Weltengeheimnisse in Bildern, in unbewußten oder unterbewußten Imaginationen war, ein traumhaftes Hellsehen in traumhaften Imaginationen, nicht in solchen Vernunftbegriffen, wie sie heute der Mensch sich klarmacht, wenn er erkennen will. Was heute Wissenschaft, aber auch was heute populäres Denken ist, was nüchterne Vernunft und Urteilskraft ist, das war in jenen alten Zeiten nicht vorhanden. Wenn der Mensch der Außenwelt gegenüberstand, so stand er ihr gegenüber, indem er sie sah; aber er zergliederte sie nicht in Begriffe, er hatte keine Logik, er dachte nicht kombinierend über die Dinge. Es ist für den heutigen Menschen sogar schwer, sich das vorzustellen, weil man heute über alles denkt. Aber der alte Mensch hat nicht so gedacht. Er ging an den Dingen vorbei, er sah sie und prägte sich die Bilder ein, und erklärbar war ihm das, wenn er in den Zwischenzuständen zwischen Wachen und Schlafen in seine traumhaft imaginative Welt hineinsah. Da sah er Bilder.

Stellen wir uns die Sache konkreter vor. Stellen wir uns vor, der alte Mensch vor vielen, vielen Jahrtausenden hätte seine Umwelt betrachtet. Es wäre ihm aufgefallen, daß da irgendein Lehrer gewesen wäre, der seinen Schülern etwas erklärt hätte. Da hätte sich der alte Mensch hingestellt und zugehört, was für Worte der Lehrer seinem Schüler sagte. Und wenn mehr Schüler dagewesen wären, hätte er zugehört, wie der eine recht inbrünstig die Worte aufnimmt; der andere nimmt sie auch auf, aber er läßt sie bald fallen; ein dritter ist so hingenommen von seinem Egoismus, daß er nicht hinhört. VerstandesmäBig vergleichen hätte der alte Mensch zum Beispiel drei solche Schüler nicht können. Aber wenn er in den Zwischenzuständen zwischen Wachen und Schlafen war, dann kam ihm das Ganze wieder als Bild vor die Seele. Dann hätte er zum Beispiel so etwas sehen können, wie ein Säemann geht, Saat ausstreut — das hätte er wirklich als hellseherisches Bild gesehen -: die eine Saat wirft er in guten Boden, da geht sie gut auf; die zweite Saat wirft er in schlechteren Boden, die dritte in steinigen Boden. Von dem, was in den zweiten Boden fiel, geht weniger auf, und von dem, was in den dritten Boden fiel, gar nichts. Der alte Mensch hätte nicht so gesagt wie der heutige Mensch: Der eine Schüler nimmt die Worte auf, der andere nimmt sie gar nicht auf und so weiter. Aber in den Zwischenzuständen zwischen Wachen und Schlafen sah er das Bild, da sah er die Erklärung. Und anders hätte er nie darüber gesprochen. Hätte man ihn gefragt, wie er sich das Verhältnis des Lehrers zu den Schülern erklärt, so hätte er sein hellseherisches ’Traumbild erzählt. Das war für ihn die Realität, aber auch die Erklärung der Sache. So hätte er gesprochen.

Nun hatte die Menge, die dem Christus Jesus gegenüberstand, von dem alten Hellsehertum zwar nur noch letzte Reste; aber die Seelen waren noch dazu geschickt, zuzuhören, wenn in Bildern gesprochen wurde von dem Hergang des Seins und des Menschheitswerdens. Und wie zu jemand, der sich noch die letzte Erbschaft des alten Hellsehens erhalten hatte und hineingetragen hatte in das gewöhnliche Seelenleben, so sprach der Christus Jesus zur Menge.

Und welches waren die intimen Schüler? Wir haben gehört, wie sie sich zu den Zwölfen zusammensetzten aus den sieben Söhnen der Makkabäermutter und den fünf Söhnen des Mattathias. Wir haben gehört, wie sie aufgerückt waren durch das ganze althebräische Volk hindurch zu der starken Betonung des unsterblichen Ich. Sie waren die wirklich ersten, die der Christus Jesus sich auswählen konnte, um an das zu appellieren, was in jeder Seele lebt, so lebt, wie es werden sollte zu einem neuen Ausgangspunkt für das Menschenwerden. Zur Menge sprach er, indem er voraussetzte, daß sie das verstehe, was sich als Erbschaft von dem alten Hellsehen erhalten hat; zu seinen Jüngern sprach er so, daß er von ihnen voraussetzen konnte, daß sie die ersten seien, die schon etwas von dem verstehen konnten, wie wir heute von den höheren Welten zu den Menschen sprechen. Es war also durch den ganzen Zeitenwendepunkt geboten, daß der Christus Jesus in verschiedener Weise sprach, wenn er zur Menge sprach und wenn er zu denen sprach, die seine intimen Schüler waren. Mitten hinein in die Menge stellt er sie, die er als die Zwölf an sich zog. Was für die Folgezeit allgemeines Menschengut werden sollte, verstehen, vernunftgemäß verstehen, was sich auf die höheren Welten und auf die Geheimnisse der Menschheitsevolution bezieht, das war die Aufgabe des engeren Schülerkreises des Christus Jesus. Er sprach - nehmen Sie nur das Ganze, was er da sagte bei der Auslegung des Gleichnisses für seine Schüler —, man möchte sagen, auch in sokratischen Worten. Denn das, was er da sprach, das holte er aus jeder Seele selber heraus, nur daß Sokrates sich mehr beschränkte auf die irdischen Verhältnisse, man möchte sagen, auf die gemeine Logik, während der Christus Jesus über die spirituellen Angelegenheiten sprach. Aber er sprach über die spirituellen Angelegenheiten, wenn er zu seinen intimen Schülern sprach, auf sokratische Art. Wenn Buddha zu seinen Schülern sprach, dann sprach er so, daß er ihnen die spirituellen Angelegenheiten klarlegte, aber so klarlegte, wie es die Erleuchtung gibt, wie es also nur der Aufenthalt der Menschenseele in den höheren Welten gibt. Wenn der Christus zur Menge sprach, dann sprach er so, wie es die gewöhnliche Menschenseele in früheren Zeiten in den höheren Welten erlebt hat. Zur Menge sprach er, man möchte sagen, wie ein populärer Buddha; zu seinen intimen Schülern sprach er wie ein höherer Sokrates, wie ein spiritualisierter Sokrates. Sokrates holte die individuelle, irdische Vernunft aus den Seelen seiner Schüler heraus; der Christus holte die himmlische Vernunft aus den Seelen seiner Schüler heraus. Der Buddha gab seinen Schülern die himmlische Erleuchtung; der Christus gab der Menge die irdische Erleuchtung in seinen Gleichnissen.

Ich bitte Sie, nehmen Sie diese drei Bilder: drüben im Ganges-Lande den Buddha mit seinen Schülern — das Gegenbild des Sokrates; drüben in Griechenland den Sokrates mit seinen Schülern - das Gegenbild des Buddha. Und dann diese merkwürdige Synthese, diese merkwürdige Verbindung vier bis fünf Jahrhunderte später. Da haben Sie den gesetzmäßigen Werdegang der Menschheitsevolution an einem der größten Beispiele vor Ihrer Scele stehen.

Die Menschheitsevolution geht Schritt für Schritt weiter. Vieles von dem, was auf den ersten Stufen der geisteswissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis die Jahre her angeführt wurde, es könnte manchem vorkommen wie eine Art Theorie, wie eine Art bloßer Lehre. So zum Beispiel haben gewiß viele gedacht, so etwas sei eine bloße Lehre, eine bloße Theorie, wenn davon gesprochen wird, daß die Menschenseele zu denken ist als ein Zusammenwirken von Empfindungsseele, Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele und Bewußtseinsseele. Gewiß, es gibt Leute, die rasch urteilen. Wie haben wir es doch erlebt, daß noch viel rascher geurteilt wird, noch viel rascher, als diejenigen urteilen, die zunächst so etwas, wo gleichsam die ersten Linien gezeichnet werden für eine weitere Entwickelung, für sich als fertig hinnehmen. Es gibt ja auch ganz andere Beurteilungen noch. Es ist schon gut, wenn wir Anthroposophen auch auf die Art aufmerksam gemacht werden, wie man nicht denken sollte.

Manchmal treten einem krasse Beispiele entgegen, wie man nicht denken sollte, wovon aber viele Leute glauben, daß man so denken dürfe. Heute morgen erzählte mir jemand ein niedliches Beispiel von einer sonderbaren Art des Denkens. Ich gebrauche es hier nur als ein Exempel, aber als eines jener Exempel, die wir uns recht gut in die Seele schreiben sollten, weil wir als Anthroposophen nicht nur die Unarten der Welt kennenlernen sollen, sondern tatsächlich etwas zur immer weitergehenden Vervollkommnung der Seele tun sollen. Daher geschicht es nicht aus einem persönlichen Grunde, sondern aus einem allgemeinen spirituellen Grunde, wenn ich das als ein Exempel gebrauche, was mir heute morgen gesagt worden ist.

Da wurde erzählt: In einem gewissen Gebiete Europas gibt es einen Herrn, der vor langer Zeit einmal die unzutreffendsten Dinge hat drucken lassen über dasjenige, was in Steiners «Theosophie» gelehrt wird, oder über die Art, wie er sich überhaupt zur spirituellen Bewegung verhält. Nun hat man es heute einer Persönlichkeit vorgeworfen, daß ein Bekannter dieser Persönlichkeit - nämlich dieser eben angeführte Herr - so etwas hat drucken lassen. Was sagte diese Persönlichkeit? «Ja, dieser mein Bekannter fängt jetzt an, in intensivster Weise die Werke von Dr. Steiner zu studieren.» Aber vor Jahren hat er sein Urteil abgegeben, und jetzt wird es als Entschuldigung aufgefaßt, daß er jetztanfängt, die Dinge zu studieren! Das istein unmögliches Denken innerhalb unserer Bewegung. Die zukünftigen Zeiten, die einmal geschichtlich darüber schreiben werden, werden die Frage aufwerfen: Hat es so etwas überhaupt einmal gegeben, daß es jemandem einfällt, nachdem ein Mensch vor Jahren über eine Sache sein Urteil abgegeben hat, entschuldigend zu sagen, er fängt jetzt an, sich mit der Sache bekannt zu machen?

Diese Dinge gehören zur anthroposophischen Erziehung, und erst dann kommen wir weiter, wenn wirklich einmal das Urteil allgemein wird, daß solche Dinge unmöglich sein müssen innerhalb der anthroposophischen Bewegung, ganz unmöglich sein müssen. Denn es gehört zur inneren Ehrlichkeit, in dieser Weise gar nicht denken zu können. Man kann ja keinen Schritt machen in der Erkenntnis der Wahrheit, wenn man ein solches Urteil überhaupt noch fällen kann. Und es ist eine Pflicht des Anthroposophen, diese Dinge zu bemerken, nicht lieblos an ihnen vorüberzugehen und über «allgemeine Menschenliebe » zu reden. Es ist im höheren Sinne des Wortes lieblos gegenüber einem Menschen, wenn man ihm so etwas verzeiht. Denn man verurteilt ihn dadurch karmisch zur Wesens- und Bedeutungslosigkeit nach dem Tode. Wenn man ihn auf die Unmöglichkeit eines solchen Urteils aufmerksam macht, erleichtert man ihm sein Dasein nach dem Tode. Das ist die tiefere Bedeutung der Sache.

So darf es auch hier nicht leichtgenommen werden, wenn einfach zunächst die Wahrheit hingestellt wird: Die menschliche Seele setzt sich zusammen aus den drei Gliedern: Empfindungsseele, Verstandesoder Gemütsseele und Bewußtseinsseele. Es trat ja schon im Laufe der Jahre hervor, daß eine solche Sache eine viel tiefere Bedeutung noch hat als bloß die einer systematischen Einteilung der Seele. Es wurde auseinandergesetzt, daß sich in der nachatlantischen Zeit nach und nach die einzelnen Kultuten entwickelten: die alte indische, die urpersische, die ägyptisch-chaldäische, die griechisch-lateinische und danach die unsrige. Und es wurde gezeigt, daß das Wesentliche der babylonisch-chaldäisch-ägyptischen Kulturperiode darin zu suchen ist, daß damals in Wahrheit des Menschen Empfindungsseele eine besondere Entwickelung durchgemacht hat. Ebenso haben wir in der griechisch-lateinischen Zeit eine besondere Kultur der Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele und in unserer Zeit eine Kultur der Bewußtseinsseele. So stehen wir diesen drei Kulturepochen gegenüber. So wirken sie an der Erziehung und Evolution der Menschenseele selber. Diese drei Seelenglieder sind nicht etwas, was ausspintisiert ist, sondern etwas, was lebendig da ist und sich in den aufeinanderfolgenden Zeiten aufeinanderfolgend entwickelt.

Aber alles muß zusammenhängen. Das Frühere muß immer in das Spätere hinübergenommen werden, und ebenso muß in dem Früheren das Spätere vorausgenommen werden. In welcher Kulturperiode leben Buddha und Sokrates? In der vierten nachatlantischen Epoche. Da stehen sie darinnen, da, wo die Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele besonders zum Ausdruck kommt. Beide haben darin ihre Mission, ihre Aufgabe.

Buddha hat die Aufgabe, die Kultur der Empfindungsseele aus der vorhergehenden Epoche, aus der dritten, in die vierte hinein zu bewahren. Was der Buddha verkündet, was die Schüler des Buddha in ihr Herz aufnehmen, das ist das, was herüberleuchten soll aus der dritten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode, welche die Kulturperiode der Empfindungsseele ist, in die vierte, in die Verstandes- oder Gemütsseelenzeit hinein. So daß also die Zeit der Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele, die vierte nachatlantische Kulturperiode, durchwärmt, durchglüht, durchleuchtet wird durch die Buddha-Lehre, durch das, was die noch vom Hellsehen durchzogene Empfindungsseelenzeit hervorgebracht hat. Der große Konservator der Empfindungsseelenkultur hinein in die Kultur der Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele ist der Buddha. — Welche Mission kommt dem etwas später auftretenden Sokrates zu?

Sokrates steht ebenso in der Verstandes- oder Gemütsseelenzeit darinnen. Er appelliert an die einzelne Individualität des Menschen, an das, was erst in unserem fünften Kulturzeitalter recht herauskommen kann. Er hat hereinzunehmen in einer noch abstrakten Form die Bewußtseinsseelenzeit in die Zeit der Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele. Buddha bewahrt das Vorhergehende. Daher erscheint das, was er verkündet, wie ein wärmendes, leuchtendes Licht. Sokrates nimmt herein, was für ihn Zukunft ist, was das Charakteristikon der Bewußtseinsseelenzeit ausmacht. Daher erscheint es in seiner Zeit wie ein Nüchternes, wie ein bloß Verstandesmäßiges, wie ein Trockenes.

So schieben sich zusammen in dem vierten Kulturzeitraum der dritte, vierte und fünfte; der dritte wird bewahrt durch Buddha, der fünfte wird vorausgenommen durch Sokrates. Abendland und Morgenland sind dazu da, um diese zwei Verschiedenheiten aufzunehmen; das Morgenland, um zu bewahren die Größe der vergangenen Zeit; das Abendland beschäftigt sich damit, in einer früheren Zeit vorauszunehmen, was in späterer Zeit herauskommen soll.

Es ist ein gerader Weg von uralten Zeiten der Menschheitsevolution, in welchen der Buddha immer als der Bodhisattya aufgetreten war, bis zu der Zeit, da der Bodhisattva zum Buddha aufgestiegen ist. Es ist eine große, fortlaufende Entwickelung, die ihr Ende findet mit dem Buddha und die auch wirklich dadurch ihr Ende findet, daß der Buddha seine letzte irdische Inkarnation erlebt und nicht mehr auf die Erde herabkommt. Es ist eine große Zeit, die damals ihr Ende findet, indem sie aus uralten Zeiten herüberbrachte, was die Empfindungsseelenkultur der dritten nachatlantischen Kulturepoche war, und diese wieder aufleuchten ließ. Lesen Sie des Buddha Reden von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus, dann werden Sie den richtigen Stimmungsgehalt bekommen, und dann wird für Sie dieses Eintreten der Verstandesoder Gemütsseelenzeit vielleicht noch einen ganz anderen Wert erhalten. Dann werden Sie an die Buddha-Reden gehen und sagen: Dadrinnen ist doch alles so, daß es unmittelbar zum menschlichen Gemüt spricht; aber dahinter ist etwas, was diesem Gemüt sich entzieht und einer höheren Welt angehört. Daher auch jene eigentümliche, für den gewöhnlichen Verstandesmenschen anstößige rhythmische Bewegung in den Wiederholungen der Buddha-Reden, die wir gerade dann zu verstehen beginnen, wenn wir aus dem Physischen ins Ätherische hineinkommen, welches das nächste Übersinnliche hinter dem Sinnlichen ist. Wer da versteht, wie vieles im Ätherleibe wirkt, der hinter dem physischen Leib ist, der versteht auch, warum vieles in den Reden des Buddha sich immer wieder und wieder wiederholt. Das Eigentümliche der Stimmung der Buddha-Reden darf man ihnen nicht nehmen, indem man die Wiederholungen ausschaltet. Abstraktlinge haben es gemacht, haben geglaubt, sie tun etwas Gutes, wenn sie nur den Inhalt herausnehmen und die Wiederholungen meiden. Es kommt aber darauf an, daß man alles so stehen läßt, wie es Buddha gegeben hat.

Wenn wir nun Sokrates betrachten, noch ganz ohne all den reichen Stoff, der seither in den naturwissenschaftlichen und menschenwissenschaftlichen Entdeckungen vorliegt, wenn wir betrachten, wie Sokrates an die gewöhnlichen Dinge geht, dann hat der, welcher ihn heute, angelehnt an den naturwissenschaftlichen Stoff, vornimmt, dort überall darinnen die sokratische Methode. Man sucht sie auch und will sie haben. Es ist eine große Linie, die von Sokrates beginnt, bis in unsere Zeit hereingeht und immer mehr an Vollkommenheit gewinnen wird.

So haben wir einen Strom der Menschheitsentwickelung, der bis zum Buddha hingeht und dort ein Ende erreicht; und wir haben einen anderen Strom, der mit Sokrates beginnt und in eine ferne Zukunft hineingeht. Sokrates und Buddha stehen nebeneinander gleichsam wie zwei Kometenkerne, wenn das Bild erlaubt ist; der Kometenlichtschweif bei Buddha sich um den Kern legend und weit, weit in unbestimmte Vergangenheitsperspektiven hineinweisend; der Kometenlichtschweif bei Sokrates ebenfalls sich um den Kern legend und weit, weit hineinleuchtend in unbestimmte Zukunftsfernen. Zwei auseinandergehende Kometen, nach einander entgegengesetzten Richtungen gehend, deren Kerne gleichzeitig leuchten, das ist das Bild, das ich dafür gebrauchen möchte, wie Sokrates und Buddha nebeneinander stehen.

Ein halbes Jahrtausend vergeht, und etwas wie eine Zusammenfügung der beiden Strömungen findet statt durch den Christus Jesus. Wir haben es schon charakterisiert, indem wir einige Tatsachen vor unsere Seele hinstellten. Wir wollen morgen in der Charakteristik fortfahren, um uns die Frage zu beantworten: Welches ist die in bezug auf die Menschenseele richtig zu charakterisierende Mission des Christus Jesus?

Fourth Lecture

Today, I would first like to draw your attention to two images that we can conjure up in our minds from the evolution of humankind over the last few millennia. First, I would like to draw your attention to something that happened around the middle and towards the end of the fifth century BC. It is well known, but, as I said, let us turn our spiritual gaze to it.

We see how the Buddha gathered a number of disciples around him in India and how, from what took place between the Buddha and his disciples, that great, powerful movement began which flowed through the centuries in the East, made powerful waves, and brought inner salvation, inner liberation of the soul, elevation, and human consciousness to countless people. If we want to characterize what happened there, we need only consider the main content of the Buddha's teaching and the Buddha's work.

Life, as it can be lived by human beings on earth in their earthly incarnation, is suffering, caused by the fact that, as a result of their incarnations, human beings are subject to the urge for ever new reincarnations. The goal to strive for is to free oneself from this urge for reincarnation, to extinguish in the soul everything that causes the urge to penetrate into a physical incarnation, in order to finally ascend to such an existence in which the soul no longer feels the urge to be connected to existence through physical senses and physical organs, to ascend, as it is called, to Nirvana.

This is the great teaching that flowed from the lips of Buddha, that life is suffering and that man must find the means to free himself from suffering in order to participate in nirvana. If we want to find an expression to concisely describe in familiar terms the impulse behind this teaching of Buddha, we could say something like this: Buddha directed the gaze of his disciples to earthly existence through the power and force of his individuality and, out of the infinite abundance of his compassion, tried to give them the means to lift their souls with all that is in them from the earthly to the heavenly, to lift human thinking, human philosophy from the earthly to the heavenly.

This is what we can put forward as a formula if we want to describe concisely and truly the impulse that emanated from Buddha's great sermon at Benares. We see Buddha gathering disciples around him who are loyal to him. What do we see in the souls of these disciples? What does their confession gradually become? That all the striving of the human soul must ultimately be directed toward freedom from the urge to be reborn, freedom from the tendency to be sensual, seeking perfection of the self by freeing itself from everything that connects it to sensuality and connecting itself with everything that holds it together with its divine-spiritual origin. Such feelings lived in the disciples of Buddha: to become free from all the trials of life, to be connected to the world only through the spiritual feeling of the soul, which is experienced in compassion, but to lose oneself in the pursuit of spiritual perfection, to become free of needs, to be as little connected as possible to what connects the outer human being to existence. Thus these disciples of Buddha wandered through the world, thus they saw the purpose and goal of their discipleship.

And when we trace the centuries in which Buddhism spread and ask ourselves: What lived in the propagating Buddhism, what lived in the souls, in the hearts of its followers? - we receive the answer: These people were devoted to high goals; but at the center of all their thoughts, feelings, and perceptions lived the great figure of the Buddha, lived the view of everything he said in such captivating, meaningful words about liberation from the suffering of life. At the center of all their thoughts and feelings lived the comprehensive, all-encompassing, powerful authority of the Buddha in the hearts of his disciples, in the hearts of his followers throughout the centuries. What the Buddha said was considered sacred words by these disciples and followers.

Where did this belief come from that the Buddha's words were like a message from heaven itself to his disciples and followers? The reason for this was that these disciples and followers lived in the belief, in the confession, that at that time, in the event under the Bodhi tree, the true knowledge of the world's existence had dawned in the soul of the Buddha, that the light, the sun of the universe, had shone forth, and that therefore what came from his mouth had to be regarded as a pronouncement of the spirits of the universe. What matters is this mood that lived in the hearts of the Buddha's disciples, the Buddha's followers, the sacredness of this mood, the uniqueness, the characteristic nature of this mood. Let us place all this before our mind's eye in order to understand what happened half a millennium before the mystery of Golgotha.

And now let us look at another picture of world history. For the long periods of human evolution, what lies approximately a century apart can truly be called simultaneous. A century is insignificant when we are talking about the millennia and millennia of human evolution. Therefore, we can say that even though the picture we now want to place before our soul is set a century later, it is nevertheless almost simultaneous with the event we have just described as the Buddha event in terms of human development.

In the fifth century BC, we see another individuality gradually gathering disciples and followers around him in ancient Greece. Again, the fact is well known. But in order to understand the development of the last centuries, it is good to picture this individuality before us. We see Socrates gathering disciples around him in ancient Greece. And in order to be able to mention Socrates in this context, one need only consider the image of Socrates created by the great philosopher Plato, which seems to be essentially confirmed by the great philosopher Aristotle. One need only consider that Plato painted such a vivid picture of Socrates, and one can then also say: A movement originated in the West with Socrates. And anyone who considers the entire character of the cultural development of the West will come to the conclusion that what can be called the Socratic element was decisive for everything Western. Even if this Socratic element propagated itself more subtly in the West through the waves of world history than the Buddhist element did in the East, one can still draw parallels between Socrates and Buddha. But in a peculiar way, we must characterize the discipleship of Socrates differently from that of Buddha. One might say that everything that characteristically distinguishes the West from the East comes to the fore when one considers this fundamental difference between Buddha and Socrates.

Socrates gathers his disciples around him. How does he feel toward his disciples? His art of relating to his students has been called a spiritual midwifery, because he wanted to bring out of the students' souls themselves what they knew and what they should learn. He asked his questions in such a way that the inner mood of the students' souls was set in motion, so that he did not actually impart anything to the students from himself, but brought everything out of the students themselves. The somewhat dry, sober element in the Socratic worldview and art of worldview comes from the fact that Socrates actually appealed to the independence and innate reason of each student when he walked with his group through the streets of Athens in a somewhat different but similar way to how Buddha walked the paths with his disciples. But while Buddha proclaimed what he had received through enlightenment under the Bodhi tree, and while what he had received from the spiritual world continued to have an effect throughout the centuries, flowing back to his disciples so that what had lived in Buddha lived on in his disciples, Socrates did not make the slightest claim to live on as “Socrates” in the hearts of his disciples. Even when he stood before his disciples, he did not want to transfer anything of himself into their souls, but wanted to leave it up to them to bring out what they had within themselves. Nothing of Socrates was to pass into the souls of his disciples, nothing at all.

One cannot imagine a greater difference than that between Buddha and Socrates. In the soul of Buddha's disciple, Buddha should live entirely. In the soul of Socrates' disciple, as little of Socrates should live as in a child who is born with something added by the midwife. Thus, the spiritual element in Socrates' disciples was to come to the fore through Socrates' spiritual midwifery, placing the human being on his own feet, bringing out of the human being what is within the human being himself. That was what Socrates wanted. One could also characterize this difference between Socrates and Buddha with the following words. If a voice from heaven had wanted to tell the Buddha's disciples what they were to gain through the Buddha, it could have said: “Ignite within yourselves what lived in Buddha, so that through Buddha you may find the way to spiritual existence!” And if one wanted to characterize what Socrates wanted in a similar way, one would have to say: Socrates wanted to call out to each of his disciples: “Become what you are!”

When we place these two images before our minds, must we not say: Two streams of development in human evolution stand before us, two streams of development that are polar opposites? They touch each other in a certain way, but they touch only at the extreme ends. One must not mix things up; one must characterize them in their differentiation and then show where there is nevertheless a higher unity. If one thinks of the Buddha as standing opposite a disciple, one could say: He is striving — you will recognize this from the Buddha's discourses — with the most sublime words in ever-recurring repetitions — and these are necessary, they cannot be omitted in the reproduction of the Buddha's discourses — to ignite in the soul of the disciple what is necessary to lead him up to the spiritual worlds with the help of what he himself has experienced under the Bodhi tree. And so the words are chosen so that they all sound like a heavenly proclamation from the heavenly world, spoken by lips that are under the immediate impression that arose in enlightenment and which they want to reproduce.

And how can we think of Socrates and the disciple in relation to each other? They stand opposite each other in such a way that Socrates tells the disciple, when he tries to explain to him the relationship between man and the divine using the simplest rational considerations of everyday life, how he should think, how the logical connections behave. The student is referred to the most sober, everyday things and is then supposed to apply what he can achieve with ordinary logic to what he can acquire as knowledge. Only once does Socrates appear to rise to such a height where he speaks, one might say, as Buddha speaks to his disciples. Once he appears this way as he faces death. When he speaks of the immortality of the soul immediately before his death, he certainly speaks like a supreme enlightened being; but he also speaks in such a way that everything he says can only be understood if one takes his entire personal experience into account. That is why it touches our hearts so deeply, speaks so powerfully to our souls, when we consider Plato's dialogue on the immortality of the soul, where Socrates says, for example: Have I not spent my whole life striving through philosophy to achieve what can be achieved as a human being in order to be free from the sensory world? And now that my soul will soon be detached from all that is sensual, should it not joyfully enter into the spiritual element? Should I not joyfully enter into that which I have always strived for inwardly when I strove philosophically?

Anyone who can grasp the whole mood of this conversation between Socrates and Plato in the Phaedo will immediately feel transported to a sensation that emanates from the sublime teachings of the Buddha when he speaks to the hearts of his disciples. And one can then say, with reference to the difference, the polar opposite of these two personalities: At a certain point, they rise so high that a unity emerges even in their polar differences. If we turn our gaze to Buddha, we find that, on the whole, the Buddha's sayings are such that one might say that the feeling one has when listening to Socrates' conversation about the immortality of the soul is present throughout the Buddha's sayings. I am referring to the mood, the tension of the soul. But what is always evident in the other, the Socratic discourses, which always aim to bring people to their own reason, is rarely found in Buddha, but occasionally it does come through. One feels something like a displaced Socratic dialogue when Buddha once wants to make it clear to his disciple Sona that it is not good to dwell merely in the senses and to be connected only with sensual existence, or to mortify oneself or to live only like the old people who mortify themselves, but that it is good to take the middle path. Buddha stands opposite his disciple Sona and says something like this to him: “Look, Sona, will you be able to play the lute well if the strings of the lute are too slack?” “No,” Sona must say, “I will not be able to play the lute well if the strings are too slack.” “Well then,” says Buddha to Sona, ‘will you be able to play the lute well if the strings of the lute are too tight?’ ‘No,’ Sona must say, ‘I will not be able to play the lute well if the strings of the lute are too tight.’ ‘So when,’ says Buddha, ”will you be able to play the lute well?” “When the strings of the lute are neither too slack nor too tight,” replied Sona. ‘And so,’ said Buddha, ”it is with human beings. Human beings cannot attain all knowledge if they become too attached to the life of the senses; nor can they attain all knowledge if they withdraw from all existence in self-mortification. The middle path that must be taken with the strings of the lute must also be taken with regard to the mood of the human soul."

It could be said that this conversation between Buddha and his disciple Sona could just as well have taken place with Socrates, for this is how Socrates appeals to his disciples through reason. What I have just told you is a “Socratic conversation” that Buddha had with his disciple Sona; but such a conversation is as rare with Buddha as the “Buddhist” conversation about the immortality of the soul that Socrates had with his disciples before his death.

It is always necessary to emphasize that one can only arrive at the truth by characterizing it in this way. It is easier to characterize if one were to say, for example: Human evolution progresses through great leaders; these great leaders basically always proclaim the same thing, only in different forms, and all individual leaders of humanity are, in their words, only manifestations of the One. This is certainly true, but it is as trivial as it can be. It is important to make the effort to recognize things, to seek unity and differentiation, to characterize things according to their differences, and only then to seek the higher unity from the differences. This methodological remark must be made because it is something that corresponds to life itself in relation to spiritual considerations. It is so easy to say that all religions contain only one thing, and then to proceed to characterize this “one thing” and say that all the different founders of religions have merely given different expressions of the One. But this is infinitely trivial, even if this characterization is done with the most beautiful words. One gets just as little out of this as if one wanted to characterize two figures such as Buddha and Socrates from the outset merely according to an abstract unity and did not seek the polar differentiation. But as soon as one traces them back to their thought forms, people will soon recognize what is at stake. Pepper and salt, sugar and paprika are the ingredients that are on the table for the meals; they are all “one,” namely ingredients for the meals. But no one would, because one can say that these things are all one, equate these individual ingredients with each other and, for example, sprinkle pepper or salt instead of sugar in the coffee. What one cannot accept in life should not be accepted in the spiritual realm either. One should not accept it when it is said that Krishna or Zarathustra, Orpheus or Hermes are basically just different manifestations of the “One.” That is no more worthy of a serious and true characterization than saying that pepper and salt, sugar and paprika are all different manifestations of the one entity, the ingredients for food. It is important to really understand such methodological things and not accept what is convenient as the truth.

When we consider these two figures, Buddha and Socrates, they appear to us as two different, polar opposites of the stream of human evolution. And now, by connecting these two again in a higher unity, as we have shown, we can add a third, in which we also have to do with a great individuality around whom pupils and disciples gather: Christ Jesus. If we first consider the disciples and followers who gathered around him, his closest disciples, the Twelve, the Gospel of Mark in particular tells us something very clear about the relationship between the master and his disciples, something we have just characterized in another area with Buddha and Socrates, with all possible clarity. And what is the clearest, most concise, most succinct expression of this? It is the one that tells us the following. Christ stands before the crowd that wants to hear him—this is indicated to us several times. He speaks to this crowd, speaks to them, as the Gospel says, in parables or in images. He explains certain deeply meaningful facts of world events and human development to the crowd through parables and images, as is so magnificently and simply portrayed in the Gospel of Mark. And then it is said: When he was alone with his intimate disciples, he explained these images to them. The Gospel of Mark also gives us a special example of how he spoke to the crowd in images and how this was then explained to his intimate disciples.

"And he taught them many things in parables, and said to them in his teaching:

Listen! Behold, the sower went out to sow.

And it came to pass, as he sowed, some fell by the way side; and the birds came and devoured them.

And other fell on stony ground, where they had not much earth, and immediately they sprang up, because they had no depth of earth.

And when the sun was up, it was scorched and withered because it had no root.

And some fell among thorns, and the thorns grew up and choked it, and it yielded no fruit.

And some fell on good soil and produced fruit, some thirtyfold, some sixtyfold, and some a hundredfold.

And he said, “He who has ears to hear, let him hear.”

And when he was alone, those around him and the twelve asked him about the parables. (4:2-10)

And so he said to his more intimate disciples:

"The sower sows the word.

But these are the ones by the wayside: where the word is sown, and when they hear it, Satan immediately comes and takes away the word that was sown in them.

And likewise, where it is sown on rocky ground, these are those who, when they hear the word, immediately receive it with joy,

but have no root in themselves, but are children of the moment; then, when tribulation or persecution arises because of the word, they immediately fall away.

And those that are sown among the thorns are those who hear the word,

and the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches and the desires for other things enter in and choke the word, and it proves unfruitful.

And where it was sown on good soil, these are the ones who hear the word and accept it and bear fruit, thirtyfold, sixtyfold, and a hundredfold.” (4:14-20)

Here we have the complete model of how Christ Jesus taught. We are told how Buddha taught, and we are told how Socrates taught. Of Buddha, we can say in our Western language: He brought what people experience in the earthly realm up to the heavenly realm. The words often used to describe Socrates accurately characterize his whole tendency: he brought philosophy down from heaven to earth because he appealed to immediate earthly reason. One can clearly imagine how these two individuals related to their disciples.

How did Christ Jesus relate to his disciples? He related differently to the crowd: he taught them in parables; and he related differently to his disciples, who were more intimate with him: he explained the parables to them by telling them what they could understand, what was immediately accessible to human reason. One must therefore speak in more complicated terms if one wants to characterize the teaching method of Christ Jesus. A characteristic trait common to all Buddha teachings characterizes the Buddha teachings; therefore, we also have only one type of disciple who belongs directly to the Buddha. The disciples of Socrates are also all the same, for the whole world can be Socrates' disciples, because Socrates wants nothing more tha

If we want to understand what this means, we must first clarify the turning point in the history of humanity that stands before our souls in the time of the Mystery of Golgotha. The times are coming to an end in which the old clairvoyance was a general human characteristic. The further back we go in human evolution, the closer we come to the times when ancient clairvoyance was a common human faculty, when people could see into the spiritual worlds. How did they see into them? They saw in such a way that their seeing was a viewing of the secrets of the world in images, in unconscious or subconscious imaginations, a dreamlike clairvoyance in dreamlike imaginations, not in such rational concepts as human beings today make clear to themselves when they want to understand. What is science today, but also what is popular thinking today, what is sober reason and power of judgment, did not exist in those ancient times. When man faced the outer world, he faced it by seeing it; but he did not dissect it into concepts, he had no logic, he did not think about things in a combinatory way. It is even difficult for people today to imagine this, because today we think about everything. But ancient people did not think that way. They passed by things, saw them, and memorized the images, and this was explainable to them when they looked into their dreamlike, imaginative world in the intermediate states between waking and sleeping. There they saw images.

Let's imagine this more concretely. Let's imagine that many, many millennia ago, an ancient man was observing his environment. He would have noticed that there was a teacher explaining something to his students. The ancient man would have stood there and listened to the words the teacher was saying to his students. And if there had been more students, he would have listened to how one absorbed the words quite fervently; another also absorbed them, but soon let them fall away; a third was so absorbed in his egoism that he did not listen. The old man would not have been able to compare three such students with his intellect. But when he was in the intermediate states between waking and sleeping, the whole thing appeared again as an image before his soul. Then he could have seen, for example, something like a sower walking and scattering seed—he would have seen this as a clairvoyant image—the first seed he threw into good soil, where it sprouted well; the second seed he threw into poorer soil, the third into stony soil. Less of what fell on the second soil sprouted, and nothing at all of what fell on the third soil. The old man would not have said it like people do today: one student takes in the words, another does not take them in at all, and so on. But in the intermediate states between waking and sleeping, he saw the image, he saw the explanation. And he would never have spoken about it in any other way. If someone had asked him how he explained the relationship between the teacher and the students, he would have recounted his clairvoyant “dream image.” For him, that was reality, but it was also the explanation of the matter. That is how he would have spoken.

Now, the crowd facing Christ Jesus had only the last remnants of the old clairvoyance, but their souls were still skilled at listening when people spoke in images about the course of existence and the becoming of humanity. And as to someone who had retained the last inheritance of ancient clairvoyance and had carried it into ordinary soul life, so Christ Jesus spoke to the crowd.

And who were the intimate disciples? We have heard how they formed the Twelve from the seven sons of the Maccabean mother and the five sons of Mattathias. We have heard how they rose up through the whole ancient Hebrew people to the strong emphasis on the immortal I. They were truly the first whom Christ Jesus could choose to appeal to what lives in every soul, lives as it should become a new starting point for becoming human. He spoke to the crowd, assuming that they understood what had been preserved as a legacy from ancient clairvoyance; he spoke to his disciples in such a way that he could assume that they were the first who could already understand something of how we speak today to human beings about the higher worlds. It was therefore necessary throughout the entire turning point of the ages that Christ Jesus spoke in different ways when he spoke to the crowd and when he spoke to those who were his intimate disciples. He placed those whom he drew to himself as the Twelve in the midst of the crowd. The task of the inner circle of Christ Jesus' disciples was to understand, to understand rationally, what was to become the common heritage of humanity in the future, namely, what relates to the higher worlds and to the mysteries of human evolution. He spoke—take just the whole of what he said when explaining the parable to his disciples—one might say, in Socratic words. For what he spoke there, he drew out of each soul itself, except that Socrates limited himself more to earthly conditions, one might say, to common logic, while Christ Jesus spoke about spiritual matters. But he spoke about spiritual matters in a Socratic manner when he spoke to his intimate disciples. When Buddha spoke to his disciples, he spoke in such a way as to explain spiritual matters to them, but he explained them as enlightenment explains them, as they are only found in the higher worlds where the human soul dwells. When Christ spoke to the crowd, he spoke as the ordinary human soul experienced it in earlier times in the higher worlds. To the crowd he spoke, one might say, like a popular Buddha; to his intimate disciples he spoke like a higher Socrates, like a spiritualized Socrates. Socrates drew the individual, earthly reason out of the souls of his disciples; Christ drew the heavenly reason out of the souls of his disciples. Buddha gave his disciples heavenly enlightenment; Christ gave the crowd earthly enlightenment in his parables.

I ask you to take these three images: over there in the land of the Ganges, the Buddha with his disciples—the counterpart of Socrates; over there in Greece, Socrates with his disciples—the counterpart of the Buddha. And then this remarkable synthesis, this remarkable connection four to five centuries later. There you have before your eyes one of the greatest examples of the lawful course of human evolution.

Human evolution proceeds step by step. Much of what has been presented in the early stages of spiritual science over the years may seem to some like a kind of theory, a kind of mere doctrine. For example, many people have certainly thought that it is mere doctrine, mere theory, when it is said that the human soul is to be thought of as the interaction of the sentient soul, the intellectual or emotional soul, and the conscious soul. Certainly, there are people who are quick to judge. How have we not seen that people judge even more quickly, even more quickly than those who initially accept as finished something that is only the first outline of a further development? There are also completely different judgments. It is good that we anthroposophists are made aware of the ways in which we should not think.

Sometimes we encounter blatant examples of how one should not think, but which many people believe one should think. This morning someone told me a charming example of a strange way of thinking. I am using it here only as an example, but as one of those examples that we should take to heart, because as anthroposophists we should not only learn about the bad habits of the world, but actually do something to further the perfection of the soul. Therefore, it is not for personal reasons, but for general spiritual reasons that I use what was told to me this morning as an example.

The story goes like this: In a certain region of Europe, there is a gentleman who, a long time ago, had the most inaccurate things printed about what is taught in Steiner's “Theosophy,” or about his attitude toward the spiritual movement in general. Now, a certain person has been reproached for the fact that an acquaintance of this person—namely, the gentleman just mentioned—had such things printed. What did this person say? “Yes, my acquaintance is now beginning to study Dr. Steiner's works very intensively.” But years ago he passed judgment, and now the fact that he is beginning to study these things is taken as an excuse! This is impossible thinking within our movement. Future generations who write about this in history will raise the question: Did such a thing ever happen, that someone would think of apologetically saying that a person is now beginning to familiarize himself with a matter after having passed judgment on it years ago?

These things belong to anthroposophical education, and we will only make progress when the judgment becomes universal that such things must be impossible within the anthroposophical movement, completely impossible. For it belongs to inner honesty not to be able to think in this way at all. One cannot take a single step toward the knowledge of truth if one is still capable of making such a judgment. And it is the duty of an anthroposophist to notice these things, not to pass over them unkindly and talk about “universal love.” In the higher sense of the word, it is unkind toward a person to forgive them for such things. For in doing so, one condemns them karmically to insignificance and meaninglessness after death. If one points out to him the impossibility of such a judgment, one makes his existence after death easier. That is the deeper meaning of the matter.

So it should not be taken lightly here either when the truth is simply stated at the outset: The human soul is composed of three members: the sentient soul, the intellectual or emotional soul, and the conscious soul. It has already become apparent over the years that such a thing has a much deeper meaning than merely a systematic division of the soul. It has been explained that in the post-Atlantean period, the individual cultures developed gradually: the ancient Indian, the ancient Persian, the Egyptian-Chaldean, the Greek-Latin, and then our own. And it has been shown that the essence of the Babylonian-Chaldean-Egyptian cultural period is to be found in the fact that at that time the human sentient soul underwent a special development. Similarly, in the Greek-Latin period we have a special culture of the intellectual or emotional soul, and in our time a culture of the conscious soul. Thus we are faced with these three cultural epochs. Thus they influence the education and evolution of the human soul itself. These three soul elements are not something that has been spun out, but something that is alive and develops successively in successive ages.

But everything must be connected. The earlier must always be carried over into the later, and likewise the later must be anticipated in the earlier. In which cultural period do Buddha and Socrates live? In the fourth post-Atlantean epoch. There they stand, where the intellectual or emotional soul is particularly expressed. Both have their mission, their task, in it.

Buddha has the task of preserving the culture of the sentient soul from the previous epoch, the third, into the fourth. What Buddha proclaims, what Buddha's disciples take into their hearts, is what should shine over from the third post-Atlantean cultural epoch, which is the cultural epoch of the sentient soul, into the fourth, the epoch of the intellectual or emotional soul. Thus, the age of the intellectual or mind soul, the fourth post-Atlantean cultural epoch, is warmed, glowed through, and illuminated by the Buddha's teaching, by what the age of the sentient soul, still permeated by clairvoyance, has brought forth. The great preserver of the culture of the sentient soul into the culture of the intellectual or mind soul is the Buddha. What mission does Socrates, who appeared somewhat later, have?

Socrates also stands in the age of the intellectual or emotional soul. He appeals to the individuality of the human being, to that which can only truly emerge in our fifth cultural age. He has to incorporate the consciousness soul era into the era of the intellectual or emotional soul in a still abstract form. Buddha preserves what has gone before. Therefore, what he proclaims appears like a warming, shining light. Socrates takes in what is the future for him, what constitutes the characteristic feature of the consciousness soul era. Therefore, in his time, it appears as something sober, as something purely intellectual, as something dry.

Thus, in the fourth cultural period, the third, fourth, and fifth periods merge together; the third is preserved by Buddha, the fifth is anticipated by Socrates. The West and the East are there to accommodate these two differences; the East to preserve the greatness of the past, the West to anticipate in an earlier time what will come out in a later time.

It is a straight path from the ancient times of human evolution, in which the Buddha always appeared as the Bodhisattva, to the time when the Bodhisattva ascended to become the Buddha. It is a great, continuous development that finds its end with the Buddha and that also truly finds its end in the fact that the Buddha experiences his last earthly incarnation and no longer descends to earth. It is a great time that comes to an end, bringing with it from ancient times what was the culture of the sentient soul of the third post-Atlantean cultural epoch and allowing it to shine forth once more. Read the Buddha's discourses from this point of view, and you will get the right mood, and then this advent of the intellectual or emotional soul age will perhaps take on a completely different value for you. Then you will go to the Buddha's discourses and say: Everything in them speaks directly to the human mind, but behind them there is something that eludes this mind and belongs to a higher world. Hence also that peculiar rhythmic movement in the repetitions of the Buddha's discourses, which is offensive to the ordinary intellectual mind, but which we begin to understand precisely when we enter from the physical into the etheric, which is the next supersensible realm behind the sensible. Those who understand how much is at work in the etheric body, which is behind the physical body, also understand why so much is repeated over and over again in the Buddha's discourses. The peculiar mood of the Buddha's discourses must not be taken away by eliminating the repetitions. Abstract thinkers have done this, believing they are doing something good by removing the content and avoiding repetition. But it is important to leave everything as Buddha gave it.

If we now consider Socrates, still without all the rich material that has since become available in scientific and humanistic discoveries, if we consider how Socrates approaches ordinary things, then those who study him today, drawing on scientific material, find the Socratic method everywhere in his work. They seek it and want to have it. It is a great line that begins with Socrates, extends into our time, and will continue to gain in perfection.

Thus we have a stream of human development that extends to Buddha and reaches its end there; and we have another stream that begins with Socrates and extends into the distant future. Socrates and Buddha stand side by side, like two comet nuclei, if I may use that image; the comet's tail around Buddha extends far, far into the indefinite past; the comet's tail around Socrates also extends far, far into the indefinite future. Two comets moving apart, heading in opposite directions, their cores shining simultaneously—that is the image I would like to use to describe how Socrates and Buddha stand side by side.

Half a millennium passes, and something like a merging of the two currents takes place through Christ Jesus. We have already characterized this by presenting a few facts before our souls. Tomorrow we will continue with the characterization in order to answer the question: What is the mission of Christ Jesus that can be correctly characterized in relation to the human soul?