Man in the Light of Occultism, Theosophy and Philosophy
GA 137
9 June 1912, Oslo
Lecture VII
My dear Friends,
Yesterday we touched upon one part or aspect of the Mysterium Magnum, and some of you will perhaps have felt a certain difficulty in approaching it from the standpoint that we were obliged to take in order to make the matter clear in detail. But the world is complicated,—let us admit that, once for all! And if we really have the desire to rise to the knowledge of higher truths, there is nothing for it but we must be ready to put up with some difficulties on the way.
Let us once more gather up for our consideration what we have to understand by the Mysterium Magnum. We saw on the one hand how it reveals man in his three members—or rather, reveals him as composed of three men each having seven members—so that we can distinguish an upper man, a middle man and a lower man. As we go through the world and have our experiences, these three men seem to be closely and intimately united; everyday consciousness does not distinguish one from another. That was one aspect of the Mystery. The other consists in this,—that the moment man lifts himself out of his ordinary Earth consciousness and attains a consciousness of a higher kind, he is at once faced with the event that I have described in my book Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and its Attainment, where I said how man must then expect his consciousness to be torn into three, his whole being to be rent asunder, so that he is divided into a thinking man, a feeling man and a willing man. Split up, as it were, into these three soul beings,—that is how man feels when he sets out on the path to a higher consciousness. We have thus on the one hand the three times seven-membered man, and on the other hand, as soon as we take a step beyond ordinary consciousness, we have at once a division of this consciousness into three, which means that every aspirant after occultism who becomes clairvoyant must, as you will know from the book; already quoted, strive with all his might to hold together the three members of his consciousness, that he may not fall to pieces in his inner life of soul. It were indeed a tragic destiny for his inner being if that were to happen. Whilst in ordinary life we are continually tempted to bring together the whole nature of man—which is threefold—into a unity and see it as a single and whole human form, for our inner life of soul on the other hand, the moment we step beyond ordinary consciousness, we are immediately made aware that we are in reality a threefold being, and are in imminent danger of being torn into three in our inner life of soul.
We shall best understand how matters really are in this connection if we take our start once again in quite an elementary way from certain facts of everyday life which manifest themselves in full clarity to the occult pupil, but are not at all generally observed. For it is indeed so that already in ordinary life the three soul powers of man—or rather, the several qualities of consciousness that correspond to them and that we are quite accustomed to distinguish one from another—do themselves direct our attention to what we learned to understand yesterday as the three-membered human being.
Look at man as he stands before you in everyday life! What has to take place in him for everyday consciousness to come about? For everyday consciousness to be there—the consciousness that you carry round with you as thinking Earth man—impressions from without must work upon your senses. The senses, in so far as they give us information of Earth life, are principally situated in the head, and the content of consciousness is in the main derived from these senses. Of the three men whom we learned to recognise yesterday in the human being, it is especially the head man, the upper man, that receives the daytime impressions,—the impressions of ordinary consciousness. They make themselves felt inasmuch as man is able to bring to meet them the instrument of his brain, indeed of his whole head.
A little reflection will quickly show you that man as Earth man cannot possibly be a head man alone. We saw yesterday that for occult consideration man falls into three parts, quite distinct from one another; and for man to stand before us as Earth man, the head must obviously be maintained in life by substances and forces which are continually being sent up into it from the second (middle) man. By means of the circulation of the blood, nourishment must flow for the sustenance of the brain. Then the brain is able to meet the external sense impressions in such a way that by means of the instrument of the brain thoughts and ideas arise in man as a result of these sense impressions. Man experiences in ordinary consciousness what arises in this way through the instrumentality of the brain. You know also that this ordinary consciousness ceases when man is asleep; the external sense impressions are not there any more, they have no longer any influence upon him. When man is asleep and the external sense impressions no longer work upon the brain that is sustained by the middle man, naturally the influences that work from the middle man upon the upper man, from the second man upon the first—influences, that is, upon the brain—still go on. For in this middle man breathing is maintained, even during sleep, and the other activities of the middle man continue. Blood is carried up into the brain when man is asleep as well as when he is awake,—though with a difference; for the way in which the instrument of everyday consciousness is sustained by the middle man is not quite the same in waking and in sleep. The difference finds expression in the fact that during sleep the number of breaths we take is considerably less in proportion than when we are awake, and the quantity of carbonic acid gas in our breath is reduced by about one fourth; the manner and method of nourishment also changes during sleep. When, under certain circumstances, the process of nourishment does continue to work in the same way during sleep, it can have very bad results. This is well known from the fact that after an excellent meal one does not generally sleep well; the brain is disturbed in its rest if a heavy meal is taken immediately before going to sleep. There is, therefore, a difference between the conditions of sleep and waking even in the way the middle man works up into the upper man.
Can we see, in ordinary Earth man, any result of this difference? The fact that man shuts himself off from the external world, and that only inside his body—wholly within what we have described as the form or figure of man—an influence is exerted by the forces of the middle man in the direction of the upper man, has the result that ordinary daytime consciousness is extinguished; so that, although during sleep man still has his brain, he does not perceive the influences that are at work from the middle man upon this brain. The influences go on just the same, but they are only present to what we generally term dream consciousness.
This dream consciousness is very complicated. You will, however, have no difficulty in recognising that a particular class of dreams is wholly connected with what takes place in the middle man, and owes its origin to the fact that the brain is able not only to perceive the external world when the sense impressions work upon it, but able also in some way to perceive influences proceeding from the middle man, beholding them in the form of dream pictures that make use of all kinds of symbols. If something is wrong with the heart, it can easily happen that one dreams of it in the symbol of a burning hot fire. If all is not in order in the intestines it may happen that one dreams of snakes. The character and condition of man's inside will often determine the dream, which can then be an indication of what is going on there. Whoever will take the trouble to observe this remarkable connection and study it with the help of external science, will come to the conclusion that irregularities in the middle man are perceived symbolically in dream pictures.
There are also, as you will know, people who have much more far-reaching experiences with dreams of this kind, people who are able to perceive in definite symbolic pictures the oncoming of certain illnesses. A clear connection can frequently be traced in such cases between dream pictures of a symbolic character recurring with absolute regularity and a disease of the lungs or heart or stomach which makes its appearance later.
As it is possible very often to establish, by means of accurate examination on awaking, that when one has dreamed of a burning stove one's heart is beating more quickly than usual, similarly it is possible for diseases of the lung or disorders of the stomach—in fact, for all manner of illnesses that have not yet shown themselves outwardly—to announce their approach symbolically in dream pictures. The human brain, or rather the human soul, is not sensitive only to external impressions that are communicated through the senses but also to the bodily inside,—with this difference, that in the latter case it does not receive correct and true ideas but builds up for itself imaginary and symbolical ideas of what is going forward in the middle man.
The explanation that has been given enables us to recognise the fact that in dreaming man perceives himself. We can truly say: In my dreams I behold myself. We are not, however, aware of this during the dream. We perceive our heart, but we do not know that it is our heart we perceive. We perceive instead a burning hot fire,—that is to say, an object outside ourselves. Something that is inside us is projected outwards and stands there, outside, for our perception. In dream consciousness, therefore, man has to do with the interior of his own body; this means that in dream consciousness he is divided, he is rent asunder. As you know, in the ordinary run of everyday life, we concern ourselves as a rule only with waking and sleeping.
Now, it is not only conditions of the middle man that are perceived in dreams, but also conditions of the upper man, the head man. There are, to begin with, the dreams that owe their origin to some disorder in the head itself. Through what is perceived as a disorder in the head, the brain—or I, should rather say the soul—perceives itself by means of the instrument of the brain. The upper man perceives himself. Such dreams are always extraordinarily characteristic. You have a dream and wake up with a pain in your head; the dream is in this case a symbolical and fanciful reflection of the headache. As a rule such dreams will take the form that they lead you out into vast distances, or you find yourself in a great vault or cave. Especially characteristic of these headache dreams is the experience of an immense vault above one. Something is creeping or crawling in the roof of the cave, or perhaps spiders' webs or some dirt or dust is clinging to it. Or you may dream you are in a great arched palace! In such cases you perceive yourself as upper man,—but again you transpose what you perceive into the world outside you. You go out of yourself and place outside you what is in you, in your head. So here once more we have a kind of division of the human being; he is, as it were, split asunder, he loses himself, extinguishes himself.
The conditions I have been describing are dream conditions, and they show us quite clearly that in dream consciousness man falls asunder; his ego consciousness, his unity of consciousness, does not remain intact, and his dream is in reality always a reflection, a symbolical reflection of what is going on inside his bodily nature.
For the disciple of occultism it is by no means merely a question of passing from ordinary waking consciousness to dream consciousness—there would be nothing unusual in that, No, he must make the transition to a totally different condition of consciousness. By practising the exercises outlined in earlier lectures of this course—through suppression, that is, of the intellect, the will and the memory—he has to get free of himself and attain to a completely new consciousness.
Although, as I have said, this new consciousness is not a dream consciousness, yet if one has no knowledge of clairvoyant consciousness, dream consciousness can help one to come to a fairly good understanding of it. For we can approach it in the following manner. Suppose we ask ourselves: What is it within him that man perceives in dream? then we must answer: Whatever is painful or out of order. A moment's reflection will show us that ordinary normal conditions are not perceived by dream consciousness, If a man is perfectly healthy in his upper and middle man, if everything is in order there, then he sleeps a normal healthy sleep; one cannot in ordinary circumstances—observe, I say advisedly, in ordinary circumstances—expect that his peaceful sleep will be forcibly interrupted with dreams. Now the path that has to be taken by clairvoyant consciousness is one that leads through stages and conditions that are similar to those of dream consciousness. Only, these stages are attained instead by occult training, and it is actually the case that in clairvoyance man does not merely come to a knowledge of the ordinary external painful conditions of his inside, but succeeds in perceiving also its normal conditions, which usually disappear from our consciousness in peaceful sleep. The pupil in clairvoyance comes to a knowledge of these conditions. In other words, he learns to know his brain, his head man, by learning to perceive it inwardly. Similarly, he comes to know his middle man. In the same way as in certain dreams man perceives when asleep his head and middle man, so has the pupil in clairvoyance to attain in the course of his training to a knowledge of his middle and upper man.
Let us now give our special attention to this middle man. If you consider a little, you will have to acknowledge that you find nothing in the middle man that can be immediately and specifically referred to the external world. In the head we have the eyes and the other sense organs that are in direct connection with the external world. Through the sense of touch the middle man has of course the possibility of coming into connection with the external world, for the sense of touch is, as we know, extended over the whole skin. The perception of the external world by the middle man is nevertheless slight and insignificant in comparison with the knowledge of the external world that we acquire through the head man. Even the perception the middle man receives of warmth affects in the main only his own inner experience, his inner sense of well-being. The middle man seems therefore to be a self-enclosed entity, with inner processes that are of very great importance for himself but have little bearing on his relationship to the outside world.
If, however, we go on to enquire whether this inner man has not perhaps some connection with the outside world that is not so obvious to ordinary consciousness, we shall discover that this inner, middle man has, after all, a connection of no little importance with the outside world. Everything depends on the fact that the middle man is adapted to Earth conditions. He has to breathe the air of the Earth, he needs for his nourishment the substances that are produced on the Earth. From this point of view the middle man and the Earth belong together. Were the substances that are necessary to maintain his life not present in his Earthly surroundings, then this middle man could not be as he is. So you see, we are obliged to look upon the middle man as part and parcel of what Earth existence gives to us, we must reckon him as belonging definitely to our existence here on Earth.
Nor is this all. For it is not a question only of what the Earth can give to man. The Earth could be there for a long time, and yet no middle man come into being! If the Sun did not come to the help of the Earth and cause to flourish and ripen upon it what the middle man needs, then the middle man could not exist. This middle man takes the substances he requires for nourishment, and these substances—apart from the air which is of course essential for his sustenance in life, all these substances that nourish him are dependent on the working of the Sun upon the Earth. Whatever man receives into himself as nourishment is produced by the Sun in man's Earthly environment. This means, in effect, that when we study the middle man we have to take account not only of a direct influence of the Earth upon man but also of an indirect influence of the Sun. Were it not for the physical sunlight that illumines the Earth, the middle man would not exist. All that is to be found in the middle man has come into him through the influence of the light of the Sun upon the Earth.
This remarkable fact—that the middle man is a product of the light of the Sun—comes to expression in the following way. When the pupil in occultism becomes clairvoyant, when he develops, that is, a clairvoyant consciousness, then, whereas in dreams pictures arise which are the expression of some disorder in man's inner organs, in the case of clairvoyant consciousness the pictures the pupil receives express what the Sun is doing in the middle man, they show the regular normal activity of the Sun in the middle man. When the pupil becomes clairvoyant and a perception arises in him of his own inner being in its healthy normal state, then he has before him the flowing light; all around him he sees the flowing light. As the dreamer is surrounded by pictures of disorders in his inner man, so is the aspirant after occultism surrounded by phenomena of flowing light. He has, to begin with, this perception of the activity of the Sun in his own inner being.
Compare for a moment ordinary external consciousness with this special consciousness that arises in the clairvoyant. When man, as upper man, directs his gaze to some object of Earth, he looks at it—it is, as you know, generally speaking, the sense of sight that predominates in perception—by means of the sunlight that is thrown back from the external Earth. External, everyday consciousness perceives what the external sunlight does to the things of the Earth; But now it is what the sunlight does to him, what it does in making possible his own middle man, how it penetrates the middle man with its activity,—this it is that reveals itself to man as flowing light when he becomes a pupil of occultism. He beholds the Sun in himself, in the very same way that he sees the Sun outside him from the time when the day begins for as long as it lasts And as he sees objects around him through the fact that sunlight is thrown back from them, so now he sees, when he has reached a certain stage of clairvoyance, something that is of the nature of Sun reflected back from his own inner being. It is the form of the middle man that shows itself thus illuminated. That is, then, one experience.
If you were to go back into olden times and study what was done and experienced in the ancient Mystery Schools, you would find that the aspirant after occultism learned to perceive the Sun in its reflection in his own middle man,—learned, that is, to perceive the workings of the Sun that continue even when man is asleep, and that escape him during waking consciousness because his attention is entirely claimed by the external consciousness. Man as a Sun being,—that was what the pupil came to perceive at a particular stage of initiation in the Mysteries. He learned to recognise the Sun being in himself, in his very own being, he learned how the Sun works not only outwardly in the objects, in the reflected light, but works also within the bodily form of man.
But now the pupil, who is beginning to be clairvoyant, has to learn something else. He has to discover something that is comparable with the dreams of the brain, those dreams that reflect back disordered conditions of the brain, where, as I told you, in typical cases man always perceives symbols, imagining, for example, that he is in a cave or a palace, having over him a great vaulted roof into which he is gazing. When the pupil in occultism is led on to perceive not only the conditions of his middle man but also the conditions of his upper man (in so far as the latter has form and figure), the conditions of the interior of the head man, then he never has the same experience as he has in his perception of the middle man. Instead he has now before him—I am simply relating the facts—what appears like a perfectly well-ordered and regular extension of the dream that is connected with excitement or irritation of the brain. Only, it is experienced in full consciousness. What man perceives when he has closed all his sense organs and has no external perception, when he directs all his attention in clairvoyant consciousness upon himself inwardly—upon the upper man, the brain man—is in very fact the starry heavens. He beholds the great vault of heaven with the stars.
It was a great moment in the life of the pupil, especially in the more ancient Mysteries—we shall hear later to what extent it underwent change in the later Mysteries—it was a great moment when the pupil perceived his own inner being, in so far as this inner being comes to expression in the human form. When he saw the upper man, it was as though he saw the heavens with all the shining stars; he looked out into the wide world—in spite of the fact that he had no physical senses open. The picture of the starry heavens stood before him. And then came the greatest moment of all when this pupil of occultism observed not what is, so to speak, on the upper surface of his head, but when he looked down from the upper man, from the head, to the middle man, when he perceived, without opening any of his senses, the lower surface of his brain and from it saw the middle man irradiated with light. Himself in total darkness (for his senses were closed, and to outward appearance he was like a man who is asleep), he perceived, looking downwards inwardly, the Sun in the night, in the midst of the dark surface of the heavens. This is what was called in the ancient Mysteries “Seeing the Sun at Midnight,”—seeing, that is, the flowing sunlight within the stars, whose influence in relation to the Sun seems so small. These experiences were important milestones in the life of every aspirant after occultism.
Having come so far, the pupil was then able to apprehend a truth of great significance, He could say: “In the same way as I perceive through the medium of myself, by beholding my middle man, the flowing sunlight, the true and real working of the Sun, so now can I perceive through the medium of the upper man the heavenly spaces with their stars. That I can see the stars, that all is not wrapped in darkness, is due to the fact that the brain is adapted to the stars, as the middle man is adapted to the Sun.” Thus did the pupil come to the knowledge that even as the middle man is sustained by the Sun, even as its whole being depends on the Sun and belongs to the Sun, so does the upper man, the brain man, belong to the whole world and its stars.
When the pupil had had this experience, then he could go to those who possessed only a day consciousness but who, nevertheless, felt an impulse—springing from a deep inner need, from a longing of their soul—to find relationship with a consciousness that should reach out beyond Earth man. In other words, the pupil in occultism could go to men who were religiously inclined, who were able in some way to feel their connection with the great world, and say to them: “Man as he stands on Earth, is not merely a being belonging to this Earth, he is a being that belongs in part, namely in breast and trunk, to the Sun,—and belongs also, as head man, to the whole of cosmic space.” This was what the pupil could tell the religious man, imparting it to him as information; and in the religious man it turned into prayer, into worship.
The disciples of occultism came in this way among men as founders of religion, and according as was the relation of the people to whom they came to the one or other part of man's nature, so they were able to speak more of the one or the other. To people who were more particularly disposed to experience a certain happiness in the sense of well-being in the inner man—people, that is, who were inclined to make their whole mood in life depend on the bodily well-being of the middle man—to such the pupils in occultism could come as founders of religion and say: “Your sense of well-being depends on the Sun.” These people then became, through the influence of the pupils in occultism, followers of a Sun religion. You may be quite sure that all over the Earth, wherever lived people of the kind I have described, for whom it mattered above all that they should have their attention drawn to the source of their sense of well-being, there a Sun worship arose.
To think that men just happened to become Sun worshippers without any deeper reason for it is a mere flight of imagination on the part of all obstinately materialistic science. When the scholar:, of our time speak of how this or that section of mankind came to be Sun worshippers, they are really only demonstrating their own powers of imagination and fantasy. The materialists of today are quite mistaken when they accuse theosophists of an inclination to be fantastic, implying that they themselves are the true realists. Taken as a whole, materialism is certainly not lacking in a tendency to be fantastic, as we can see in this case when it sets out to explain how certain peoples became Sun worshippers. For it builds up an imaginary picture and comes to the conclusion that through the working of certain external conditions or circumstances the people, moved by some unaccountable impulse, hit upon the idea of worshipping the Sun; whereas the truth of the matter is that the initiates, the aspirants after occultism, knew in the case of certain peoples:—We have here a people who manifest especially the virtue of courage, a people in whom one can see a striking development of the middle man; we must teach this people how in the super-sensible one can behold the fact that this middle-man is a product of the working of the Sun. And the initiates in occultism then led such people, in whom the middle man was of greatest importance, away from the mere sense of well-being, the mere living within themselves, to prayer and worship, teaching them to look up in religious devotion to the Being who was the source of this middle man. Thus did they guide these people to a worship of the Sun.
This one example can serve to show the tendency there is in materialism to build up fantastic theories. Other striking examples could be brought forward. We have, for instance, had perforce to read—for they have been thrust under our very eyes—all manner of descriptions of our Munich Building.1It was at first intended to erect a Building for Anthroposophy in Munich. The project had, however, to be abandoned in 1914. (Note by Translator.) Through an indiscretion it came about that the project found its way into the newspapers, and the materialistic man of today has formed his own idea of what the Building is and what its purpose. A profusion of fantastic information has been spread abroad, quite enough to demonstrate that fantasy is a quality of present-day thinking. When it is a matter of speaking or writing about things of which he knows absolutely nothing, the man of today does not hesitate to have recourse to the wildest fancies in order to construct an explanation. This is so in ordinary everyday life, and it is so too in the realm of science. The majority of the explanations put forward by the scholars of today are sheer fantasy; and the attempt to describe or account for Sun worship is certainly no exception.
Other peoples on the Earth had less inclination to develop the middle man and were more disposed to think, to have ideas,—that is, to develop the upper man; and to them another kind of appeal had to be made. The occultists who went forth into the world as founders of religion turned the attention of these peoples to seek the source of the instrument whereby they were able to produce thoughts, to live in thoughts and in ideas. The occultists said to them: “If you want to have knowledge of the source of your life of thought, then—since you are not able to gaze into the super-sensible worlds of the heavens (of course the initiates did not say this, I am adding it)—you will have an external reflection of this source if you remain awake during the night and look up in prayer to the star-strewn heavens.”
A genuine Star worship—a worship, one can also say, of the Night, for the truth was often clothed in such a way that instead of speaking of the starry heavens the night was substituted—such a Star or Night Worship prevailed among peoples who were more given to thought. Peoples of ancient times who were fond of thinking and pondering and delving deep into things,—for them religions were founded that pointed them to the source of the instrument of their thinking, the source, that is, of their upper man. And many of the names borne by the most ancient Gods of certain peoples have to be rendered in modern languages by the word “Night.” The Night was the object of worship, the Night in all the mystery of her appearance as the Mother of the Stars, who brings them forth that they may shine in the heavens. For the initiates in occultism knew that the instrument of the brain is really and truly a product of the Star-strewn Night.
Similarly, we will often find that the people who were Sun worshippers were not only guided to look to the Sun; but as man was led from the Stars to the Mother Night and many old-time words for the ancient Gods are to be interpreted as meaning Night, so in the case of the Sun man's attention was drawn to the fact that the Sun gave rise to the Day, that the Sun made Day. In consequence, many words used for Sun worship among peoples who specifically worshipped the Sun as the highest divine Power, are to be translated with the word “Day.”
Speaking generally, we can say that where peoples felt themselves strong and courageous and ready for war, we find them to be in the main Sun worshippers or Day worshippers, because their initiates directed them to the Sun, to the Day, for their object of worship. The more thoughtful and enquiring peoples on the other hand are Night or Star worshippers, because they have been guided that way by their initiates.
We come, finally, to still another kind of people. For there are peoples who do not experience in so characteristic a manner the sharp division between Day consciousness and Night consciousness. When we go back into olden times, we find many peoples who had preserved middle or in-between conditions of consciousness, who did not merely alternate in their life between Day and Night, between consciousness and unconsciousness, but who had an old clairvoyant consciousness which came about through the merging of Day with Night consciousness into a kind of semi-consciousness. We find therefore this third condition of consciousness.
These people also divined through their condition of consciousness a connection between man and something outside the Earth. How was it they came to have such a feeling? To answer this question we must realise that they were possessed of a peculiar faculty or quality in the very form of their bodily nature. They were, as we have said, endowed,—as in olden times almost all men were endowed, the world over—with an ancient clairvoyance, and they had the peculiar faculty of being able to perceive in certain conditions of consciousness their “symmetry” man,—not, however, as symmetry man, but they could perceive this middle man in its working upon the upper man.
If you want to form a picture of what took place in such a person, then you must imagine a picture of the middle man in the brain. In ordinary normal life on Earth, the sense impressions from without work upon the brain and the brain throws back pictures; it places, that is, its own being in the way and holds up the pictures that come from outside. Our idea of the world comes about in this way as a reflected picture thrown back by the brain. For that is what all ideas of the outside world really are,—pictures thrown back, reflected by the brain. When you look at the world, then the outer impressions pass through the eye up to a certain place in the brain and are there caught. That an idea can come into being is due to the fact that the impressions are caught up at a certain point, not allowed to pass through—not, at all events, in their entirety—but reflected back. And when a man becomes clairvoyant, it is no longer external objects alone that make impressions on the brain, impressions are made from the middle man, which can then be reflected back by the brain.
What I have just now described—the impressions made by the middle man upon the brain and the reflection by the latter of these impressions—is still very far from the process I described as taking place in the true aspirant after occultism. The latter has direct and immediate perception of his middle man, he does not merely perceive it through the brain. He looks into himself and sees there what belongs to the Sun, sees too in his brain what belongs to the Stars. The clairvoyant state, on the other hand, of which we are now speaking, where the processes inside man, the Sun nature in the middle man, are reflected by the brain—even as the outer impressions that come through the senses are reflected by the brain,—is characteristic of the old clairvoyance of men in ancient time. For them, perception took place by way of the middle man. They did not, to begin with, perceive external things at all. They perceived only the Sun-like that was present in themselves and they perceived it in reflection, for it was held up by the brain and they perceived it as an idea of the Sun nature within them.
There have been peoples of this character, who in certain naturally clairvoyant states caught hold, as it were, with their brain of the Sun nature within them and made of the perception an idea. How did it then appear to them? It was projected outwards, but was not perceived like the ideas to which we are accustomed, and which have their source in the world outside; it appeared like inner Sunlight,—yet as coming from without. And when investigation was made into the source of the appearance, when the aspirants after occultism set out to learn how it was that they found themselves in such conditions, then they were made clearly aware of the Sun nature that is in the middle man. Man has this Sun-like element in him, because he is himself a Sun being. That which manifests in the instrument of the brain is connected with the fact that man is a Star being, that he is in very truth formed and shaped from out of the whole of Cosmic space. What he now perceives, however, has relation to the fact that the Earth has revolving around it the Moon, and that the Moon in her revolution round the Earth has a powerful influence on the being of man.
In those olden times man was so constituted that the Moon had a particularly strong influence on his brain. The consequence was that the ancient clairvoyance was very dependent on the phases of the Moon, and showed itself for the most part in connections that found expression in the phases of the Moon. For a space of fourteen days clairvoyance increased, and then for fourteen days it decreased again. Its influence was thus greatest in the middle of such a Moon period. There were times when men knew: We are Sun beings. They knew it because they could perceive the Sun through the inner idea formed in the brain. But this came about through the influence of the Moon. The old clairvoyance often worked in the way I indicated. Man gave himself up throughout the whole twenty-eight days to the waxing and waning of the Moon. There were days when the influence of the Moon was particularly strong and when in consequence clairvoyance was present in everyone; inner clairvoyant consciousness made itself felt in all men. When initiates in occultism came to people of this kind with the mission of determining for them the character of their religion, then for the same reason that other peoples were made Sun (or Day) worshippers and Star (or Night) worshippers, the initiates made this third kind of people Moon worshippers. Hence the worship of the Moon, that is to be found among many ancient peoples.
Moses learned to know this Moon worship in its original form from the Egyptian initiates, and was himself one of the greatest of those who made Moon worship into the religion of a people. For Moses made it the religion of the ancient Hebrew people. The Jahve worship of the ancient Hebrew people is a highly spiritualised Moon worship. And it enabled the Hebrew people to retain into later times the consciousness that man is connected with what is outside and beyond the Earth, that his being is not confined to the Earth.
Now it was so with the Moon worshippers of very olden times, as it was also with the Sun and Star worshippers, that there was very little knowledge among the people themselves of how Stars, Sun and Moon appeared to the clairvoyant—spiritualised, that is, and not at all as objects that are seen with external organs. The people of olden times would not have understood if they had been told: “Pray to what is the source and origin of your middle man, but do not imagine it like the picture of the Sun that can be perceived with the senses; think of it as something super-sensible that is behind the Sun.” Just as little would the Star worshippers have understood if they had been told that the organ of their thinking had its origin in the far Cosmic spaces, but that they were not to imagine that this meant, in the picture of the starry heavens as it can be perceived with the outer eye, they were to think rather of the invisible that is behind the starry heavens, the multitude of spiritual Beings that are in the Stars. This was known to the initiates, but it could not be said to the Sun and Star worshippers. Similarly it would have been of no use at all to say to the Moon peoples: “Imagine to yourselves an invisible Being who has as it were his outer body in the Moon.” It was, however, possible to say something else, and this is what Moses did say to the Hebrew people. It could not have been said to the more ancient Moon worshippers but only to the ancient Hebrew people. For Moses did not direct his people to the visible Moon, but to the Being in whom lay the origin of the ancient clairvoyance of all peoples. This clairvoyance had been given to man,—as a kind of compensation, when he was placed into the condition of having to alternate with his consciousness between day and night; and it brought him a knowledge of the world, that resembled what comes to expression in the reflected rays of the Sun. The reflection of the Sun could only be something external for man, could only give him an Earth consciousness—a day consciousness, and a night consciousness that at most was aware only of the external visible world of stars—and so a clairvoyance was given to the man of ancient times as a compensation; it was given him through the possibility of alternation in this day and night consciousness,—an old clairvoyance that is derived from the spiritual Being of the Moon and has also relation, locally, with the Moon.
When in the course of evolution the time came for this clairvoyant consciousness gradually to grow dim and fade away, a more spiritual substitute was created for the ancient Hebrew folk in the invisible Moon Being Jahve or Jehovah of whom Moses taught, and who, he said, must never be confused with anything that can be seen outwardly nor with any picture that is made of Him for outward vision. Therefore did Moses categorically forbid the Hebrew people to regard any picture in the outside world as a picture of Jahve; he forbade them any picture or image whatsoever that might represent something which is not a product of the outside world, forbade them also to make any picture taken from the outside world, of the invisible, super-sensible God.
The Jahve religion is thus seen to stand in a remarkable relation to a Moon religion that was given by the old clairvoyance in the very earliest days of mankind. For the sake of those to whom it is of interest, we may here mention that it was H. P. Blavatsky who, on absolutely authentic grounds, pointed out that the Jahve religion was in a certain respect a kind of revival of the old Moon religion. H. P. Blavatsky, however, did not come so far in her research as we are able to do today, consequently the connection that has here been set forth was not fully clear to her. The knowledge that the Jahve religion is a Moon religion rather suggested to H. P. Blavatsky that this old Jahve religion was a little less worthy on that account. This is, however, not the case at all. When one knows that the Jahve religion of the ancient Hebrew people has its origin in the old clairvoyance and preserves, so to speak, the memory of the old clairvoyance, then one is able to perceive and appreciate the sacredness and depth of this Jahve religion.
Our study has brought us to an understanding of certain important experiences of the aspirants after occultism, who in a higher consciousness are able to learn by real experience that man belongs in his being to the entire world, perceiving how the middle man is in reality a Sun man, and the upper man a Star man. And we have also seen what occultism is able to recognise in the external religions, namely, that they were in great measure given to mankind as very ancient religions and even as ancient theosophies. For when the man of olden times developed a need for worship and prayer, in that moment something of the old clairvoyance began to stir within him, so that he had no need merely to believe what the old initiates told him but was able to comprehend it even though he could not actually see it. The ancient religions are thus to a great extent theosophies. And the theosophical teachings that were given by the occultists were determined according to the section of the earth which that particular people was destined to inhabit.
As you will have seen, we have for the moment had to leave out the lower man,—the third seven-membered man. We shall return to it, and we shall find in what a remarkable manner the “Great Mystery” was brought before the pupil, and how the pupil undergoes still further development by means of the initiation which alone can lead to an understanding of the true nature of man.
Siebenter Vortrag
Es war ein Teil des sogenannten Mysterium magnum, das wir berühren mußten am gestrigen Tage, und es wird sich vielleicht für manchen von Ihnen eine gewisse Schwierigkeit ergeben haben, es gerade von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus zu betrachten, den wir da ins Auge fassen mußten, um mit allen Einzelheiten gut zurechtzukommen. Aber die Welt ist einmal kompliziert, und es geht wirklich nicht anders, wenn man Verlangen trägt, zu gewissen höheren Erkenntnissen aufzusteigen, als daß man auch die Mühe nicht scheut, manche kleine Schwierigkeit mit in Kauf zu nehmen.
Wenn wir uns noch einmal vergegenwärtigen, übersichtlich und zusammenfassend, was wir unter diesem großen Mysterium zu verstehen haben, so ist es ja auf der einen Seite gewesen die Dreigliedrigkeit des Menschen, oder eigentlich, noch besser gesagt, die Zusammensetzung des Menschen aus drei Menschen von je sieben Gliedern, so daß wir unterscheiden können einen oberen Menschen, einen mittleren Menschen und einen unteren Menschen. Diese drei Menschen erscheinen uns, wenn wir durch die Welt wandern und unsere Erlebnisse haben, innig miteinander verbunden. Das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein unterscheidet diese drei Menschen nicht voneinander. Das war die eine Seite. Die andere Seite des großen Mysteriums ist die, daß in dem Augenblicke, wo der Mensch sich erhebt aus seinem gewöhnlichen Erdenbewußtsein heraus zu einem Bewußtsein höherer Art, er sofort vor der Tatsache steht, die ja auch ausgeführt wurde in meinem Buche «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?»: daß er dann ein Zerreißen seines Bewußtseins in drei Teile, ein Auseinandergerissenwerden seines ganzen Menschen gewärtigen muß, nämlich in einen denkenden Menschen, in einen fühlenden Menschen und in einen wollenden Menschen. Aufgeteilt in diese drei inneren Seelenwesen fühlt sich der Mensch gleichsam, wenn er zu einem höheren Bewußtsein aufsteigen will. Auf der einen Seite haben wir also den dreimal siebengliedrigen Menschen, auf der anderen Seite haben wir bei einem Überschreiten des gewöhnlichen Bewußtseins sofort eine Dreiteilung dieses unseres Bewußtseins, so daß der Mensch, der als okkulter Aspirant zum Hellseher wird, wie Sie aus dem erwähnten Buche wissen, mit aller Gewalt sich anstrengen muß, daß er zusammenhält die drei Glieder seines Bewußtseins, damit er innerlich-seelisch nicht auseinanderfällt. Ein innerliches Verhängnis wäre es, wenn er auseinanderfiele. Während wir also im gewöhnlichen Leben fortwährend versucht sind, das, was dreifach ist, die menschliche Natur, in eine Einheit, in eine einzelne menschliche Gestalt zusammenzuschließen, ist es gegenüber unserem Inneren, gegenüber unserem Seelenleben so, daß wir in dem Augenblicke, wo wir nur irgendwie unser Bewußtsein überschreiten, ‘sogleich darauf hingewiesen werden, daß wir ein dreifaches Wesen sind, hingewiesen werden darauf, daß uns Gefahr droht, im innersten Seelenleben in drei Menschen auseinandergerissen zu werden.
Verstehen, wie die Dinge sich eigentlich verhalten, werden wir am besten, wenn wir zunächst ganz elementar noch einmal unseren Ausgangspunkt nehmen von dem, was zwar das alltägliche Leben darbietet und dem okkulten Aspiranten deutlich gemacht wird, was sich aber die Menschen in diesem gewöhnlichen äußeren Leben eigentlich durchaus nicht klarmachen. Schon im gewöhnlichen Leben weisen die drei Seelenkräfte des Menschen, die man auch im gewöhnlichen Leben unterscheidet, oder besser gesagt, die einzelnen Eigenschaften des Bewußtseins selbst im Laufe des Lebens deutlich auf das hin, was wir gestern als den dreigliedrigen Menschen kennengelernt haben.
Schauen Sie sich einmal den Menschen an, wie er im alltäglichen Leben vor Ihnen steht. Was muß denn, damit das alltägliche Bewußtsein zustande kommt, eigentlich stattfinden? Damit das alltägliche Bewußtsein zustande kommt, das Bewußtsein, das Sie als denkende Erdenmenschen hauptsächlich mit sich herumtragen, dazu ist notwendig, daß die äußeren Eindrücke auf Ihre Sinne wirken können. Die Sinne sind hauptsächlich, insofern sie uns von dem Erdenleben unterrichten, im Kopfe fixiert, und der Inhalt des Bewußtseins, das, was in dem Bewußtsein drinnen ist, rührt zunächst hauptsächlich von diesen Sinnen her.
Wenn Sie von den drei Menschen, die wir gestern kennengelernt haben, den oberen Menschen nehmen, so werden Sie sich sagen: Die Eindrücke des Tages, des gewöhnlichen Bewußtseins, geschehen vorzugsweise auf den oberen Menschen, auf den Kopfmenschen. Die machen sich dadurch geltend, daß der Mensch imstande ist, diesen Eindrücken des äußeren Bewußtseins, wenn sie auf ihn wirken, das Instrument seines Gehirns, überhaupt seines ganzen Kopfes entgegenzustellen.
Nun wird Ihnen eine leichte Überlegung zeigen, daß der Mensch, so wie er als Erdenmensch ist, keineswegs bloß Kopfmensch sein kann. Für die okkulte Betrachtung haben wir gestern gesehen, wie der Mensch auseinanderfällt in die drei Teile. Aber so wie der Mensch vor uns steht als Erdenmensch, muß der Kopf, damit er lebensfähig ist, unterhalten werden von den Substanzen und Kräften, welche fortwährend aus dem zweiten, dem mittleren Menschen in den Kopf hineingeschickt werden. Die Nahrungsstoffe müssen durch die Blutzirkulation aus dem mittleren Menschen in den Kopf fließen, müssen unterhalten das Gehirn; dann kann das Gehirn sich als ein Werkzeug den äußeren Sinneseindrücken entgegenstellen, und dann können namentlich die Gedanken und Vorstellungen infolge der äußeren sinnlichen Eindrücke im Menschen entstehen.
Das, was da durch das Instrument des Gehirns entsteht, erlebt der Mensch in seinem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein; und Sie wissen auch, daß dieses gewöhnliche Bewußtsein, wenn der Mensch schläft, aufhört, daß die äußeren Sinneseindrücke dann nicht mehr da sind, daß sie nicht mehr auf den Menschen wirken. Wenn der Mensch nun schläft und die äußeren Sinneseindrücke nicht mehr auf das von dem mittleren Menschen unterhaltene Gehirn wirken, dann geschehen natürlich noch immer Wirkungen von diesem mittleren Menschen auf den oberen, von dem zweiten Menschen auf den ersten, also auf dieses Gehirn. In diesem mittleren Menschen wird auch während des Schlafes die Atmung unterhalten; es werden ferner die anderen Tätigkeiten des mittleren Menschen unterhalten; das Blut wird ebenso, wenn der Mensch schläft, in sein Gehirn geleitet, wie wenn er wacht. Nur mit einem kleinen Unterschiede geschieht das im Grunde genommen.
Ein Unterschied ist schon vorhanden in der Art und Weise, wie das Instrument des alltäglichen Bewußtseins durch den mittleren Menschen unterhalten wird im Wachen, und wie es unterhalten wird im Schlafen. Der Unterschied drückt sich zum Beispiel dadurch aus, daß während des Schlafes die Zahl unserer Atemzüge eine geringere, von etwa zwanzig auf fünfzehn heruntergesetzt ist, daß auch die Atmungsmenge der Kohlensäure ungefähr um ein Viertel geringer ist, und daß die ganze Art der Ernährungsweise sich während des Schlafes ändert. Wenn also unter Umständen die gewöhnliche Ernährungsweise des Menschen und ihre Wirkung im Schlafe fortdauern, so kann das sogar sehr schlimm sein. Das wissen die Menschen aus der Tatsache heraus, daß man nach einer reichlich genossenen Mahlzeit schlecht schläft, so daß also in der Tat das Gehirn durch eine unmittelbar vor dem Einschlafen reichlich genossene Mahlzeit in seiner Ruhe gestört wird. Es ist also schon ein Unterschied zwischen dem Schlafzustande und dem Wachzustande auch in der Art, wie der mittlere Mensch in den oberen Menschen hinaufwirkt.
Nun fragen wir uns einmal: Was hat denn das zunächst zur Folge für den gewöhnlichen Erdenmenschen, daß dieser Unterschied eintritt?
Daß der Mensch sich der äußeren Welt verschließt und nur in seinem leiblichen Inneren, in dem, was wir als die Gestalt des Menschen beschrieben haben, wirkt von dem mittleren Menschen nach dem oberen Menschen hin durch das, was an Kräften in dem mittleren Menschen vorhanden ist, das hat zur Folge, daß das gewöhnliche Alltagsbewußtsein ausgelöscht wird, daß der Mensch, obwohl er während des Schlafes sein Gehirn hat, die Wirkungen, die da geschehen von dem mittleren Menschen aus auf dieses Gehirn, eben nicht wahrnimmt, daß diese Wirkungen ausbleiben und eigentlich nur in dem vorhanden sind, was wir gewöhnlich das Traumbewußtsein nennen.
Dieses Traumbewußstsein ist zwar sehr kompliziert, aber der Mensch kann sehr leicht, wenn er ein wenig nachdenkt, zu der Erkenntnis kommen, daß eine gewisse Klasse von Träumen durchaus mit dem zusammenhängt, was im mittleren Menschen vor sich geht, und davon herrührt, daß das Gehirn nicht bloß imstande ist, die äußere Welt wahrzunehmen, wenn die Sinneseindrücke auf das Gehirn wirken, sondern daß es auch in gewisser Weise imstande ist, das wahrzunehmen, was als Wirkungen aus dem mittleren Menschen in Form von Traumbildern, die allerlei Symbole annehmen, geschieht. Wenn im Herzen etwas in Unordnung ist, so kann das sehr leicht geträumt werden unter dem Symbole eines kochenden Ofens. Wenn in den Gedärmen etwas nicht in Ordnung ist, so wird häufig von Schlangen geträumt. Das Innere charakterisiert sich sehr oft so, daß der Traum auf das hinweist, was im Inneren des mittleren Menschen geschieht. Und wer mit der gewöhnlichen äußeren Wissenschaft auf diesen merkwürdigen Zusammenhang eingeht, der wird sich sagen können, daß Unregelmäßigkeiten, Irregularitäten des mittleren Menschen symbolisch in Traumbildern wahrgenommen werden.
Es gibt ja auch, wie Sie durchaus wissen, Menschen, die in bezug auf Träume dieser Klasse noch viel weitergehende Erfahrungen machen; Menschen, welche das Herankommen von gewissen Krankheiten in ganz bestimmten symbolischen 'Traumbildern wahrnehmen können, so daß man oftmals den deutlichen Zusammenhang finden kann zwischen ganz regelmäßig wiederkehrenden 'Traumbildern symbolischer Art und einer später eintretenden Lungen-, Herz- oder Magenkrankheit und dergleichen.
Ebenso wie es möglich ist, durch ein genaues Aufmerken beim Aufwachen wahrzunehmen, daß, wenn man von einem kochenden Ofen geträumt hat, manchmal das Herz schneller schlägt, was sich eben in dem kochenden Ofen ausdrückt, so können die Lungenkrankheiten, innere Unregelmäßigkeiten des Magens, überhaupt alle Krankheiten, die sich noch nicht als Krankheiten äußern, symbolisch in Traumbildern sich ankündigen. Wir können also sagen: Das menschliche Gehirn, oder besser des Menschen Seele, ist nicht nur empfänglich für äußere Eindrücke, die durch die Sinne vermittelt werden, sondern auch für das leibliche Innere des Menschen, nur mit dem Unterschiede, daß es da keine wahren Vorstellungen aufnimmt, sondern sich phantastisch-symbolische Vorstellungen von dem bildet, was im mittleren Menschen vor sich geht.
Da haben wir schon ganz deutlich, wenn wir diese Tatsache ins Auge fassen, das Faktum gegeben, daß der Mensch träumend sich selbst wahrnimmt, daß er von sich sagen kann: In meinen Träumen schaue ich mich selber an. — Aber im Wahrnehmen während des Traumes weiß er das nicht; er nimmt sein Herz im Traume wahr, aber er weiß nicht, daß es sein Herz ist, das er wahrnimmt. Er nimmt einen kochenden Ofen, einen Gegenstand außerhalb seiner selbst wahr, das heißt, das, was in ihm ist, ist nach außen projiziert und stellt sich außerhalb des Menschen hin. Sie sehen also da ganz deutlich, daß der Mensch es im Traumbewußtsein nur mit seinem leiblichen Inneren zu tun haben kann und daß er durch dieses Traumbewußtsein auseinandergezerrt, auseinandergerissen wird.
Das gewöhnliche Leben verläuft ja so, daß wir es in der Regel nur zu tun haben mit Wachen und Schlafen. Nun wissen Sie aber auch gerade aus dem Traume, daß nicht nur die Zustände des mittleren Menschen, sondern auch die Zustände des oberen, des Kopfmenschen selber wahrgenommen werden im Traume. Sie brauchen nur achtzugeben auf jene Träume, welche hervorgerufen werden durch die Unregelmäßigkeiten im Kopfe selber. Durch das, was als Unregelmäßigkeit im Kopfe selber wahrgenommen wird, nimmt sich im Traume also das Gehirn, oder besser gesagt die Seele mittels des Werkzeuges des Gehirns wahr. Es nimmt der obere Mensch sich selber wahr. Diese Träume haben immer etwas außerordentlich Charakteristisches. Wenn Sie einen Traum haben und Sie wachen auf mit irgendeinem Schmerz im Kopfe, so ist das so, daß der Traum eine symbolische phantastischbildhafte Wiedergabe Ihrer Kopfschmerzen ist. In der Regel werden solche Träume immer so sein, daß sie sich beziehen auf Unregelmäßigkeiten des Gehirnes selber, auf Unregelmäßigkeiten im oberen Menschen, und sie werden sich immer so ausnehmen, daß Sie dabei ins Weite hinausgeführt werden, daß Sie in einem großen Gewölbe oder in einer Höhle darinnen sind. Namentlich das Gewölbe über dem Menschen ist das Typische, das Charakteristische der Kopfschmerzträume. Irgend etwas wird darinnen krabbeln, oder Spinnengewebe werden da sein, oder Unreinlichkeiten werden an der Decke der Höhle sich befinden. Es kann auch ein Palast sein, den Sie da über sich wahrnehmen.
Also der Mensch nimmt als oberer Mensch sich selbst wahr, aber er versetzt das Wahrgenommene wieder nach außen. Es ist da gleichsam so, daß der Mensch aus sich selber herausgeht und das, was in ihm ist, was in seinem Kopfe ist, nach außen versetzt. Also wiederum eine Art von Spaltung des Menschen, eine Art von Auseinanderzerrung, von Selbstverlieren, von Selbstauslöschung.
Die Zustände, die ich Ihnen jetzt geschildert habe, sind eben ’Iraumzustände. Sie sind Zustände, welche Ihnen deutlich zeigen, wie der Mensch schon im Traumbewußtsein auseinanderfällt, wie die Einheit seines Bewußtseins, wie sein Ich-Bewußtsein nicht aufrechterhalten bleibt, und wie im Grunde genommen das, was als Traum auftritt, immer ein Spiegel, ein symbolisches Spiegelbild dessen ist, was innerhalb der Leiblichkeit des Menschen selber vorgeht.
Nun handelt es sich aber darum, daß der okkultistische Aspirant tatsächlich nicht bloß von dem gewöhnlichen Wachbewußtsein zu einem Traumbewußtsein übergeht, das wäre nichts Besonderes, sondern daß er zu einem ganz anderen Bewußtseinszustande übergeht; daß er durch diejenigen Übungen, die charakterisiert worden sind in den früheren Stunden, durch die Unterdrückung des Verstandes, des Willens, des Gedächtnisses, von sich loskommt und zu einem ganz anderen Bewußtsein gelangt.
Zum Verständnis dieses anderen Bewußtseins, das kein Traumbewußtsein ist, kann doch das Traumbewußtsein demjenigen dienen, der das hellseherische Bewußtsein gar nicht kennt. Dieses Verständnis ergibt sich in folgender Art. Wenn wir uns fragen: Was ist es hauptsächlich, was der Mensch von seinem leiblichen Inneren in den Traumzuständen wahrnimmt, so müssen wir antworten: Es ist das Schmerzhafte, das Unordentliche, es ist das, was als eine Unregelmäßigkeit im leiblichen Inneren vorgeht. Eine leichte Überlegung zeigt Ihnen, daß die gewöhnlichen, normalen Zustände des Inneren nicht wahrgenommen werden vom Traumbewußtsein. Wenn der Mensch ganz gesund ist als oberer und als mittlerer Mensch, wenn alles im Kopf und im mittleren Menschen in Ordnung ist, dann schlafen die Menschen auch ordentlich, dann kann man unter gewöhnlichen Umständen - ich bitte dieses Wort wohl zu beachten - nicht sagen, daß den Menschen etwas drängt, seinen ruhigen Schlaf durch Träume zu unterbrechen.
Nun aber ist der Weg, den das höhere, das hellseherische Bewußtsein nehmen muß, auch ein solcher, welcher durch ähnliche Verhältnisse hindurchgeht wie das Traumbewußtsein. Nur wird dieses Durchgehen durch ähnliche Verhältnisse eben durch okkultistische Schulung erreicht; und es ist nicht anders, als daß der Mensch im Hellsehen zunächst sich dazu bringt, nicht bloß die äußeren, gewöhnlichen schmerzhaften Zustände seines leiblichen Inneren zu erkennen, sondern daß er zunächst dazu gebracht wird, die normalen Zustände seines leiblichen Inneren wahrzunehmen, die sich also dem gewöhnlichen Menschen beim ruhigen Schlafe entziehen. Diese Zustände lernt der Mensch zunächst als hellseherischer Aspirant kennen. Mit anderen Worten: er wird kennenlernen sein Gehirn, seinen Kopfmenschen, und er wird den mittleren Menschen kennenlernen, indem er lernt, ihn innerlich wahrzunehmen. In ähnlicher Weise, wie in bestimmten Träumen der schlafende Mensch seinen mittleren und seinen Kopfmenschen wahrnimmt, so wird der hellseherische Aspirant dazu kommen müssen, seinen mittleren und oberen Menschen kennenzulernen.
Gehen wir einmal aus von dem mittleren Menschen. Wenn Sie den mittleren Menschen ins Auge fassen, so werden Sie sich gestehen müssen, daß in diesem mittleren Menschen eigentlich nichts da ist, was im besonderen unmittelbar an die Außenwelt weist. Im Kopfe sind es die Augen und die anderen Sinnesorgane, die unmittelbar an die Außenwelt weisen. Der mittlere Mensch hat zwar, weil der Tastsinn über . die ganze Haut ausgedehnt ist, auch die Möglichkeit, mit der äußeren Welt in Beziehung zu treten; aber diese Wahrnehmung der äußeren Welt durch den mittleren Menschen ist wirklich eine geringfügige gegenüber der Erkenntnis der äußeren Welt, die wir durch den Kopfmenschen gewinnen. Diese Wahrnehmung hat nicht viel Bedeutung, und selbst die Wärme, die auf den mittleren Menschen wirkt, hat eigentlich als Wahrnehmung die größte Bedeutung doch nur für das innere Erleben des Menschen, für sein inneres Befinden. So haben wir den mittleren Menschen als ein in sich geschlossenes Wesen, das innere Vorgänge hat, welche ihm das Allerwichtigste sind, die aber wenig Bedeutung haben für das Verhältnis des Menschen zur Außenwelt.
Aber wenn Sie sich fragen, ob denn dieser innere Mensch nicht vielleicht einen der Erkenntnis des gewöhnlichen Bewußtseins sich entziehenden Zusammenhang hat mit der äußeren Welt, da werden Sie gleich darauf kommen, daß dieser innere mittlere Mensch ebenfalls einen ganz beträchtlichen Zusammenhang hat mit der äußeren Welt. Es hängt alles davon ab, daß dieser mittlere Mensch angepaßt ist den Erdenverhältnissen. Er muß die Erdenluft atmen, er muß die Stoffe, welche auf der Erde gedeihen, zu seiner Ernährung haben. Der mittlere Mensch und die Erde gehören auf diese Weise zusammen. Wären nicht diejenigen Stoffe im Umkreise des Erdendaseins vorhanden, welche notwendig sind, das Leben des mittleren Menschen zu unterhalten, so könnte dieser mittlere Mensch so nicht sein, wie er ist. Wäre nicht die Atmungsluft ihm zur Verfügung, dieser mittlere Mensch könnte nicht so sein, wie er ist. Wir müssen also sagen: Dieser mittlere Mensch ist etwas, was wir notwendig rechnen müssen zu unserem Erdendasein, rechnen müssen ganz zu dem, was die Erde dem Menschen geben kann.
Aber nicht allein darum handelt es sich, was die Erde dem Menschen geben kann. Die Erde könnte nämlich lange da sein, und der mittlere Mensch könnte doch nicht bestehen. Wenn dieser Erde nicht zu Hilfe käme die Sonne und das, was der mittlere Mensch braucht, auf der Erde reifen und gedeihen ließe, dann könnte der mittlere Mensch nicht bestehen. Denken Sie sich doch nur einmal, daß dieser mittlere Mensch von der Erde seine Nahrungsstoffe nimmt, und daß diese Nahrungsstoffe neben der Luft das Wesentliche sind, von dem er unterhalten wird, daß aber alles, was eigentlich an Nahrungsstoffen vorhanden ist, von der Einwirkung der Sonne auf die Erde abhängt. Es wird also dasjenige, was da einzieht in den Menschen, von der Sonne im Erdenumkreis hervorgerufen. Kurz, wir haben es, wenn wir den mittleren Menschen betrachten, nicht etwa bloß unmittelbar mit einer Einwirkung der Erde auf den Menschen zu tun, sondern mittelbar mit einer Einwirkung der Sonne auf den Menschen. Ohne das die Erde umleuchtende physische Sonnenlicht würde der mittlere Mensch nicht bestehen können. Was in diesem mittleren Menschen ist, ist in ihn hineingekommen durch die Arbeit des Sonnenlichtes an der Erde.
Sehen Sie, diese bedeutungsvolle Tatsache, daß dieser mittlere Mensch eigentlich eine Wirkung des Sonnenlichtes ist, drückt sich darin aus, wenn der okkultistische Aspirant hellseherisch wird, das heißt, nicht bloß ein Traumbewußtsein, sondern ein hellseherisches Bewußtsein entwickelt, daß, während beim Träumen Bilder entstehen, die innere Unregelmäßigkeiten ausdrücken, beim hellseherischen Aspiranten die Bilder, die er empfängt, das ausdrücken, was die Sonne in dem mittleren Menschen tut; das ganz Ordentliche, Regelmäßige zunächst, was die Sonne an dem mittleren Menschen tut. Wenn der okkultistische Aspirant hellseherisch wird und in ihm auflebt die Wahrnehmung seines regelmäßigen eigenen Inneren, dann steht er vor dem flutenden Licht, dann hat er um sich das flutende Licht. Wie die Bilder von den inneren Unregelmäßigkeiten den Träumenden umgeben, so umgeben flutende Lichterscheinungen denjenigen, welcher okkultistischer Aspirant ist; es ist zunächst die Wahrnehmung der Sonnenwirkung in seinem eigenen Inneren, die bei ihm auftritt.
Jetzt vergleichen Sie das gewöhnliche äußere Bewußtsein mit diesem eigentümlichen Bewußtsein, das da in dem Hellseher entsteht. Wenn der Mensch als oberer Mensch hinschaut auf die Gegenstände der Erde, dann schaut er diese Gegenstände an — im wesentlichen ist ja wohl die Gesichtsvorstellung vorherrschend im Leben — durch das von den Gegenständen zurückgeworfene, ihm zurückflutende Sonnenlicht. Im äußeren Bewußtsein schaut der Mensch das äußere Sonnenlicht an, wie es ihm zurückgeworfen wird von der äußeren Erde. Was das äußere Sonnenlicht äußerlich an den Dingen der Erde tut, das nimmt das äußere, das alltägliche Bewußtsein des Erdenmenschen wahr. Was das Sonnenlicht an ihm selber tut, was es tut, indem es seinen mittleren Menschen möglich macht, was es tut, indem es hineindringt in den mittleren Menschen mit seiner Wirksamkeit, das erscheint als flutendes Licht vor dem Menschen, wenn er okkultistischer Aspirant wird. Er sieht die Sonne in sich selber in genau derselben Weise, wie er die Sonne äußerlich sieht, wenn der Tag beginnt und solange der Tag dauert. Und wie er die Gegenstände um sich herum sieht, indem das Sonnenlicht zurückgeschickt wird von den äußeren Gegenständen, so sieht der okkultistische Aspirant das Sonnenhafte, wie es ihm von seinem eigenen Inneren zurückgegeben wird, wenn er zu einer gewissen Stufe des Hellsehens gelangt ist. Es ist gleichsam die Gestalt seines mittleren Menschen, die sich in ihrer Durchleuchtetheit zeigt. Das ist das eine. |
Wenn Sie zurückgehen würden in das Altertum und sich unterrichten ließen in den mancherlei alten Mysterienschulen über das, was die okkultistischen Aspiranten zunächst durchgemacht haben, so würden Sie erfahren, daß das, was eben charakterisiert worden ist, zu dem wesentlichen in diesen alten Mysterienschulen gehört hat. Sie würden erfahren, daß der okkultistische Aspirant gelernt hat, die Sonne auf dem Umwege durch den eigenen mittleren Menschen wahrzunehmen, gelernt hat, dasjenige wahrzunehmen, was von den Wirkungen der Sonne fortdauert, auch wenn der Mensch im Schlafe ist, was aber während des Wachbewußtseins sich ihm entzieht, weil seine Aufmerksamkeit ganz in Anspruch genommen wird durch das äußere Bewußtsein. Wie der Mensch ist als Sonnenwesen, das wurde dem okkultistischen Aspiranten klargemacht durch eine bestimmte Stufe der Mysterieneinweihung. So lernte er an seiner Selbsteigenheit das Sonnenwesen kennen, lernte kennen, wie die Sonne nicht bloß äußerlich in dem von den Gegenständen zurückgestrahlten Lichte wirkt, sondern wie sie wirkt in der menschlichen Leibesform selber.
Aber auch das andere muß der okkultistische Aspirant, der angehende Hellseher, finden lernen; nämlich dasjenige, was sich vergleichen läßt mit den Gehirnträumen, mit den Träumen, die unregelmäßige, unordentliche Gehirnzustände wiedergeben, wo der Mensch, wie ich Ihnen gesagt habe, charakteristisch, typisch immer Symbole wahrnimmt, wie zum Beispiel als wenn er in einer Höhle oder in einem Palaste wäre, kurz, wie wenn sich über ihm etwas wölbte, in das er hineinblicken kann. Wenn der okkultistische Aspirant dazu geleitet wird, nicht nur wahrzunehmen die Zustände seines mittleren Menschen, sondern die Zustände seines oberen Menschen, insofern er gestaltet ist, die Zustände im Inneren des Kopfmenschen, da tritt niemals dasselbe auf wie bei den Wahrnehmungen des mittleren Menschen. Da tritt vielmehr dasjenige auf - ich erzähle Ihnen hier einfach eine Tatsache —, was wie eine regelmäßige Erweiterung, wie eine ganz richtige Erweiterung des Gehirnreiztraumes erscheint, nur daß es vollbewußt erlebt wird. Was der Mensch wahrnimmt, wenn er alle Sinnesorgane geschlossen hat, wenn er nichts Äußerliches wahrnimmt und sich nur innerlich mit hellseherischem Bewußtsein auf sich selbst, auf den oberen, den Gehirnmenschen richtet, das ist tatsächlich der gestirnte Himmel, irgendein Anblick des gestirnten Himmelsgewölbes.
Das war der große Moment im Leben der okkultistischen Aspiranten, namentlich in den alten Mysterien — inwieweit sich das änderte für das neue Mysterienwesen, werden wir noch erfahren -, daß er wahrnahm sein eigenes Inneres, insofern dieses Innere in der menschlichen Form zum Ausdruck kommt, beim oberen Menschen als Himmel mit leuchtenden Sternen; daß er so in die weite Welt hinaussah, obwohl er keinen Sinn offen hatte, und dennoch das Bild des Sternenhimmels da war. Und der allergrößte Moment war dieser, wenn der okkultistische Aspirant beobachtete, nicht was sozusagen an der oberen Oberfläche seines Kopfes ist, sondern wenn er von dem oberen Menschen, von dem Kopfmenschen aus nach dem mittleren Menschen hinunterschaute; wenn er zugleich wahrnahm, ohne irgendeinen seiner Sinne zu öffnen, dasjenige, was die untere Fläche des Gehirnes ist, und diese von dem mittleren Menschen durchstrahlt sah. Da nahm der Mensch in voller Dunkelheit, weil seine Sinne geschlossen waren, denn er war in bezug auf das Äußere wie ein schlafender Mensch, gleichsam innerlich nach unten schauend, die Sonne in der Nacht, inmitten der dunklen Fläche des Himmels wahr. Das ist das, was man in den antiken Mysterien nannte: Die Sonne um Mitternacht schauen -, das heißt, das flutende Sonnenlicht innerhalb der im Verhältnis zur Sonne in ihrer Wirkung viel kleiner sich ausnehmenden Sterne. Das waren bedeutungsvolle Marksteine im Leben des okkultistischen Aspiranten.
Wenn nun der okkultistische Aspirant so weit war, dann konnte er sich etwas ganz Bestimmtes sagen. Er konnte sich sagen: Ja, so wie ich das flutende Sonnenlicht, also die Sonne durch mich selber wahrnehme, wenn ich auf meinen mittleren Menschen schaue, so kann ich ebenso, weil es die reale Sternenwirkung ist, durch den oberen Menschen den Himmelsraum mit seinen Sternen sehen. Daß ich die Sterne sehe und nicht etwa völlige Finsternis vorhanden ist, das rührt davon her, daß das Gehirn angepaßt ist an die Sterne, so wie mein mittlerer Mensch an die Sonne angepaßt ist. — So entstand die Erkenntnis für den Aspiranten, daß ebenso wie der mittlere Mensch von der Sonne unterhalten wird, wie sein ganzes mittleres Wesen mit der Sonne zusammenhängt, also zur Sonne gehört, der obere Mensch, der Gehirnmensch, zusammenhängt mit der ganzen Welt und ihren Sternen.
Wenn der okkultistische Aspirant dieses in sich erfahren hatte, dann konnte er hinausgehen zu denjenigen, die nur das Tagesbewußtsein besaßen, aber dennoch aus ihren inneren Bedürfnissen, aus der Sehnsucht der Seele heraus den Drang hatten, ein Verhältnis zu gewinnen zu einem über den Erdenmenschen Hinausreichenden. Mit anderen Worten: Es konnte der okkultistische Aspirant hinausgehen zu dem religiös gestimmten Menschen, der solche Zusammenhänge mit der Welt irgendwie empfinden konnte, und ihm sagen: Der Mensch ist nicht bloß, so wie er auf der Erde steht, ein Wesen, welches dieser Erde angehört, sondern ein Wesen, welches teilweise durch die Brust und den Unterleib zusammengehört mit der Sonne, und welches zusammengehört als Kopfmensch mit dem ganzen Weltenraum. — Und dann verwandelte sich dasjenige, was der okkultistische Aspirant dem religiös gestimmten Menschen verkündigen konnte, bei diesem in Andacht, in Gebet.
Je nachdem die Stellung bei dem einen oder anderen Teil der Menschen war, zu denen die okkultistischen Aspiranten als Religionsstifter kamen, konnten diese mehr von dem einen oder mehr von dem anderen sprechen. Zu denjenigen Menschen, die mehr veranlagt waren, ihr Wohlbefinden, das den inneren Menschen angeht, als ein gewisses irdisches Glück zu empfinden, zu den Menschen also, welche sozusagen vorzugsweise ihre Erdenstimmung abhängig machten von dem leiblichen Wohlbefinden des mittleren Menschen, konnten die okkultistischen Aspiranten als Religionsstifter sagen: Das, was da euer Wohlbefinden ausmacht, hängt ab von dem Sonnenwesen. — Diese Menschen wurden dann, durch den Einfluß der okkultistischen Aspiranten, die Anhänger einer Sonnenreligion. Sie können sich überzeugen: Überall über den Erdboden hin, wo Menschen von der eben charakterisierten Art vorhanden waren, bei denen es vorzugsweise darauf ankam, daß man sie aufmerksam machte auf dasjenige, was ihr inneres Wohlbefinden bedingte, entstanden Sonnenreligionen.
Es ist eine leere Phantasterei einer verhängnisvollen phantastischmaterialistischen Wissenschaft, wenn man glaubt, daß die Menschen ohne weiteres darauf gekommen wären, die Sonne anzubeten. Die Art, wie die gewöhnliche äußere materialistische Wissenschaft davon spricht, daß dieser oder jener Teil der Menschen Sonnenanbeter geworden sind, gehört eben zu den Phantastereien der materialistischen Wissenschaft. Es ist durchaus zu Unrecht, wenn die heutigen materialistisch gesinnten Menschen den 'Theosophen einen gewissen Hang zur Phantasterei vorwerfen und sich selbst nur Realismus zuschreiben. Im großen und ganzen können wir sagen, daß es dem Materialismus durchaus nicht an phantastischen Anlagen fehlt, wenn er zum Beispiel erklären will, daß gewisse Menschen einmal Sonnenanbeter geworden sind. Da phantasiert er sich irgend etwas zusammen und denkt sich die Sache so, daß die Menschen durch diese oder jene Umstände, man weiß nicht aus welchem Drange heraus, darauf verfallen seien, die Sonne anzubeten. In Wahrheit verhält es sich so, daß die eingeweihten Menschen, die okkultistischen Aspiranten, bei gewissen Bevölkerungen gewußt haben: Wir haben es hier mit solchen Menschen zu tun, die vorzugsweise die Tugend des Starkmuts, des Mutes, der Tapferkeit, kurz, alles das ausbilden, was zusammenhängt mit dem mittleren Menschen; sie müssen wir lehren, daß tatsächlich im Übersinnlichen geschaut werden kann, daß dieser mittlere Mensch ein Ergebnis der Sonnenwirkung ist. - Und diese okkultistischen Eingeweihten haben dann die Menschen, in denen der mittlere Mensch vorherrschte, abgelenkt von dem bloßen Wohlbefinden, dem bloßen In-sich-Leben und haben ihn hingewiesen zur Andacht, die religiös hinaufschaut zu dem Ursprungswesen dieses mittleren Menschen. Sie haben diesen Menschen zur Sonnenanbetung hingewiesen.
Wie der Materialismus zur Phantasterei veranlagt ist, das kann man an diesem Beispiel sehen. Man kann es aber auch an anderen Beispielen klar bemerken. Wir haben zum Beispiel mancherlei Beschreibungen gelesen über unseren Münchener Bau, die durch eine Indiskretion in die Zeitung gekommen sind, und der materialistische Mensch der Gegenwart hat sich nun Vorstellungen darüber gemacht, was und wozu das alles sein könnte. Da konnte man sich wahrhaft davon überzeugen, daß Phantasie durchaus eine Eigenschaft des heutigen Menschen ist: Wenn es darauf ankommt, über bestimmte Dinge, über die man nichts weiß, doch zu reden, dann ist der materialistische Mensch nicht verlegen, alle möglichen Phantastereien zur Erklärung herbeizurufen. So ist es im gewöhnlichen Leben, so ist es aber auch in der Wissenschaft. Die Mehrzahl der Erklärungen der materialistischen Wissenschaft sind leere Phantasien; namentlich aber ist es Phantasie, wenn durch die materialistische Wissenschaft versucht wird, etwas über die Sonnenanbetung auszusagen oder zu erklären.
Wenn aber Menschen auf der Erde waren, die weniger Veranlagung hatten, den mittleren Menschen auszubilden, die also mehr zum Denken, zum Vorstellen, zum Leben des oberen Menschen veranlagt waren, da kam etwas anderes in Betracht. Da kam in Betracht, daß die Okkultisten, die als Religionsstifter hinausgingen in die Welt, die Menschen aufmerksam machten darauf, wo der Ursprung dessen liegt, was ihr Werkzeug ist, um Gedanken zu hegen, um in Gedanken, in Vorstellungen zu leben. Und sie sagten zu ihnen: Wenn ihr eine Vorstellung darüber haben wollt, da ihr nicht selber hineinschauen könnt in die übersinnlichen Himmelswelten — das wurde natürlich nicht so gesagt, aber ich füge es hier bei -, so habt ihr den äußeren Abglanz davon, wenn ihr während der Nacht wach bleibt und in Andacht hinaufblickt in den sternenbesäten Himmel.
Die eigentliche Sternanbetung, die Anbetung der Nacht, wie man auch sagen kann, weil vielfach die Sache so eingekleidet wurde, daß man anstelle des Sternenhimmels die Nacht setzte, wurde herrschend bei denjenigen Völkern, die denkender Natur waren. Für die denkenden, für die grübelnden Völker des Altertums wurden solche Religionen begründet, durch die ihnen gezeigt worden ist, wo der Ursprung liegt des Instrumentes ihres Denkens, des oberen Menschen. Und viele von den Namen, welche die urältesten Götter gewisser Völker führen, müssen einfach übersetzt werden in die neueren Sprachen mit dem Worte: die Nacht. Die Nacht, wie sie geheimnisvoll als Mutter der Sterne erscheint, wie sie die Sterne aus sich hervorgehen läßt, die Nacht wurde angebetet, weil die okkultistischen Eingeweihten in der Tat wußten, daß das Instrument des Gehirns wirklich und wahrhaftig ein Ergebnis der sternenbesäten Nacht ist.
So hat man auch vielfach für diejenigen Völker, welche Sonnenanbeter wurden, nicht nur auf die Sonne selbst hingewiesen, sondern wie man von den Sternen auf die Mutter Nacht hingewiesen hat und viele uralte Worte für uralte Götter eben mit «Nacht» übersetzt werden müssen, so hat man bei der Sonne auch vorzugsweise darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß sie den Tag bewirkte, den Tag machte. Und die Folge davon ist, daß viele Worte bei denjenigen Völkern, die im wesentlichen die höchste göttliche Macht in der Sonne anbeten, für die Sonnenanbetung mit «Tag» zu übersetzen sind.
Wir können also mit einem gewissen Rechte sagen: Je nachdem sich die Menschen empfanden als starkmütige, mutige, kriegerische Völker, finden wir sie vorzugsweise als Sonnenanbeter oder Taganbeter, weil ihre Eingeweihten sie zum Zwecke der Andacht nach der Sonne, dem Tagwesen verwiesen. Die denkenden, die grübelnden Völker hingegen finden wir als Nacht- und Sternenanbeter, weil ihre Eingeweiihten sie dahin verwiesen haben.
Aber es gibt auch noch andere Völker. Es gibt Völker, welche die Eigenschaft nicht hatten, daß bei ihnen so ganz auseinanderfielen Tagbewußtsein und Nachtbewußtsein, man kann auch sagen: Bewußtsein und Bewußtlosigkeit. Wenn wir in die alten Zeiten zurückgehen, so finden wir vielfach Völker - das wissen Sie aus den anderen theosophischen Vorträgen -, welche sich durchaus mittlere oder Zwischenzustände des Bewußtseins, also ein altes Hellsehen bewahrt hatten; Völker, welche nicht nur abwechselnd zwischen Tag und Nacht in Bewußtsein und Bewußtlosigkeit lebten, sondern welche Bewußtheit des "Tages und Bewußtlosigkeit der Nacht zusammen in einer Art Halbbewußtsein als altes hellseherisches Bewußtsein hatten.
Für diese Völker war ein dritter Bewußtseinszustand vorhanden. Diese Völker hatten dadurch aber auch eine Ahnung, daß tatsächlich ein Zusammenhang besteht zwischen dem Menschen und etwas, was außerhalb des Irdischen ist. Aus welchem Grunde waren diese Völker nun so veranlagt? Diese Völker hatten auch in ihrer Gestalt, in dem äußeren Menschen, in ihrer äußeren Leiblichkeit eine ganz bestimmte Eigenschaft. Diese Menschen, welche mit dem alten Hellsehen behaftet waren — in alten Zeiten und in den uralten Zeiten waren es ja fast alle Menschen über die ganze Erde hin -, hatten die Eigentümlichkeit, daß sie in gewissen Bewußtseinszuständen wahrnehmen konnten ihren Symmetriemenschen, aber nicht als Symmetriemenschen selber, sondern so, daß dieser mittlere Mensch in seiner Wirksamkeit auf den oberen, auf den Gehirnmenschen erschien.
Wenn Sie sich nämlich ein Bild machen wollen von dem, was da stattgefunden hat bei einem solchen Hellsehen, dann stellen Sie es sich als Bild des mittleren Menschen im Gehirn vor. Beim gewöhnlichen, normalen Erdenleben ist es so, daß die äußeren Sinneseindrücke auf das Gehirn wirken und daß das Gehirn die Bilder zurückwirft, also seine eigene Wesenheit den äußeren Bildern entgegensetzt. Es entsteht also die Vorstellung der Außenwelt als zurückgeworfenes Bild des Gehirns. Das sind nämlich auch die Vorstellungen der Außenwelt: sie sind von dem Gehirn zurückgeworfene, reflektierte Bilder. Wenn Sie die Außenwelt sehen, so gehen die äußeren Eindrücke durch das Auge bis zu einer bestimmten Stelle des Gehirns und werden dort aufgefangen. Daß sie dort aufgefangen, wenigstens nicht in ihrer Ganzheit durchgelassen, sondern zurückgeworfen werden, das macht es, daß eine Vorstellung entsteht. Wenn nun der Mensch überhaupt hellseherisch wird, so werden ihm nicht nur von den äußeren Gegenständen Eindrücke auf das Gehirn gemacht, sondern es werden Eindrücke gemacht auch von dem mittleren Menschen, die dann von dem Gehirn zurückgeworfen werden können.
Dieses, was ich jetzt angab: daß der mittlere Mensch Eindrücke macht auf das Gehirn und diese Eindrücke von dem Gehirn zurückgeworfen werden, ist durchaus nichts von dem, was ich als vorhanden beschrieben habe bei dem wirklichen okkultistischen Aspiranten. Der wirkliche okkultistische Aspirant nimmt direkt seinen mittleren Menschen wahr, nicht durch das Gehirn. Er sieht das Sonnenhafte in sich direkt, er sieht auch das Sternenhafte in sich, in seinem Gehirn direkt. Das aber, wovon jetzt die Rede ist, dieser hellseherische Zustand, bei dem die Vorgänge des Inneren, das Sonnenhafte im mittleren Menschen vom Gehirn zurückgeworfen wird, so wie die äußeren Eindrücke, die durch die Sinne kommen, vom Gehirn zurückgeworfen werden, das war dasjenige, worauf vielfach das uralte Hellsehen der antiken Menschen beruhte. Sie nahmen wahr auf dem Umwege durch ihren mittleren Menschen. Sie nahmen nichts Äußeres zunächst wahr. Sie nahmen nur dasjenige wahr, was in ihnen selber sonnenhaft vorhanden war und was ihnen zurückgeworfen wurde dadurch, daß das von dem Gehirn Aufgefangene als Vorstellung des Sonnenhaften im Inneren selber wahrgenommen wurde.
Es gab eben einmal solche Völker, die so veranlagt waren, daß sie in gewissen natürlichen hellseherischen Zuständen mit ihrem Gehirn gleichsam auffingen und zur Vorstellung machten ihr Sonnenhaftes im eigenen Inneren. Und wie erschien dann das? Es wurde nach außen projiziert und nicht so wahrgenommen wie die gewöhnlichen Vorstellungen, die durch das Äußere bewirkt werden, sondern so, daß es wie das innere Sonnenlicht erschien, aber von außen kommend. Und wenn nachgeforscht worden ist, woher eine solche Erscheinung kam, wenn die okkultistischen Aspiranten erkennen wollten, woher es kommt, daß sie in solchen Zuständen sich befinden, dann wurde ihnen dasjenige klar, was im mittleren Menschen ist, dasjenige, was sein Sonnenhaftes ist.
Dieses Sonnenhafte hat der Mensch dadurch, daß er ein Sonnenwesen ist. Das, was erscheint im Instrumente des Gehirns, hängt damit zusammen, daß der Mensch ein Sternenwesen ist, daß er in der Tat aus dem ganzen Weltenraum herausgebildet ist. Was er aber jetzt wahrnimmt, das hängt davon ab, daß mit starker Wirkung auf das menschliche Wesen die Erde umkreist wird von dem Monde.
In jenen alten Zeiten war nämlich der Mensch so organisiert, daß auf sein Gehirn im wesentlichen der Mond wirkte, daß der Mond starke Wirkungen ausgeübt hat auf sein Gehirn. Daher war es auch so, daß dieses alte Hellsehen vielfach von den Mondphasen abhing und daß es eintrat zumeist in solchen Zusammenhängen, welche ihren äußeren Ausdruck in den Mondphasen finden. Das alte Hellsehen war so, daß es durch vierzehn Tage hindurch zunahm und durch vierzehn Tage abnahm. In der Mitte eines solchen monatlichen Zeitraumes war die Wirkung ganz besonders stark. Dieses alte Hellsehen verlief also so, daß in der Tat diese Menschen Zeiten erlebten, in denen sie wußten: Wir sind Sonnenwesen. — Sie wußten dies dadurch, daß sie durch die innere Vorstellung des Gehirns die Sonne wahrnehmen konnten. Aber das geschah durch die Mondenwirkung. Ja, das alte Hellsehen trat vielfach so auf, daß der Mensch sich gleichsam fügte der achtundzwanzig Tage dauernden Aufundabflutung der Mondenwirkung, und daß er Tage hatte in den alten Zeiten, wo die Mondenwirkung besonders stark war, wo daher Hellsehen vorhanden war bei allen Menschen, wo sozusagen innerlich hellseherisches Bewußtsein sich bei allen Menschen geltend machte. Wenn die okkultistischen Eingeweihten zu solchen Menschen hinausgingen und sie religiös zu stimmen hatten, dann machten sie sie aus denselben Gründen, wie die anderen Menschen zu Sonnen- oder Tag-, zu Sternen- oder Nachtanbetern gemacht worden sind, zu Mondanbetern. Daher der Mondendienst bei vielen alten Völkern.
Diesen Mondendienst hat Moses kennengelernt in seinem eigentlichen Ursprunge bei den ägyptischen Eingeweihten; und er selbst war einer der größten und bedeutsamsten derselben, der in einer besonders vergeistigten Gestalt den Mondendienst zur Religion eines Volkes machte, nämlich des alten hebräischen Volkes. Es ist der Jahvedienst des alten hebräischen Volkes also ein vergeistigter Mondendienst. Daher konnte durch ihn bis in späte Zeiten hinein bei dem alten hebräischen Volke das Bewußtsein fortgesetzt werden, daß der Mensch mit Außerirdischem zusammenhängt, daß er nicht seine Wesenheit im Irdischen beschlossen hat.
Aber wie bei den ältesten Mondenanbetern und auch bei den Sonnen- und Sternenanbetern von dem äußeren Volke wenig erkannt worden ist, daß Sterne, Sonne und Mond dem Hellseher vergeistigt erscheinen, daß sie nicht erscheinen wie die durch die äußeren Organe gesehenen Gegenstände; wie es auch wenig verstanden hätten die alten Völker, wenn ihnen gesagt worden wäre: Ja, betet an etwas, was der Ursprung ist eures mittleren Menschen, aber stellt es euch nicht vor unter dem Bilde der äußerlich sinnlich wahrgenommenen Sonne, sondern als etwas Übersinnliches, das der Sonne zugrunde liegt -, ebensowenig wäre es verstanden worden, wenn zu den Sternenanbetern gesagt worden wäre, daß das Organ ihres Grübelns und Denkens seinen Ursprung im weiten Weltenraume hat, daß sie sich aber diesen Ursprung nicht in dem Bilde des mit dem äußeren Auge wahrnehmbaren Sternenhimmels vorstellen sollten, sondern in dem Unsichtbaren, das dahinter ist, in den vielen geistigen Wesenheiten, die in den Sternen sind. Ebenso wie man den Sonnen- und Sternenanbetern nicht hat sagen können, was von den Eingeweihten gewußt war, so konnte man auch den Mondenvölkern nicht sagen: Stellt euch vor eine unsichtbare Wesenheit, die gleichsam den äußeren Leib im Monde hat. Aber man konnte etwas anderes sagen, und Moses hat es zu dem alten hebräischen Volke wirklich gesagt. Man konnte es noch nicht sagen zu den älteren Mondenanbetern, sondern erst zu dem alten hebräischen Volke. Daher hat Moses sein Volk nicht hingewiesen auf den sichtbaren Mond, sondern auf jenes Wesen, in dem der Ursprung lag des uralten Hellsehens aller Völker; desjenigen Hellsehens, das gleichsam als eine Abschlagszahlung den Menschen gegeben worden ist, als sie in den Zustand versetzt wurden, wechseln zu müssen mit ihrem Bewußtsein zwischen dem Tagbewußtsein und dem Nachtbewußtsein, und das eine Erkenntnis gebracht hat von der Welt ähnlich dem, was die vom Mond zurückgeworfenen Sonnenstrahlen zum Ausdruck bringen. Es wurde für dieses, was also nur Äußerliches bieten konnte, was nur ein Erdenbewußtsein, ein Tag- und Nachtbewußtsein höchstens in der äußerlich sichtbaren Sternenwelt darbieten konnte, es wurde dem Menschen der uralten Zeiten durch die Möglichkeit, zu wechseln in diesem Tag- und Nachtbewußtsein, etwas gegeben wie eine Abschlagszahlung, ein altes Hellsehen, das mit dem geistigen Wesen des Mondes zusammenhängt und das äußerlich, lokal mit dem Monde wieder in einem Verhältnis steht.
Und als im Verlaufe der Menschheitsentwickelung dieses hellseherische Bewußtsein auch allmählich verschwinden, verdämmern sollte, da wurde für das alte hebräische Volk ein geistigerer Ersatz geschaffen in dem unsichtbaren Mondenwesen, in dem Jahve oder Jehova, welchen Moses dem althebräischen Volke lehrte und demgegenüber er ausdrücklich darauf hinwies, daß er nicht verwechselt werden dürfe mit irgendeinem äußerlich Gesehenen oder mit einem Bilde, das von ihm, äußerlich gesehen, gemacht wird. Daher verbot er geradezu, irgendein Bild in der äußeren Welt als ein Bild des Jahve oder Jehova anzusehen. Er verbot, sich ein Bild des Gottes zu machen, das der Anschauung doch noch etwas hätte geben können, was nicht aus unserer äußeren Welt gemacht ist, und er verbot auch, sich ein Bild des unsichtbaren, übersinnlichen Gottes zu machen, das von der äußeren Welt genommen ist.
So sehen wir in einem merkwürdigen Zusammenhang stehen die Jahvereligion mit einer Mondenreligion, welche im Ursprunge der Menschheit durch das alte Hellsehen gegeben war. Für diejenigen, die sich für solche Dinge besonders interessieren, sei noch auf den besonderen Umstand hingewiesen, daß gerade Helena Petrowna Blavatsky es war, welche aus den allerrichtigsten Quellen heraus darauf aufmerksam gemacht hat, daß die Jahvereligion in einer gewissen Beziehung eine Art Erneuerung der alten Mondenreligion war. Nur war Helena Petrowna Blavatsky mit der Forschung noch nicht so weit, wie wir heute sein können, daß ihr dieser Zusammenhang, wie er hier dargelegt worden ist, vollständig klar gewesen wäre. Die richtige Erkenntnis, die Jahvereligion ist eine Mondenreligion, ließ in der Seele von Helena Petrowna Blavatsky ein wenig die Empfindung aufkommen, als ob damit irgend etwas Minderwertiges in dieser alten Jahvereligion gegeben wäre. Das ist aber nicht der Fall. Wenn man weiß, daß die Jahvereligion des alten hebräischen Volkes urständet, ihren Ursprung hat im alten Hellsehen und gleichsam nur das Gedächtnis an dieses alte Hellsehen bewahrt, dann wird man den heiligen Ernst dieser Jahvereligion sehr wohl durchschauen können.
So sehen Sie, wie der Zusammenhang ist zwischen wichtigen Erlebnissen der okkultistischen Aspiranten, welche in einem höheren Bewußtsein den Zusammenhang des Menschen mit der ganzen Welt, die Zugehörigkeit des Menschen zur ganzen Welt erlebten, indem sie erkannten, daß der mittlere Mensch ein Sonnenmensch, der obere Mensch ein Sternenmensch ist. So sehen Sie auch den Zusammenhang dessen, was der Okkultismus erkennt in den äußeren Religionen, die eigentlich in vieler Beziehung als alte Religionen, wie sie den Menschen gegeben worden sind, auch alte Theosophien waren. Denn in dem Augenblicke, wo die alten Menschen andächtig geworden sind, regte sich in ihnen mehr oder weniger etwas von dem alten Hellsehen, und da brauchten sie nicht bloß zu glauben, sondern konnten begreifen und verstehen, was ihnen die alten Eingeweihten sagten, wenn sie es auch nicht schauen konnten. So sind die alten Religionen vielfach 'Theosophien. Sie sind theosophische Lehren, welche die Okkultisten den Menschen gaben, je nachdem die Menschen auf dem betreffenden Teil der Erde so oder so veranlagt waren.
Wir haben, wie Sie gesehen haben, bei unserer Betrachtung vorläufig den unteren Menschen, als den dritten siebengliedrigen Menschen, auslassen müssen. Wir werden darauf zurückkommen und werden dann sehen, wie merkwürdig das große Mysterium vorgeführt wurde, und wie auch der okkultistische Aspirant sich weiterentwickelt durch die Einweihung, durch welche erst das wirkliche Wesen des Menschen begriffen werden kann.
Seventh Lecture
It was part of the so-called Mysterium magnum that we had to touch upon yesterday, and some of you may have found it difficult to view it from the perspective we had to adopt in order to deal with all the details. But the world is complicated, and if one desires to ascend to certain higher levels of knowledge, there is really no other way than to accept the effort involved in overcoming a few minor difficulties.
If we once again recall, clearly and concisely, what we are to understand by this great mystery, we see that on the one hand there is the threefold nature of the human being, or rather, the composition of the human being out of three human beings, each with seven members, so that we can distinguish between an upper human being, a middle human being, and a lower human being. These three human beings appear to us, as we wander through the world and have our experiences, to be intimately connected with one another. Ordinary consciousness does not distinguish these three human beings from one another. That was one side of the mystery. The other side of the great mystery is that at the moment when human beings rise out of their ordinary earthly consciousness to a higher kind of consciousness, they are immediately confronted with the fact, which I have also explained in my book How to Know Higher Worlds, that that he must then expect his consciousness to be torn into three parts, his whole being to be torn apart, namely into a thinking human being, a feeling human being, and a willing human being. Divided into these three inner soul beings, the human being feels, as it were, when he wants to ascend to a higher consciousness. On the one hand, we have the threefold sevenfold human being; on the other hand, when we transcend ordinary consciousness, we immediately have a threefold division of our consciousness, so that the person who, as an occult aspirant, becomes a clairvoyant, as you know from the book mentioned above, must make every effort to hold together the three members of his consciousness so that he does not fall apart inwardly and spiritually. It would be an inner disaster if he fell apart. So while in ordinary life we are constantly tempted to unite what is threefold, human nature, into a unity, into a single human form, it is such with regard to our inner life, our soul life, that the moment we transcend our consciousness in any way, we are immediately reminded that we are a threefold being, reminded that we are in danger of being torn apart into three human beings in our innermost soul life.
We can best understand how things actually behave if we first take our starting point once again from what everyday life presents and what is made clear to the occult aspirant, but which people in this ordinary outer life do not actually realize at all. Even in ordinary life, the three soul forces of the human being, which can also be distinguished in ordinary life, or rather, the individual qualities of consciousness itself in the course of life, clearly point to what we learned yesterday as the threefold human being.
Take a look at the human being standing before you in everyday life. What must actually take place for everyday consciousness to come into being? For everyday consciousness to come into being, the consciousness that you as thinking human beings on earth carry around with you, it is necessary that external impressions can act upon your senses. Insofar as they inform us about earthly life, the senses are mainly fixed in the head, and the content of consciousness, that which is inside consciousness, comes primarily from these senses.
If you take the upper human being from the three people we met yesterday, you will say to yourself: The impressions of the day, of ordinary consciousness, occur primarily in the upper human being, in the head. They assert themselves through the fact that the human being is able to counteract these impressions of the external consciousness, when they act upon him, with the instrument of his brain, indeed of his entire head.
Now a simple consideration will show you that the human being, as he is as an earthly human being, cannot be merely a head-human being. Yesterday, from an occult point of view, we saw how the human being is divided into three parts. But as the human being stands before us as an earthly human being, the head must be nourished by the substances and forces that are constantly sent from the second, the middle human being, into the head in order to be viable. The nutrients must flow from the middle human being into the head through the blood circulation and sustain the brain; then the brain can act as an instrument to confront the external sensory impressions, and then thoughts and ideas can arise in the human being as a result of the external sensory impressions.
What arises through the instrument of the brain is experienced by the human being in his ordinary consciousness; and you also know that this ordinary consciousness ceases when the human being sleeps, that the external sensory impressions are then no longer there, that they no longer have any effect on the human being. When a person sleeps and the external sensory impressions no longer have an effect on the brain sustained by the middle human being, then of course there are still effects from this middle human being on the upper one, from the second human being on the first, that is, on this brain. In this middle human being, breathing is also maintained during sleep; the other activities of the middle human being are also maintained; when a person sleeps, blood is carried to the brain in the same way as when they are awake. Only a small difference occurs in the basic process.
There is already a difference in the way the instrument of everyday consciousness is maintained by the middle man when awake and when asleep. The difference is expressed, for example, in the fact that during sleep the number of our breaths is reduced from about twenty to fifteen, that the amount of carbon dioxide in the breath is also reduced by about a quarter, and that the whole nature of nutrition changes during sleep. If, therefore, under certain circumstances, the normal mode of nutrition of the human being and its effects continue during sleep, this can even be very harmful. People know this from the fact that one sleeps poorly after a large meal, so that the brain is indeed disturbed in its rest by a large meal eaten immediately before falling asleep. There is therefore a difference between the state of sleep and the state of wakefulness in the way in which the middle human being influences the higher human being.
Now let us ask ourselves: What are the initial consequences of this difference for the average human being on Earth?
The fact that the human being closes himself off from the external world and only works within his physical interior, in what we have described as the human form, from the middle human being toward the higher human being through the forces present in the middle human being, has the consequence that the ordinary everyday consciousness is extinguished, that the human being, although he has his brain during sleep, they do not perceive the effects that occur in the brain from the middle human being, that these effects are absent and actually only exist in what we usually call dream consciousness.
This dream consciousness is very complicated, but if we think about it a little, we can easily come to the realization that a certain class of dreams is definitely connected with what is going on in the middle man and arises from the fact that the brain is not only capable of perceiving the external world when sensory impressions act upon it, but that it is also capable, in a certain way, of perceiving what happens as effects from the middle man in the form of dream images that take on all kinds of symbols. If something is out of order in the heart, this can very easily be dreamed under the symbol of a boiling stove. If something is wrong in the intestines, snakes are often dreamed of. The inner life is very often characterized in such a way that dreams point to what is happening within the middle human being. And anyone who approaches this remarkable connection with ordinary external science will be able to say that irregularities in the middle human being are symbolically perceived in dream images.
As you well know, there are also people who have much more extensive experiences with dreams of this kind; people who can perceive the onset of certain illnesses in very specific symbolic 'dream images', so that one can often find a clear connection between regularly recurring 'dream images of a symbolic nature and a later occurrence of lung, heart or stomach disease and the like.
Just as it is possible to perceive, by paying close attention upon waking, that when one has dreamed of a boiling stove, the heart sometimes beats faster, which is expressed in the boiling stove, so lung diseases, internal irregularities of the stomach, and indeed all diseases that have not yet manifested themselves as illnesses, can symbolically announce themselves in dream images. We can therefore say that the human brain, or rather the human soul, is not only receptive to external impressions conveyed by the senses, but also to the inner physical being of the human being, with the only difference being that it does not receive true images, but forms fantastical, symbolic images of what is going on in the average human being.
When we consider this fact, we clearly see that human beings perceive themselves in their dreams, that they can say of themselves: In my dreams I see myself. — But in their perception during the dream they do not know this; they perceive their heart in the dream, but they do not know that it is their heart that they perceive. He perceives a boiling stove, an object outside himself, that is, what is inside him is projected outward and places itself outside the human being. So you see very clearly that in dream consciousness, human beings can only deal with their physical inner being and that they are torn apart and torn apart by this dream consciousness.
Ordinary life is such that we usually only have to deal with waking and sleeping. But you know from dreams that not only the states of the middle human being, but also the states of the upper, the head human being, are perceived in dreams. You only need to pay attention to those dreams that are caused by irregularities in the head itself. Through what is perceived as irregularity in the head itself, the brain, or rather the soul, perceives itself in dreams by means of the brain as a tool. The higher human being perceives itself. These dreams always have something extremely characteristic about them. If you have a dream and wake up with some kind of pain in your head, it is because the dream is a symbolic, fantastical, pictorial representation of your headache. As a rule, such dreams will always relate to irregularities in the brain itself, to irregularities in the higher human being, and they will always appear as if you are being led far away, as if you are in a large vault or cave. The vault above the human being is particularly typical and characteristic of headache dreams. Something will crawl around inside, or there will be cobwebs, or there will be filth on the ceiling of the cave. It may also be a palace that you perceive above you.
So, as the higher human being, you perceive yourself, but you transfer what you perceive back to the outside world. It is as if the human being steps out of himself and transfers what is inside him, what is in his head, to the outside. So again, it is a kind of division of the human being, a kind of tearing apart, of losing oneself, of self-annihilation.
The states I have just described to you are precisely 'I-space states'. They are states that clearly show you how the human being already falls apart in dream consciousness, how the unity of his consciousness, how his ego-consciousness is not maintained, and how, in essence, what appears as a dream is always a mirror, a symbolic reflection of what is going on within the physical body of the human being himself.
Now, however, it is a matter of the occult aspirant actually passing not merely from ordinary waking consciousness to dream consciousness, which would be nothing special, but to a completely different state of consciousness; that through the exercises that have been characterized in the previous lessons, through the suppression of the intellect, the will, memory, he detaches himself and attains a completely different consciousness.
To understand this other consciousness, which is not dream consciousness, dream consciousness can serve as an aid to those who are completely unfamiliar with clairvoyant consciousness. This understanding arises in the following way. When we ask ourselves: What is it mainly that man perceives from his physical interior in dream states? We must answer: It is the painful, the disorderly, it is that which proceeds as an irregularity in the physical interior. A slight consideration shows you that the ordinary, normal states of the interior are not perceived by dream consciousness. When a person is completely healthy as an upper and middle human being, when everything in the head and in the middle human being is in order, then people also sleep properly, and under ordinary circumstances—I ask you to note this word carefully—one cannot say that anything urges people to interrupt their peaceful sleep with dreams.Now, however, the path that higher, clairvoyant consciousness must take is also one that passes through conditions similar to those of dream consciousness. Only this passing through similar conditions is achieved through occult training; and it is no different than that in clairvoyance, the human being first brings himself to recognize not only the external, ordinary painful conditions of his physical inner being, but that he is first brought to perceive the normal conditions of his physical inner being, which are thus hidden from the ordinary human being during peaceful sleep. The human being first learns about these conditions as a clairvoyant aspirant. In other words, he will get to know his brain, his head-human, and he will get to know the middle human by learning to perceive him inwardly. In the same way that in certain dreams the sleeping person perceives his middle and head human beings, the clairvoyant aspirant will have to get to know his middle and upper human beings.
Let us start with the middle man. When you look at the middle man, you will have to admit that there is actually nothing in this middle man that points directly to the outside world. In the head, it is the eyes and the other sense organs that point directly to the outside world. The middle man does have the possibility of relating to the outside world because the sense of touch is spread over the entire skin, but this perception of the outside world by the middle man is really insignificant compared to the knowledge of the outside world that we gain through the head man. This perception is not very significant, and even the warmth that affects the middle human being is actually only of the greatest significance as a perception for the inner experience of the human being, for his inner state of being. Thus, we have the middle human being as a self-contained being who has inner processes that are most important to him but have little significance for the relationship of the human being to the outside world.
But if you ask yourself whether this inner human being might not have a connection with the outer world that is beyond the grasp of ordinary consciousness, you will immediately realize that this inner middle human being also has a very significant connection with the outer world. It all depends on whether this middle human being is adapted to earthly conditions. He must breathe the earth's air; he must have the substances that thrive on earth for his nourishment. In this way, the middle man and the earth belong together. If the substances necessary to sustain the life of the middle man were not present in the sphere of earthly existence, this middle man could not be as he is. If the air he breathes were not available to him, this average human being could not be as he is. We must therefore say: this average human being is something that we must necessarily count as part of our earthly existence, something that we must count as part of what the earth can give to human beings.
But it is not only a question of what the earth can give to human beings. For the earth could exist for a long time, and the average human being could still not exist. If the sun did not come to the aid of this earth and allow what the average human being needs to ripen and flourish on the earth, then the average human being could not exist. Just think for a moment that the average human being takes his nutrients from the earth, and that these nutrients, along with the air, are the essential elements that sustain him, but that everything that is actually available in the way of nutrients depends on the influence of the sun on the earth. So what enters the human being is brought about by the sun in the earth's orbit. In short, when we consider the average human being, we are not dealing directly with the influence of the earth on the human being, but indirectly with the influence of the sun on the human being. Without the physical sunlight surrounding the earth, the average human being could not exist. What is in this average human being has entered into him through the work of sunlight on the earth.
You see, this significant fact that this middle human being is actually an effect of sunlight is expressed in the fact that when the occult aspirant becomes clairvoyant, that is, develops not merely a dream consciousness but a clairvoyant consciousness, while images arise in dreaming that express inner irregularities, in the clairvoyant aspirant the images he receives express what the sun does in the middle human being; first of all, the completely orderly, regular work that the sun does in the middle human being. When the occult aspirant becomes clairvoyant and the perception of his own regular inner life awakens in him, then he stands before the flooding light, then he has the flooding light around him. Just as the images of inner irregularities surround the dreamer, so flooding light phenomena surround the occult aspirant; it is initially the perception of the sun's effect within his own inner being that arises in him.
Now compare ordinary outer consciousness with this peculiar consciousness that arises in the clairvoyant. When the human being, as a higher human being, looks at the objects of the earth, he sees these objects — for essentially the visual perception is predominant in life — through the sunlight reflected back from the objects and flooding back to him. In outer consciousness, the human being looks at the outer sunlight as it is reflected back to him from the outer earth. What the outer sunlight does outwardly to the things of the earth is perceived by the outer, everyday consciousness of the earthly human being. What sunlight does to him, what it does by enabling his middle human being, what it does by penetrating into the middle human being with its activity, appears as a flooding light before the human being when he becomes an occult aspirant. He sees the sun within himself in exactly the same way as he sees the sun externally when the day begins and as long as the day lasts. And just as he sees the objects around him by means of the sunlight being reflected back from the external objects, so the occult aspirant sees the sun-like nature as it is reflected back to him from his own inner being when he has reached a certain stage of clairvoyance. It is, as it were, the form of his middle man that shows itself in its translucency. That is one thing. |
If you were to go back to ancient times and study in the various ancient mystery schools what occult aspirants first went through, you would learn that what has just been described belonged to the essence of these ancient mystery schools. You would learn that the occult aspirant learned to perceive the sun by way of his own middle man, learned to perceive that which continues from the effects of the sun even when the human being is asleep, but which eludes him during waking consciousness because his attention is completely absorbed by the outer consciousness. What man is as a solar being was made clear to the occult aspirant through a certain stage of the mystery initiation. In this way, he learned about the solar being through his own self-existence, learned how the sun does not merely work externally in the light reflected back from objects, but how it works in the human body itself.
But the occult aspirant, the budding clairvoyant, must also learn to find the other thing, namely that which can be compared with brain dreams, with dreams that reflect irregular, disordered states of the brain, where, as I have told you, the human being characteristically and typically always perceives symbols, as if he were in a cave or in a palace, in short, as if something were arching above him into which he can look. When the occult aspirant is guided to perceive not only the states of his middle man, but also the states of his upper man, insofar as he is formed, the states within the head man, then what occurs is never the same as in the perceptions of the middle man. Rather, what occurs — I am simply telling you a fact here — is something that appears like a regular expansion, like a completely correct expansion of the brain's stimulus space, only that it is experienced in full consciousness. What a person perceives when they have closed all their sense organs, when they perceive nothing external and are directed inwardly with clairvoyant consciousness toward themselves, toward the higher, brain-human being, is actually the starry sky, some view of the starry vault of heaven.
This was the great moment in the life of occult aspirants, especially in the ancient mysteries — to what extent this changed for the new mystery teachings, we shall yet learn — that they perceived their own inner being, insofar as this inner being is expressed in human form, in the higher human being as a sky with shining stars; that they thus looked out into the wide world, even though he had no senses open, and yet the image of the starry sky was there. And the greatest moment was when the occult aspirant observed not what was, so to speak, on the upper surface of his head, but when he looked down from the upper human being, from the head human being, toward the middle human being; when he perceived at the same time, without opening any of his senses, that which is the lower surface of the brain, and saw it illuminated by the middle man. Then, in complete darkness, because his senses were closed, for he was like a sleeping man in relation to the outside world, looking inward, as it were, the human being perceived the sun in the night, in the midst of the dark surface of the sky. This is what was called in the ancient mysteries: seeing the sun at midnight—that is, the flooding sunlight within the stars, which appear much smaller in relation to the sun in their effect. These were significant milestones in the life of the occult aspirant.
When the occult aspirant had reached this point, he could say something very specific to himself. He could say: Yes, just as I perceive the flooding sunlight, that is, the sun, through myself when I look at my middle human being, so too, because it is the real effect of the stars, I can see the heavenly space with its stars through the upper human being. The fact that I see the stars and that there is not complete darkness stems from the fact that the brain is adapted to the stars, just as my middle human being is adapted to the sun. — Thus the aspirant came to the realization that just as the middle man is sustained by the sun, just as his entire middle being is connected with the sun, thus belongs to the sun, so the upper man, the brain man, is connected with the whole world and its stars.
Once the occult aspirant had experienced this within himself, he could go out to those who possessed only daytime consciousness but who nevertheless, out of their inner needs, out of the longing of their souls, had the urge to gain a relationship with something beyond the earthly human being. In other words: The occult aspirant could go out to the religiously minded person who could somehow sense such connections with the world and say to him: Man is not merely, as he stands on earth, a being that belongs to this earth, but a being that belongs partly to the sun through his chest and lower abdomen, and that belongs to the whole universe as a head-being. — And then what the occult aspirant was able to proclaim to the religiously inclined person was transformed in the latter into devotion and prayer.
Depending on the position of the one or other group of people to whom the occult aspirants came as founders of a religion, they were able to speak more of one or the other. To those people who were more inclined to perceive their well-being, which concerns the inner human being, as a certain earthly happiness, that is, to those people who, so to speak, made their earthly mood dependent on the physical well-being of the middle human being, the occult aspirants as religious founders could say: That which constitutes your well-being depends on the sun being. These people then became, through the influence of the occult aspirants, followers of a sun religion. You can see for yourselves: everywhere on earth where there were people of the type just described, for whom it was of primary importance that attention be drawn to what caused their inner well-being, sun religions arose.
It is an empty fantasy of a disastrous, fantastically materialistic science to believe that people would have come up with the idea of worshipping the sun without further ado. The way in which ordinary external materialistic science speaks of this or that part of humanity becoming sun worshippers is precisely one of the fantasies of materialistic science. It is completely unjustified when today's materialistically minded people accuse theosophists of a certain tendency toward fantasy and attribute only realism to themselves. On the whole, we can say that materialism is by no means lacking in fantastical tendencies when, for example, it wants to explain that certain people once became sun worshippers. It fantasizes something and imagines that, due to certain circumstances, people fell into the habit of worshipping the sun, though it is not clear what impulse led them to do so. In reality, the initiated, the occult aspirants, knew that certain populations We are dealing here with people who prefer to develop the virtues of fortitude, courage, bravery, in short, everything that is connected with the middle human being; we must teach them that it is indeed possible to see into the supersensible, that this middle human being is a result of the sun's influence. And these occult initiates then distracted people in whom the middle human being predominated from mere well-being, from mere living within themselves, and directed them toward devotion that looks upward religiously to the original being of this middle human being. They directed these people toward sun worship.
This example shows how materialism is prone to fantasy. But it can also be clearly seen in other examples. For example, we have read various descriptions of our building in Munich, which were leaked to the newspaper through indiscretion, and the materialistic people of today have now formed ideas about what all this could be and what it could be for. One could truly convince oneself that fantasy is indeed a characteristic of modern man: when it comes to talking about certain things about which one knows nothing, the materialistic person is not at a loss to come up with all kinds of fantasies to explain them. This is true in everyday life, but it is also true in science. The majority of explanations offered by materialistic science are empty fantasies; but it is particularly fantasy when materialistic science attempts to say or explain anything about sun worship.
But when there were people on earth who were less inclined to educate the average human being, who were therefore more inclined to think, to imagine, to live the life of the higher human being, something else came into consideration. It came into consideration that the occultists who went out into the world as founders of religions would draw people's attention to the origin of their tools for forming thoughts and living in thoughts and ideas. And they said to them: If you want to have an idea of this, since you cannot look into the supersensible heavenly worlds yourselves — this was not said in so many words, of course, but I am adding it here — you have an outer reflection of it when you stay awake at night and look up in contemplation at the starry sky.
The actual worship of the stars, the worship of the night, as one might also say, because the matter was often clothed in such a way that the night was substituted for the starry sky, became prevalent among those peoples who were of a thinking nature. For the thinking, brooding peoples of antiquity, religions were founded which showed them where the origin of the instrument of their thinking, the higher human being, lay. And many of the names given to the most ancient gods of certain peoples must simply be translated into modern languages with the word “night.” The night, as it mysteriously appears as the mother of the stars, as it brings forth the stars from itself, the night was worshipped because the occult initiates knew in fact that the instrument of the brain is truly and really a result of the star-studded night.
Thus, for those peoples who became sun worshippers, not only was attention drawn to the sun itself, but just as attention was drawn from the stars to Mother Night, and many ancient words for ancient gods must be translated as “night,” so too was attention drawn to the sun as the cause of the day, the maker of the day. As a result, many words among those peoples who essentially worship the highest divine power in the sun must be translated as “day” for sun worship.
We can therefore say with some justification that, depending on whether people saw themselves as strong-minded, courageous, warlike peoples, we find them primarily as sun worshippers or day worshippers, because their initiates directed them to the sun, the daytime, for the purpose of worship. The thinking, brooding peoples, on the other hand, we find as night and star worshippers, because their initiates directed them there.
But there are also other peoples. There are peoples who did not have the characteristic of such a complete separation between day consciousness and night consciousness, or, one might say, consciousness and unconsciousness. If we go back to ancient times, we find many peoples—as you know from other theosophical lectures— which had preserved middle or intermediate states of consciousness, that is, an ancient clairvoyance; peoples who not only alternated between consciousness and unconsciousness during the day and night, but who had consciousness of the “day and unconsciousness of the night together in a kind of semi-consciousness as an ancient clairvoyant consciousness.”
For these peoples, a third state of consciousness existed. These peoples also had a sense that there was indeed a connection between human beings and something outside the earthly realm. Why were these peoples so predisposed? These peoples also had a very specific characteristic in their appearance, in their outer human form, in their outer physicality. These people, who were endowed with ancient clairvoyance — in ancient times and in primeval times, this was true of almost all people throughout the earth — had the peculiarity that in certain states of consciousness they could perceive their symmetrical human beings, but not as symmetrical human beings themselves, but in such a way that this middle human being appeared in its activity on the upper, on the brain human being.
If you want to form a picture of what took place during such clairvoyance, imagine the middle human being in the brain. In ordinary, normal earthly life, external sensory impressions act upon the brain, and the brain reflects the images back, that is, it opposes its own essence to the external images. This creates the idea of the external world as an image reflected back by the brain. These are also the ideas of the external world: they are images reflected back by the brain. When you see the external world, the external impressions pass through the eye to a certain point in the brain and are captured there. The fact that they are captured there, at least not allowed to pass through in their entirety, but are reflected back, is what causes a perception to arise. When a person becomes clairvoyant, impressions are not only made on the brain by external objects, but impressions are also made by the middle human being, which can then be reflected back by the brain.
What I have just stated, that the middle man makes impressions on the brain and that these impressions are thrown back by the brain, is not at all what I have described as existing in the real occult aspirant. The real occult aspirant perceives his middle man directly, not through the brain. He sees the sun-like in himself directly, he also sees the star-like in himself, directly in his brain. But what we are talking about now, this clairvoyant state in which the inner processes, the sun-like element in the middle human being, are reflected back from the brain, just as the outer impressions that come through the senses are reflected back from the brain, was what the ancient clairvoyance of the ancient people was based on in many cases. They perceived things indirectly through their middle human being. They did not perceive anything external at first. They perceived only what was sun-like within themselves and what was reflected back to them through the fact that what was captured by the brain was perceived as an image of the sun-like within themselves.
There were once peoples who were so predisposed that in certain natural clairvoyant states they caught, as it were, with their brains and formed into ideas the sun-like element within themselves. And how did this appear? It was projected outward and not perceived as ordinary ideas caused by external influences, but rather as if it were inner sunlight coming from outside. And when they looked into where this came from, when the occult seekers wanted to know why they were in these states, they realized what's in the average person, what their sun-like nature is.
Human beings have this solar nature because they are solar beings. What appears in the instruments of the brain is connected with the fact that human beings are star beings, that they are in fact formed out of the whole world space. But what they now perceive depends on the fact that the Earth is orbited by the Moon with a strong effect on the human being.
In those ancient times, human beings were organized in such a way that the moon essentially influenced their brains, that the moon exerted a strong influence on their brains. That is why this ancient clairvoyance depended in many cases on the phases of the moon and why it occurred mostly in contexts that found their external expression in the phases of the moon. The old clairvoyance was such that it increased over a period of fourteen days and decreased over another fourteen days. In the middle of such a monthly period, the effect was particularly strong. This ancient clairvoyance proceeded in such a way that these people actually experienced times when they knew: We are sun beings. They knew this because they could perceive the sun through the inner imagination of the brain. But this happened through the influence of the moon. Yes, ancient clairvoyance often occurred in such a way that human beings submitted, as it were, to the twenty-eight-day ebb and flow of the moon's influence, and that they had days in ancient times when the moon's influence was particularly strong, when clairvoyance was therefore present in all human beings, when, so to speak, an inner clairvoyant consciousness asserted itself in all human beings. When occult initiates went out to such people and wanted to make them religious, they made them moon worshippers for the same reasons that other people had been made worshippers of the sun or day, or of the stars or night. Hence the moon worship of many ancient peoples.
Moses learned about this moon worship in its actual origin from the Egyptian initiates; and he himself was one of the greatest and most significant of these initiates, who, in a particularly spiritualized form, made moon worship the religion of a people, namely the ancient Hebrew people. The Yahweh worship of the ancient Hebrew people is thus a spiritualized moon worship. This is why the ancient Hebrew people were able to maintain the awareness, until late times, that human beings are connected with extraterrestrial beings and that their essence is not confined to the earthly realm.
But just as the oldest moon worshippers and also the sun and star worshippers of the outer people had little understanding that stars, sun, and moon appear spiritual to the clairvoyant, that they do not appear as objects seen through the outer organs, so too would the ancient peoples have had little understanding if they had been told: Yes, worship something that is the origin of your middle man, but do not imagine it in the image of the sun perceived by the outer senses, but as something supersensible that underlies the sun—it would have been just as little understood if it had been said to the star worshippers: that the organ of their contemplation and thinking has its origin in the vast space of the universe, but that they should not imagine this origin in the image of the starry sky perceptible to the outer eye, but in the invisible behind it, in the many spiritual beings that are in the stars. Just as it was impossible to tell the sun and star worshippers what was known to the initiated, so it was impossible to say to the moon-worshipping peoples: Imagine an invisible being that has, as it were, its outer body in the moon. But something else could be said, and Moses did indeed say it to the ancient Hebrew people. It could not yet be said to the older moon worshippers, but only to the ancient Hebrew people. Therefore, Moses did not point his people to the visible moon, but to that being in which lay the origin of the ancient clairvoyance of all peoples; that clairvoyance which was given to human beings as a kind of down payment when they were placed in the condition of having to switch their consciousness between day consciousness and night consciousness, and which brought about a knowledge of the world similar to that which the sun's rays, reflected by the moon, brought about. to switch their consciousness between day consciousness and night consciousness, and which brought knowledge of the world similar to what the sun's rays reflected back from the moon express. For this, which could offer only the external, only an earthly consciousness, a day and night consciousness could offer at most in the outwardly visible world of the stars, was given to the people of ancient times through the possibility of switching between this day and night consciousness, something like a down payment, an ancient clairvoyance connected with the spiritual essence of the moon and which outwardly, locally, is again in a relationship with the moon.
And when, in the course of human evolution, this clairvoyant consciousness was also gradually to disappear and fade away, a more spiritual substitute was created for the ancient Hebrew people in the invisible moon being, in Yahweh or Jehovah, whom Moses taught to the ancient Hebrew people, expressly pointing out that he should not be confused with anything seen externally or with an image made of him, seen externally. Therefore, he expressly forbade anyone to regard any image in the external world as an image of Yahweh or Jehovah. He forbade people to make an image of God that could have given the imagination something that was not made from our external world, and he also forbade people to make an image of the invisible, supersensible God that was taken from the external world.
Thus we see a curious connection between the Yahweh religion and a moon religion, which was given to mankind in its origins through ancient clairvoyance. For those who are particularly interested in such things, it should be pointed out that it was Helena Petrovna Blavatsky who, from the most reliable sources, drew attention to the fact that the Yahweh religion was, in a certain sense, a kind of renewal of the ancient moon religion. However, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky's research had not yet progressed as far as ours has today, so that this connection, as it has been presented here, was not completely clear to her. The correct insight that the Yahweh religion is a lunar religion gave rise to a slight feeling in Helena Petrovna Blavatsky's soul that there was something inferior about this ancient Yahweh religion. But that is not the case. When one knows that the Yahweh religion of the ancient Hebrew people has its origins in ancient clairvoyance and, as it were, only preserves the memory of this ancient clairvoyance, then one can very well understand the sacred seriousness of this Yahweh religion.
Thus you see the connection between the important experiences of occult aspirants who, in a higher consciousness, experienced the connection of the human being with the whole world, the belonging of the human being to the whole world, by recognizing that the middle human being is a sun human being and the upper human being is a star human being. You can also see the connection between what occultism recognizes in the outer religions, which in many respects were actually ancient religions, as they were given to human beings, and also ancient theosophies. For at the moment when ancient people became devout, something of the old clairvoyance stirred in them to a greater or lesser extent, and then they did not need merely to believe, but could comprehend and understand what the ancient initiates told them, even if they could not see it. Thus, the ancient religions are in many ways 'theosophies'. They are theosophical teachings that occultists gave to people according to their predispositions in the respective part of the earth.
As you have seen, we have had to leave out the lower human being, the third of the sevenfold human beings, for the time being. We will come back to this and then see how strangely the great mystery was presented and how the occult aspirant also develops through initiation, through which the real nature of the human being can be understood.