Earthly and Cosmic Man
GA 133
26 March 1912, Berlin
3. Chance and Present-Day Consciousness. An Easter Meditation.
We will begin the lecture today by thinking of what is implied by the word “chance.” We say that certain happenings in the world are comprehensible to us because they take their course “in accordance with law” in them we recognise certain laws, “natural laws.” Of other happenings it is said that they seem to be governed by no law; the time at which they occur, the sequence of circumstances connected with them ... all must be attributed to “chance.” Modern science, recognising only those abstract laws which it calls the “laws of Nature,” will certainly be prone, where these laws prove inapplicable, to speak of “mere chance,” of something, that is to say, in regard to which conformity to law cannot be admitted. When modern science speaks of “chance” in cases to which its laws do not apply, it really puts a ban upon any suggestion of conformity to law. Both generally and in particulars, there is hardly anything more intolerant in human life than the “scientific attitude.” I do not, of course, refer to scientific facts, for they are presented in a way which does science the very highest credit, and intolerance does not come into question here. I am speaking of the “scientific attitude” which arises on the foundation of these facts. The attitude of materialistic thought today is an example of almost the greatest intolerance to be found in history.
If in the light of Spiritual Science, we consider “chance” in relation to the life of feeling, our first question will be: How does chance befall the human being? How does it present itself to him? ... When something happens “by chance,” “fortuitously,” it seems as though a man could not possibly, out of his own thoughts—whatever they may be—ascribe any meaning, any inner conformity to law, to this “chance” event. It looks as though reason must simply let it go at that, without bothering to ascertain whether any conformity to law could possibly be attributed to it. People are usually unwilling to bring reason or intelligence to bear upon unforeseen occurrences which, as such, are apparently quite inexplicable. Where feeling is concerned, however, the attitude is very different, although this is not generally realised. Feeling does not always allow itself to be dominated by intellectual preconceptions or by the reasoning mind, but rises out of hidden depths of the soul where man is wiser than he is in his intellect and reason. Thus it may well happen that in his life of feeling a man is attracted or repelled, pleased or displeased by what his reason and intellect call “pure chance.” We will take a definite example. A schoolboy is wrestling with a sum he has to solve; he pores over it and struggles hard but still cannot get it right. After persistent efforts he solves it, to his great delight. But he says to himself: “To be quite certain that I have got it right and shall not be kept in and be given a bad mark, I must go through it all again.” So he makes up his mind that after supper he will work it all out again. Then, quite by chance, and owing to entirely unrelated circumstances, a classmate turns up at his home and asks him what solution he has reached. They compare results and find that they agree. In this way the boy is spared from an additional strain; not needing to pore over the sum any longer, he is free and can go to bed at once. Now if the father is what is called an “enlightened” man, he will say: “The other boy did not call in unexpectedly just to save my boy an hour's study which might have injured his health, but was sent by his mother to bring something I had left behind.” The father calls it “chance.” But the boy has a feeling of happiness, although he will probably not go to the length of believing that an Angel brought this school friend to him; the reaction of his feelings, at any rate will be quite different from that of his reason and intellect. The father will certainly not be inclined to accept the idea that an Angel from Heaven sent the friend to his son, yet he too will feel glad about what happened.
That is what I mean when I say that when feeling rises out of hidden depths in the life of soul, it may well be cleverer than the intellect and the reasoning mind which have to develop independence in the course of the Earth's mission, to develop in such a way that they are thrown back entirely on themselves; reason and intellect are, so to speak, “God-forsaken,” and can therefore easily fall into the error of believing that in what presents itself to them as chance, there is no Divine-Spiritual conformity to law, nor anything like it. Therefore we may say that what rises out of the depths of the soul makes us—as in this case—cleverer in our feelings than we are in our life of intellect and reason. This indicates quite clearly that Spiritual Science is right when it asserts that what lies in the depths of the soul and rises in the feelings from these depths, originates from an epoch when the human being was not thrown back entirely upon himself; that the element of sympathy or antipathy in the life of soul is something that came over from the Old Moon period. Therefore, during the course of Earth-revolution, the human being has to become as clever in his life of intellect and reason as he became in his life of feeling during the Old Moon period of evolution. Someone may say at this point: “But I have observed that feelings are by no means always clever; they can also be the very reverse!” The reason for this is that our feelings as men of Earth are influenced by the intellect which works down into the feelings. If our feelings are stupid, they have become so only because they have been influenced by the intellect. If the life of feeling had remained immune from this influence, despite the circumstances connected with incarnation and the general evolution of mankind, then the feelings would, in fact, be cleverer than the intellect and the reason.
Considered from this point of view, something of peculiar interest concerning “chance” presents itself, something that is extremely instructive. The question might indeed be raised: “Is there not also significance in the very fact that certain things can be regarded as fortuitous, accidental? Is not that in itself significant?” The question is a natural one, for it is precisely during Earth-evolution that the human being must develop intellect and reason—in other words, what is called the “normal” consciousness. At the end of Earth-evolution man should have reached the stage of perceiving law in those happenings and facts which today he considers fortuitous; they seem to him to be examples of pure “chance”; he can see in them no immediate evidence of the law manifested by happenings in Nature; their conformity to law is wholly concealed. But precisely in those things which during the Earth-evolution conceal all evidence of law, seeming to be pure chance, man will learn to perceive a deeper conformity to law; when Earth-evolution has run its course—but not until then—this law will present itself with the same inexorable “necessity” now associated with the laws of nature. If what are now called “chance” happenings appeared to be subject to the necessity of natural law, man would learn nothing from them. He would not be able to bring himself to say of some event: “I can either regard it as full of significance—or as chance!” And so because it is given into the hands of man and is a matter of his own free will whether he will apply intelligence and reason to what looks like “chance,” he learns to find his way through earthly incarnations, to permeate with reason and intelligence what seems to be subject to no rule and to be brought merely by chance: so that what cannot, by its very nature, appear to him as an evidence of rigid conformity to law, appears, finally, as evidence of spiritual law.
We are able, here, to glimpse a very wise provision in world-evolution, one which, if we grasp its significance, shows us that with extraordinary wisdom, certain things were ordained to appear as “chance.” We have therefore, ourselves to unravel the threads of the law which has, first of all, to be discovered within them. In order that for the sake of our own development, we might be taught self-knowledge and learn to weigh ourselves in the balance, it was left to our own will either to be wise or foolish, either to recognise conformity to law in so-called matters of chance, or to acknowledge only the inflexible laws of Nature. As time goes on it will be found that certain branches of science will refuse to apply anything except the abstract, laws of outer Nature and will insist upon labelling everything else as “chance.” These branches of science too, of course, represent activity in the life of soul, but if, as Goethe indicates at the end of Faust, man has turned his gaze to a higher world and has drawn nearer to what is spoken of by all true mysticism as the “Eternal Feminine,” the realm in which the “Feminine” is the symbol for the eternal laws of Nature and the sciences ... if that has come to pass, these particular branches of science will, at the end of Earth-existence, be regarded as the “Foolish Virgins.” On the other hand, Spiritual Science and what develops from it will be able to act in accordance with wisdom and law in those domains where the external sciences—the “Foolish Virgins”—are incapable of doing so. This will enable certain branches of science to be the “Wise Virgins” at the end of Earth-evolution. And the beautiful parable in the Gospel indicates what will happen to the Wise and Foolish Virgins in due time. (Matthew 25:1-13)
These things can lead us more deeply into the secrets of world-evolution; and if we connect direct observation of the outer world with what we learn from Spiritual Science, a very remarkable factor comes to light. I will ask you now to accompany me in your thoughts.
You know that during the Earth period, more and more of the content, the data of knowledge, the achievements, the experiences of the normal consciousness, will become an integral part of man's being. But all evolution proceeds slowly and by degrees, and it will occasionally happen—indeed it sometimes happens now—that something which only in the future will be normal for man, projects itself into the life of abstract reason and intellect, into the domain of the various branches of natural science; something not derived from the normal consciousness but connected with higher forms of consciousness projects itself into life. It is naturally veiled from the normal consciousness, but it points, nevertheless, to the deeper backgrounds of existence. Hence it is to be expected that whenever there is a projection of something which transcends the normal consciousness, it will also, strangely enough, be too striking to be lightly put down to “chance.” In other words: As long as a man lives among his fellows with his normal consciousness only, he can speak lightly of “chance.” As long as in mutual dealings among human beings there is no question of any element other than reason and intellect playing into their words and actions, so long will it be possible to speak glibly of “chance.” For then, everything in their intercourse with one another and in external life which does not appear to be subject to law, will look so much like chance that it will be difficult to realise that even in what is, apparently, quite fortuitous, there is a connection regulated by law. But suppose something comes into our earthly life which cuts across the ordinary form of intercourse between human beings, based as it is, merely upon intellect and reason—something which indicates a great deal more! So that you may see what I mean, I want to quote a special case which is to be regarded merely as an example but from which a great deal may be learnt if it is viewed in the light of Spiritual Science. It is an unpleasant, disagreeable case, but one from which we can learn, as in an experiment, what is actually in operation.
In a certain place it happened that a clergyman had alienated a woman's affection from her husband. He had had a kind of love-affair with this woman, causing the husband deep grief. In the same place there lived two men, friends of each other, who were devoted to the clergyman, not merely in their intellectual life, but in their hearts and feelings. They were in his power, in the sense that his influence worked not only through the life of intellect and reason but also through the religious services and rites, through the element of spiritual life in religion. That the rites in this case had not produced any very good effect, is not the point here; the point is the method adopted by the two men and the fact that the clergyman was their spiritual pastor ... The two friends finally decided to do the clergyman a good turn and they consulted together as to how to get rid of the husband. The case has ugly features about it because the spiritual element is mingled with egoistic, human interests, bringing the whole thing near to the region of black magic. The two friends agreed to murder the husband, and actually did so. Thus they both incurred guilt, not merely by their intellectual decision but also because they had come under the sway of a psychological influence which affected the whole parish. We have therefore a curious case of human connections in which not only reason and intellect are operating but also something lying behind reason and intellect—because the clergyman, being what he was, was able to work with means connected with the spiritual life. What is to be expected, in the light of the principles of Spiritual Science known to us? Because events are causes and, as such, bring consequences, we can expect to find something else happening as a result of what then took place. In most occurrences connected merely with the operations of the reason and intellect, you will find many “chance” happenings, and you will speak of them light-heartedly as such, if you know nothing of Spiritual Science. But it will not be possible to speak of “chance” when there is definite evidence of a psychic influence having been involved in the causes of certain happenings. Here were two friends who had co-operated in the murder. In such a case, karma may be expected to work in a very definite way and all the circumstances oblige us to think of something more than “chance.” Something very special must have been at work, for in this case there is evidence of an influence which might be termed “grey” or “black” magic. And what did, in fact, happen? The two murderers fell ill unaccountably, each with a different illness, and both died within the same hour. Those who insist upon speaking of “chance” will naturally want to do so here too; but those less determined to attribute everything to chance will try to reflect a little more deeply. What has been said in connection with this striking example will be confirmed in many ways if you are willing to probe thoroughly into incidents suggesting the interplay of something more than belongs specifically to the Earth-mission and Earth-consciousness; in this case, something rooted behind the sphere of external existence is in operation, indicating by the peculiar course of events, “abnormal” conditions—as common parlance would express it. But those who observe events from the standpoint of Spiritual Science will say: Here is a direct indication that because there is something different in the actual causes, the karmic course taken by the consequences of those causes will be strikingly significant.
Thus when we know of the power of the Supersensible behind the world of sense, the very way in which the external facts present themselves is an indication that such happenings differ from those in which there is no suggestion of any interplay of the Supersensible. Ordinary science would do well to investigate matters other than the pointless subjects which are dragged to light nowadays and which Friedrich Theodor Vischer—in some respects a very shrewd writer—ridiculed in the following way. He said: There was once a learned scholar who went to Goethe's house and burrowed in all the dust that had been accumulating for years, examining every scrap of paper still lying in the wastepaper baskets; then he searched in all the corners, turned over the dirty rubbish heaps, and finally produced a treatise on “The Connection between Frau Geheimrat von Goethe's Chilblains and the symbolical characters in the Second Part of Faust!” That is a rather radical example but in the catalogues of the most learned publications, similar things are to be found. It would be well if external science, instead of occupying itself with such matters as Vischer had in his mind, were to turn to happenings like the one quoted, which provide striking evidence that occurrences attributed to “chance” but indicating the existence of psychical elements, clearly hint at meaning. The same thing applies, of course, to cases where no psychical factor is in evidence and which may therefore lightly be put down to “chance,” only then it is not so easy to perceive the meaning, and spiritual observation is required to discern the presence of law. And so if we study life, in what confronts us as “chance,” as an antithesis to law, we can see the clash of two worlds, literally the clash of two worlds.
What do I mean by this?
Man has his Earth-mission to fulfil, that is to say, he has to develop and elaborate what is now called the “normal” consciousness. A wise World-Order has made it possible for many happenings to appear to him as chance; it therefore rests with his free will, whether or not he will recognise in them the presence of law. But several currents, not only one, are always in operation. Everywhere there is an inflow of the Spiritual, the Spiritual of which man, too, is part. The Spiritual would have been operating in an occurrence of the kind described above, even if the central figure had not been a clergyman; but in that case his own life of soul would not have been implicated to anything like the same extent.
This episode provides a clear illustration of the operation of another element, side by side with reason and intellect. Both elements play continually into life. Do not imagine for a moment that people who claim to be “Monists,” in other words, materialists, have emancipated themselves altogether from the Spiritual, or that they “believe” in nothing at all, as they pretend. Monism is nothing but belief—belief, moreover, which obscures the Spiritual. What is all important is to see through the illusion, the maya. Human prejudices being what they are, it is, of course, difficult always to see through maya; when people are deeply imbedded in maya it is by no means easy to see through it. Those who look at history today from the standpoint of materialism, may say: “The course of evolution is such that on account of certain purely materialistic contrasts in the social life of man, some kind of collapse is inevitable, and out of this collapse a new order of society will grow.” This is now being taken for granted in the domain of “historical materialism.” It has been prophesied that the clash between classes and ranks will result in a collapse of the social order, and that a new order of society will arise from the ruins. A materialist who speaks in this sense will certainly be ready to admit that he believes in nothing, but bases his judgment upon historical facts; and he will refer with a kind of inner satisfaction, even with glee, to “queer fellows” who spoke of an “Apocalypse,” a “kingdom of a thousand years,” a “millenium,” of a different shaping of the future brought about by the spiritual worlds! He will look down upon them as eccentrics. But it never once enters his head that he is merely accepting another belief, substituting materialistic belief for belief in the Spiritual. Those who are seekers after truth, however, must see through such things and emancipate themselves from maya.
Within us there is a clash of two worlds: one is connected merely with the operations of intellect and reason, resulting from the mission of the Earth as such; the other is connected with spiritual happenings which even in their apparent fortuitousness, speak an eloquent language (as in the instance given and in innumerable other cases).
What is it, then, that can help us, while adhering to the purpose and mission of Earth-existence, to seek for the working of law in “chance,” recognising the wisdom with which world-evolution has made it possible for certain things to appear as “chance,” in order that when we ourselves become a little wiser, we shall wish to discover the operation of law in them? Without exonerating the weaknesses of the times, let us face the facts clearly.
With dauntless scientific daring, men of the present age place their reliance upon the laws of Nature and are not afraid to bring the facts and happenings of Nature into the framework of these laws. In this respect men are truly courageous And why? It may sound harsh but in a certain sense it is true to say that they are courageous because after that there is nothing more to do! No special courage is needed to recognise natural laws or to anticipate laws where external phenomena themselves speak so forcibly. In these days, as a matter of fact, there would be an inclination to pay greater respect to those who are bold enough to deny natural laws than to those who recognise them If someone were to say: “People maintain that natural law exists, but after all, it, too, may well be only “chance ” ... this might evoke greater respect because it would be a radical and audacious step to admit the possibility of chance in the sphere of natural law. Nietzsche was one who came very near to the point of regarding everything as chance. Again, someone might say: “Even if hitherto the sun has risen every morning, that might likewise be a matter of chance; the daily sunrise may be regarded as chance as justifiably as other happenings.” Such a statement might be forcible and audacious—but it would be false! In their recognition of natural laws operating in chemical and physical processes men are undoubtedly courageous—the courage is certainly there ... but it is cheap! The facts of Nature do not readily lend themselves to being regarded as chance. Courage evaporates in the face of things generally designated as “chance,” Just where it is most needed and when man ought to say to himself: “Although the happenings confronting me here seem to group themselves together quite haphazardly, I shall try to find a deeper meaning and purpose in them!” To see meaning and purpose in external chance means that the outer facts are being confronted with a strength of soul which also endures in the face of seemingly quite fortuitous happenings. The modern weavings of phantasy in regard to chance are the outcome of inner weakness, because men do not trust themselves to recognise law in the things which seem to be fortuitous. It is really cowardice on the part of science to accept the factor of chance and to be chary of introducing law into what presents itself as disordered chaos simply because law does not make itself immediately apparent. Hence the science of today which really lacks courage and is willing only to concern itself with natural laws, must be counteracted by the forcible and courageous science of the Spirit which makes the soul strong enough to perceive law and order in apparently fortuitous happenings. This is the side of Spiritual Science which must make the human being strong enough not merely to recognise law where the external circumstances themselves compel him to be courageous, but where he must call upon all his inner forces and let them speak with the same compelling power with which Nature happenings speak to him. Nature confronts the human being as a finished work. Within Nature and by the side of Nature, “chance” presents itself. Man himself is involved in this “chance” and much of what he calls his destiny is rooted in the laws underlying it. What is it, then, that is needed? We will now try to answer this question.
Something must take place of which the exoteric world has absolutely no idea. What is needed is an invigoration of the impulse which has led to the scientific method and attitude of today—an invigoration which cannot possibly be drawn from the domain of science alone. External science must receive an impulse deriving from spiritual research. For since external science allows itself to be coerced into accepting natural laws, it will be incapable of unfolding the courage that is necessary for the perception of spiritual law in the realm of the seemingly fortuitous. Spiritual Science must constitute a new impulse which calls for the steeling of courage in the souls of men, an impulse which leads to something absolutely new in the world, even though this amounts merely to a new understanding of what has already been imparted to mankind but remains more or less unconscious; from our time onwards men must become conscious of it. The need for a new impulse is everywhere apparent—even to those who resist it. They themselves realise the need quite clearly but they often proceed in a very strange way. They do not directly admit it, but lacking the courage to adopt the attitude of which we have spoken, they are willing, strangely enough, to be reconciled to all sorts of philosophical opinions concerning the spiritual world which make some slight compromise with the prevailing scientific mentality. Here and there you will find that commendable “tolerance” is extended to teachings concerning a spiritual world although it is not difficult to attribute this tolerance to likes and predilections which have a habit of persisting in sincere and scientifically-minded people ... but you may be quite sure that somewhere or other there will be exceptions. Those who think they have an unconditional right to judge, may say: “Yes, it is possible to come to terms with advocates of idealistic philosophy when they base their acceptance of a spiritual world upon reason.” But when they hear about Spiritual Science or Theosophy, these people adopt a curious attitude and act very strangely, for it makes them uneasy! They cannot altogether account for it, but one thing they know, namely, that they do not want to have anything to do with this kind of thing! On that point they are unyielding and then they are not quite so tolerant; they abuse Spiritual Science, say that it is fantastic and has no reasoned foundations. Even those who from superior heights occasionally extend tolerance to other forms of idealistic thought, adopt an attitude to Spiritual Science which almost confounds the saying of Goethe: “The little fellows never notice the devil, even when he has them by the collar!” ... for Theosophy seems to them to be the very embodiment of the devil. They do not usually say as much, but that is how things are.
There has lately been a striking example of this among our own ranks; attention may be drawn to it for it is mentioned in the current German periodicals. For his Doctorate at a northern University, one of our members submitted a thesis on “The Relation of the Ego to Thinking.” If the man in question had been in the position in which I was lucky enough to be when I wrote my Philosophy of Spiritual Activity—which was before I was presenting, under the name of “Theosophy,” the world-conception I now hold—nobody would have any idea, any “false” idea, that this thesis on the relation of the Ego to Thinking has any connection with Theosophy; for there is absolutely nothing about Theosophy in it, any more than there is in my Philosophy of Spiritual Activity, or in my Truth and Science. People had no inkling of what was behind these two works and from time to time remarkably favourable opinions were expressed. I can give another example too. One day, because of my publications on Goethe, I was commissioned to write a chapter on Goethe's relation to natural science. The manuscript lay in the hands of the editor for a long time and the work did not appear. In those days it was practically a foregone conclusion that this particular section would have been trusted to me and not one of the persons concerned had any doubt about it. But you see, I had begun to use the word “Theosophy” and at the time I actually held an official position in the Theosophical Movement. The treatise was returned to me as “unusable”! You can see what was going on behind the scenes then, and also in the present case. If our friend had not been a theosophist, nobody would have failed to recognise that here was a logical, dialectical thesis on The Relation of the Ego to Thinking ... but the university town where this episode took place is not very big. The writer was known to be a theosophist and so the professors had no use for his work. As the professors themselves happened also to be engaged in experimental psychology, their attitude was: We recognise law only where external compulsion holds sway. If any body recognises law where there is no external compulsion, as is the case in the relation of the Ego to Thinking, his thesis is rejected as a matter of course! And so the thesis was turned down. But something else transpired. The thesis is written in a northern language with which very few people are conversant, and it was sent to an old German professor who “by chance”—I say this advisedly—understands this language. He gave his verdict quite objectively and it was an extremely favourable one.
I mention these incidents—there are many others as well so that you may know how things are, and form your own judgments. Among theosophists too there are people who are ready to admit: Here or there spiritual teaching is to be found ... although they ought to realise that it is not a question of looking for a really new impulse “here or there,” but in Spiritual Science itself. The impulses leading to progress in the world can only flourish when they are grasped in their full force. The human being, too, must lay hold of all the forces within him if he is to realise that apparent fortuity in the world is permeated with meaning and divine purpose. This is the impulse that must be given by Spiritual Science. Men must recognise that in the course of human evolution a point was once reached which must now be understood in a new sense, and in full consciousness. Significant allusion is made to it in the First Chapter of the Gospel of St. Mark, in the words: “The time is fulfilled and the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand; know yourselves, pay heed to the new message.” And then, a few verses further on, a remarkable statement occurs concerning Christ Jesus.1See: The Gospel of St. Mark, by Rudolf Steiner.
In our Movement it is not a question of advocating orthodoxy or dogma but of indicating, in the evolutionary process of mankind, the coming of the impulse which leads to the strengthening of those inner forces whereby the human “ I ” attains self-knowledge, learning also to behold itself in the world and to draw into its own realm of law, what otherwise appears as “blind chance.” Why is it that the phenomena of Nature give no suggestion of chance? Why does man speak of law in the phenomena of Nature? It is for this reason. After the expiration of the Saturn-, Sun- and Moon-periods of evolution, the Exusiai, the “Spirits of Form,” the “Spirits of Revelation,” began their operations; and the manifested laws of Nature are not abstract laws but, in a spiritual sense, the Deeds of the Exusiai, of the Spirits of Form! When man observes the course of Nature-happenings he beholds, in the laws of Nature, the Deeds of the Exusiai. But his courage has failed. And where the Exusiai are not articulate, where they do not palpably indicate what they have laid into the facts and happenings of Nature, man has no longer any inkling that there, too, the Spiritual is in operation, in the shape of Law. But he must strive to reach the stage where he speaks of those happenings which today he still ascribes to “chance,” as the Exusiai speak in the facts of Nature. Human courage has broken down. How does man speak of destiny, of destiny in humanity? He speaks just like the grammarians who have eyes only for the words and are not interested in the connections between the words, thinking, often enough, that there is no active, living power within them. Man must learn not only to see connective purpose in the facts of Nature, in the Deeds of the Exusiai, but out of an inner impulse he must learn to speak of events in the life of humanity as though the Exusiai were being made manifest in what today seems to he pure chance. In order that this might be, there came One Who spoke very differently from those who are ignorant of what lies behind apparently fortuitous happenings. The One Who came, spoke not as the grammarians but as the Exusiai speak out of the facts of Nature. Thus did Christ speak out of the mouth of Jesus! The Gospel indicates this in a wonderful way in that to the abstract words: “And they were amazed at His teaching” ... it immediately adds: “For He taught as the Exusiai teach!” Where do the Exusiai teach? In the facts of Nature! And with this same Nature-necessity, Christ spoke out of the mouth of Jesus concerning those realms of existence over which the laws of Nature seem to exercise no sway.
Such is the impulse that must enter into men. Then, in the “chance” happenings of today they will find the courage to recognise the kingdom of spiritual law and gradually to learn to speak of it as the Exusiai, the Spirits of Form, speak in the facts of Nature.
The great Easter-Impulse given to humanity consisted in this: There dwelt in Jesus of Nazareth the Power of a Being Who spoke with the same inner necessity with which the laws of Nature speak in the facts of Nature, from the mineral kingdom of Earth, up and beyond the realm of the clouds, to the very Realm of the stars. Thus did Christ speak in Jesus of Nazareth! And when man is able to fire his courage with this impulse he will recognise conformity to law in all the facts of world-existence, in the realm of Nature and also in the realm of the Spirit, where “chance” is thought to operate. There must come to men—free from all preconceived thoughts—a new understanding of where the might of the Christ-Impulse lies, and of the heights to which the Christ-Impulse can raise them.
With such thoughts we pass towards the Festival held as a memorial that this Impulse was vouchsafed to mankind. Much of what has been said in this lecture may well serve as a kind of Easter Meditation, and you will then find that such thoughts can help to promote the true mood of soul in which to celebrate the Festival.
Dritter Vortrag
Anknüpfen möchte ich den Ausgangspunkt unserer heutigen Betrachtung an das Wort Zufall. Wir sprechen in der mannigfaltigsten Weise davon, daß gewisse Ereignisse in der Außenwelt uns dadurch erklärlich sind, daß sie gesetzmäßig verlaufen, daß wir in ihnen gewisse Gesetze, daß wir Naturgesetze erkennen, während von andern Ereignissen so gesprochen wird, daß der Mensch eigentlich sagt: Er erkenne kein Gesetz, warum dieses oder jenes in einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt gerade eingetroffen ist, er könne in einem solchen Tatsachenverlauf, wie er ihm vor Augen steht, nur den Zufall anerkennen. Insbesondere wird unsere gegenwärtige Wissenschaft geneigt sein, überall da, wo sie mit den ja durchaus abstrakten und rein verstandesmäßigen Gesetzen, die sie allein anerkennt und die sie Naturgesetze nennt, nicht ausreicht, von einem bloßen Zufall, das heißt, von etwas zu reden, demgegenüber es überhaupt verboten ist, irgendeine Gesetzmäßigkeit anzunehmen. Die gegenwärtige Wissenschaft verbietet ja geradezu da, wo sie vom Zufall spricht, wo sie mit ihren Gesetzen nicht heran will, noch von irgendwelcher Gesetzmäßigkeit zu sprechen. Denn im Grunde genommen ist eigentlich, wie sich im ganzen und im einzelnen zeigt, kaum irgend etwas intoleranter im ganzen menschlichen Zeitverlauf, als gerade - nicht die Tatsachen der Wissenschaft, die können nicht intolerant sein, und in bezug auf Darstellung der Tatsachen schreiben wir auch der gegenwärtigen Wissenschaft das größte Verdienst zu — was sich aufbaut dagegen auf den Tatsachen als wissenschaftliche Gesinnung. Die materialistische Gesinnung in unserer Zeit ist etwas, was zu dem Allerintolerantesten gehört, das im Zeitenverlaufe überhaupt den Menschen hat treffen können.
Wenn wir nun einmal gefühlsmäßig den Zufall im Sinne unserer Geisteswissenschaft ansehen, so fragen wir uns zunächst: Wie tritt der Zufall an den Menschen heran? Wie stellt sich das, was man zufällig nennt, dem Menschen dar? - Es stellt sich so dar, wenn es eintritt, als ob der Mensch aus seinen Gedanken heraus, aus seinen irgendwie gearteten Ideen nicht voraussetzen könnte, diesem Zufall einen Sinn, eine innere Gesetzmäßigkeit zuzuschreiben. Es stellt sich so dar, als ob die menschliche Vernunft sozusagen den Zufall einfach gehen lassen müsse, wie er sich darbietet, und sich nicht darum bekümmern könnte, ob in diesem Zufall etwas von einer Gesetzmäßigkeit stecken würde. Insbesondere ist es ja mit jenen Zufälligkeiten, die als solche scheinbar unerklärlich in das menschliche Leben hereinfallen, zumeist so, daß die Menschen mit ihrer Vernunft, mit ihrem Verstande nicht recht heran wollen, diese Zufälligkeiten zu bemeistern. Mit dem Gefühl verhält sich der Mensch merkwürdigerweise anders, und das ist etwas, was man zwar in der Gegenwart nicht berücksichtigt, was aber doch tief lehrreich ist: das Gefühl läßt sich nicht immer in der Art und Weise, wie es wirkt, bemeistern von den Vorurteilen des Verstandes und der Vernunft, sondern es wirkt herauf — wie Sie aus zahlreichen öffentlichen und Zweigvorträgen erkennen können — aus verborgenen Untergründen der Seele, die noch gescheiter sind als der Mensch in seinem Verstande und seiner Vernunft. So kommt es vor, daß den Menschen das trifft, was Verstand und Vernunft eine Zufälligkeit nennen, wodurch sich aber doch der Mensch in seinen Gefühlen angezogen oder abgestoßen findet, worüber er sich angenehm oder unangenehm berührt fühlt. Nehmen wir nur einen ganz bestimmten Fall, von dem Sie nicht leugnen werden, daß er Ihnen sehr häufig in ähnlicher Weise in Ihrem Leben immer wieder und wieder begegnen kann. Nehmen wir den Fall: ein Schüler sitze und schwitze über irgendeiner Rechenaufgabe; furchtbar sitze er und schwitze er, weil er die Lösung dieser Rechenaufgabe nicht treffen kann. Aber er hat sie nun nach langem Sitzen und Schwitzen doch gelöst und ist nun froh, daß er ein Resultat herausbekommen hat. Aber er sagt sich: Wenn ich ganz sicher sein soll, daß ich nicht sitzenbleibe und eine schlechte Zensur bekomme, so muß ich diese Aufgabe noch einmal durchrechnen! — und er macht sich darauf gefaßt, daß er sie, nachdem er sein Abendbrot gegessen hat, noch einmal durchrechnet. Da kommt ganz zufällig, durch etwas, das gar nicht damit zusammenhängt, ein Kollege des Schülers herein und fragt: Was hast du herausbekommen? — Beide vergleichen ihr Ergebnis und es stimmt zusammen, und dem Schüler ist auf diese Weise erspart, was ihm sonst geblüht hätte. Er ist nun befreit davon, braucht nicht noch einmal eine Stunde sitzen und schwitzen und kann sich gleich schlafen legen. Wenn nun der Vater ein «aufgeklärter» Mann ist, so wird er sagen: Der andere Schüler ist nicht darum hereingestürzt, um meinem Sohne eine Stunde abzunehmen, die ihm doch vielleicht in seiner Gesundheit hätte schaden können, sondern er ist abgeschickt von seiner Mutter, um mir dies oder jenes zu bringen, was ich vergessen habe. Der Vater also nennt es einen Zufall. - Aber können Sie ableugnen, was Sie ja nicht ableugnen werden, daß der Schüler ein recht angenehmes Gefühl hat, wenn er auch nicht glauben wird, daß ihm ein Engel diesen Kollegen zugeführt hat? Er wird recht angenehm davon berührt sein in seinem Gefühl, ganz anders, als vielleicht Verstand und Vernunft sprechen. Der Vater wird ganz sicher nicht geneigt sein, anzunehmen, daß ein Engel vom Himmel diesen Kollegen seinem Sohne zugeschickt habe, er wird aber doch sympathisch davon berührt sein.
Das meine ich, wenn ich sage, das Gefühl kann gescheiter sein, wenn es aus verborgenen Seelentiefen heraufwirkt, als Verstand und Vernunft, die sich im Verlaufe der Erdenmission erst selbständig ausbilden sollen, so ausbilden sollen, daß sie gerade wie gottverlassen auf sich selber angewiesen sind und daher auch leicht in den Irrtum verfallen können, daß in dem, was sich ihnen darbietet, nicht irgendeine göttlich-geistige Gesetzmäßigkeit lebe, sondern daß eigentlich gar nichts darinnen lebe. So dürfen wir sagen: Was sich aus den Tiefen unserer Seele heraufholt, wodurch wir, wie in diesem Fall, im Gefühl gescheiter sind als in Verstand und Vernunft, das weist uns darauf hin, ganz deutlich, daß die Behauptung der Geisteswissenschaft richtig ist, daß dasjenige, was in den verborgenen Seelentiefen unten ist und wie im Gefühl sich heraufholt aus diesen verborgenen Seelentiefen, eben aus jener Epoche herstammt, in welcher sich der Mensch noch nicht selbst überlassen war, und daß das, was in unsern Gefühlen spricht als Sympathie und Antipathie, noch aus dem alten Mondenzeitalter herrührt. So daß der Mensch in seinem Verstande und seiner Vernunft erst im Laufe der Erdenentwickelung so gescheit zu werden braucht, als er in seinen Gefühlen geworden ist durch die alte Mondenentwikkelung. Nun kann jemand sagen: Ich habe wohlweislich bemerkt, daß das Gefühl auch nicht immer ganz gescheit ist, daß es auch sehr dumm sein kann. — Das rührt davon her, daß unsere Gefühle als Erdenmenschen schon beeinflußt sind von unserem Verstande und unserer Vernunft, daß diese schon hinunterwirken in das Gefühl, so daß dieses, wenn es dumm wird, nur dadurch dumm wird, daß es beeinflußt wird von Verstand und Vernunft. Würde es nicht schon durch die allgemeinen Inkarnationsverhältnisse und durch die allgemeine Entwickelung der Menschheit sich von Verstand und Vernunft beeinflußt erzeigen, so wäre es im Menschen tatsächlich der Gescheitere gegenüber der Vernunft und dem Verstande, welche die Dümmeren sind.
Wenn wir die Sache so betrachten, stellt sich uns etwas ganz Eigentümliches für den Zufall heraus, was außerordentlich lehrreich ist. Wir könnten sogar die Frage aufwerfen: Ist es nicht sinnvoll, daß der Mensch gewisse Dinge so ansehen kann, wenn er sie so ansehen will, daß er sie zufällig nennt? Ist das nicht vielleicht sinnvoll? - Die Frage könnte sehr wohl aufgeworfen werden, und sie erweist sich nicht als sinnlos, wenn wir bedenken, daß der Mensch in der Erdenentwickelung Verstand und Vernunft, was wir unser normales Bewußtsein nennen, gerade entwickeln soll. Er soll am Ende der Erdenentwickelung so weit sein, daß er die Gesetzmäßigkeit in denjenigen Tatsachen einsieht, die er heute noch als zufällig ansieht. So treten sie ihm heute noch als zufällig entgegen. Er kann ihnen noch nicht, wie in notwendigen Naturereignissen, das Gesetz unmittelbar ablesen, sie verhüllen ihm noch ihre Gesetzmäßigkeit. Aber der Mensch wird lernen gerade in dem, was während der Erdenentwickelung die Gesetzmäßigkeit verhüllt und sich dadurch als Zufall erweist, eine tiefere Gesetzmäßigkeit zu erkennen, eine solche Gesetzmäßigkeit, welche dann, wenn die Erdenentwickelung abgelaufen sein wird, sich tatsächlich mit derselben Notwendigkeit wird aufdrängen, wie sich jetzt die Naturgesetze aufdrängen, aber erst, wenn die Erdenentwickelung abgelaufen sein wird. Wenn ihm jetzt schon das, was wir Zufälligkeiten nennen, so entgegentreten würde wie die Naturgesetze, so würde der Mensch nichts daran lernen können. Er würde sich nicht dazu entschließen können, sich zu sagen: Du kannst es als sinnvoll ansehen und auch als Zufall ansehen! — Also, weil es in des Menschen Hand und in des Menschen Willkür gegeben ist, Verstand und Vernunft auf das anzuwenden, was sich als zufällig darbietet, dadurch lernt er sich hineinfinden in die Erdeninkarnationen, lernt das, was der Zufall scheinbar regellos darbietet, mit Verstand und Vernunft zu durchdringen, so daß also das, was ihm scheinbar nicht als so starre, abstrakte Gesetzmäßigkeiten erscheinen kann, als geistige Gesetzmäßigkeiten erscheinen muß.
Da blicken wir in einen sehr weisen Zusammenhang des Weltenwerdens hinein, der, wenn wir ihn sinnvoll erfassen, uns sagt: Es ist außerordentlich geistvoll im Weltendasein eingerichtet, daß uns gewisse Dinge als Zufall entgegentreten; daher müssen wir sie selbst erst aufwinden auf Fäden einer Gesetzmäßigkeit, die wir in ihnen selbst erst entdecken müssen. Und damit wir uns dabei selbst ergreifen, uns selbst in die Waagschale werfen, um in unserer Entwickelung weiterzukommen, wurde es in unsern Willen gestellt, entweder weise zu sein oder töricht, entweder anzuerkennen eine Gesetzmäßigkeit auch in den Zufälligkeiten oder nur die starren Naturgesetze gelten zu lassen. So wird es sich nach und nach heranbilden, daß im Laufe der Zeit diejenigen Wissenszweige dasein werden, die sich nur der äußeren, abstrakten, verstandesmäßigen Naturgesetze bedienen wollen und alles andere als Zufall abweisen werden. Diese äußeren Wissenszweige werden wie Betätigungen des Seelenlebens erscheinen, die aber wenn der Mensch mit seinem Seelenwesen aufgeblickt hätte im Sinne des Schlusses des Goetheschen «Faust» in eine höhere Welt und in die Nähe dessen gekommen wäre, was man in aller Mystik als «Ewig Weibliches » bezeichnet, wo die ewigen Naturgesetze und die wissenschaftlichen Zweige symbolisch-mystisch als Weibliches dargestellt werden — am Ende des Erdendaseins als «törichte Jungfrauen » sich erweisen würden. Dagegen wird sich in dem, was sich heute als Geisteswissenschaft geltend macht, etwas heranbilden, das dort, worin die törichten Jungfrauen, die äußeren Wissenschaften, keine Gesetzmäßigkeit hereinbringen können, Gesetzmäßigkeit und Weisheit hereinbringen wird. Das wird ausbilden eine Anzahl von Wissenszweigen, und diese werden am Ende der Erdenentwickelung die «weisen Jungfrauen » sein. Und es zeigt schon die schöne Parabel im Evangelium, wie es, wenn die Zeiten erfüllt sein werden, ergehen wird den törichten und den weisen Jungfrauen.
Diese Dinge sind immer geeignet, uns in die Geheimnisse der Weltenentwickelung wirklich etwas hineinzuführen. Wenn wir aber das, was wir so aus der Beobachtung der äußeren Welt unmittelbar auf uns haben wirken lassen, verbinden mit mancherlei von dem, was wir dutch die Geisteswissenschaft erfahren haben, so stellt sich uns doch ein sehr merkwürdiger Zusammenhang heraus, und ich bitte Sie, diesen Zusammenhang mit mir in Gedanken zu verfolgen.
Sie wissen, daß sich der Mensch den Inhalt, die Erkenntnisse, die Errungenschaften, die Erlebnisse des normalen Bewußtseins während der Erdenzeit immer mehr und mehr aneignen wird. Aber es geht alle Entwickelung langsam und allmählich vor sich. Und daher wird hereinragen — und ragt schon jetzt herein - in unsere rein abstrakte Vernunft- und Verstandesentwickelung, in die bloßen Naturwissenschaften das, was in der Zukunft erst für den Menschen normal sein wird: es ragt herein, was nicht bloß aus dem normalen Bewußtsein stammt, sondern was zu tun hat mit höheren Bewußtseinsformen. Das ist natürlich etwas, das dem normalen Bewußtsein verschleiert sein muß, das aber auf die tieferen Hintergründe des Daseins hinweist. Daher ist es natürlich, daß überall da, wo irgend etwas hereinragt, was das normale Bewußtsein überschreitet, auch in einer merkwürdigen Weise mehr zutage treten wird, als man leichten Herzens mit Zufall wird bezeichnen können. Oder mit andern Worten: So lange der Mensch bloß mit dem normalen Bewußtsein in dem Zusammenleben wirkt, wird man auch leichten Herzens von Zufall sprechen können. Betrachten Sie nur einmal das Leben. Wenn Sie in der Weise als Menschen miteinander verkehren, daß Sie nicht den geringsten Anspruch darauf machen, daß irgend etwas anderes in den Verkehr der Menschen hereinspiele als das, was Verstand und Vernunft im Sprechen und Handeln der Menschen hereinbringen könnten, so lange werden Sie leichten Herzens viel von Zufall sprechen können. Denn dann wird alles, was in dem Zusammensein der Menschen und in den äußeren Tatsachen sich nicht durchdringbar für eine gewisse Gesetzmäßigkeit darstellt, als Zufall sich so darstellen, daß man schwer dahinterkommen wird, wie auch in dem scheinbar Zufälligen ein wirklicher gesetzmäßiger Zusammenhang ist. Aber nehmen wir an, es tritt irgend etwas in unser Erdenleben herein, was den ganz gewöhnlichen, bloß auf Verstand und Vernunft begründeten Menschenverkehr durchbricht, was mehr ist im menschlichen Zusammenleben als bloß Verstand und Vernunft. Und damit Sie sehen, was ich meine, möchte ich einen bestimmten Fall anführen, den ich Sie bitte, eben als einen Fall anzusehen, der sich im Leben so zugetragen hat und an dem wir mit den Mitteln der Geisteswissenschaft mancherlei lernen können. Es sei ein recht schroffer, wenig schöner, eigentlich häßlicher Fall angeführt, an dem wir aber wie an einem Experiment kennenlernen können, was wirklich geschieht.
An einem Orte hatte es sich zugetragen, daß ein Pfarrer einem Ehemann seine Frau abspenstig gemacht hat. Der Pfarrer hatte eine Art Liebesverhältnis mit dieser Frau entwickelt und dem Ehemann war dies außerordentlich leid. An demselben Orte fanden sich nun zwei Menschen, die miteinander befreundet waren und die dem Pfarrer nicht bloß durch ihren Verstand und ihre Vernunft, sondern auch durch ihre Gefühle zugetan waren. Sie standen in seinem Bannkteis, weil dieser nicht nur durch Verstand und Vernunft wirkte, sondern auch durch den religiösen Kultus, durch das, was an spirituellem Leben in der Religion ist. Daß dieser Kultus in diesem Falle nicht besonders gut gewirkt hat, darauf kommt es hier nicht an, sondern darauf, zu welchen Mitteln die beiden griffen und daß der Pfarrer eben der Seelsorger dieser beiden war. Und das kam so weit, daß die beiden Freunde dem Pfarrer etwas Gutes tun wollten und sie besprachen sich darüber, mit allen Mitteln den Ehemann aus dem Wege zu schaffen. Insofern ist der Fall häßlich, weil sich das spirituelle Element vermischt mit dem egoistisch menschlichen; er wird also in gewisser Weise zu einer Art schwarzer Magie. Es besprachen sich also die beiden Freunde, den Ehemann zu ermorden, und sie taten es auch. Die beiden hatten so eine schwere Schuld auf sich geladen, nicht bloß durch den Vernunftbeschluß, sondern auch durch das Vorhandensein eines psychischen Elementes, das durch die Gemeinde hindurchwirkte. Wir haben also den merkwürdigen Fall, daß wir in einem menschlichen Zusammenhang nicht bloß das drinnen haben, was Verstand und Vernunft ist, sondern auch das, was hinter Verstand und Vernunft ist; wir haben es wirksam, weil eben der Pfarrer ein Pfarrer war und mit den Mitteln des spirituellen Lebens wirkte. Was können wir nun nach den uns jetzt schon angeeigneten geisteswissenschaftlichen Voraussetzungen erwarten? Weil ja Ereignisse Ursachen sind und als solche Folgen haben, so können wir erwarten, daß sich an das, was geschehen ist, auch noch etwas anderes anschließt. Sie werden nun in den meisten Fällen, wo nur etwas geschieht, was bloß mit Verstand und Vernunft zu tun hat, viele sogenannte Zufälligkeiten finden. Diese Zufälligkeiten werden so sprechen im Leben, daß Sie leichten Herzens dieselben als Zufälligkeiten ansprechen werden, wenn Sie noch nicht von Geisteswissenschaft berührt sind. Aber nicht so leichten Herzens werden die Menschen solche Wirkungen im Leben als Zufälligkeiten ansprechen können, die aus Ursachen folgen, bei denen Spirituelles, Psychisches mitgewirkt hat. Zwei Freunde waren es, die miteinander den Mord bewirkt hatten. Wir haben also zu erwarten, daß in diesem Falle das Karma besonders wirkte und zwingen würde, durch die Art wie es eintritt, doch nicht bloß an Zufall zu denken. So daß also doch etwas Besonderes geschehen müßte, wenn, wie in diesem Fall, so etwas die Ursache ist: ein Einfluß sozusagen, den man mit den Worten wie graue oder schwarze Magie bezeichnen könnte. Und siehe da, was geschah wirklich? Die beiden Mörder wurden kurioserweise krank, und zwar an zwei verschiedenen Krankheiten, und starben beide in derselben Stunde! Wer nun durchaus von Zufall sprechen will, der wird natürlich auch hier wieder von Zufall reden wollen. Der Mensch aber, der nun nicht durchaus nur von Zufall sprechen will, wird da doch versucht sein, etwas tiefer nachzudenken. Und was für dieses eklatante Beispiel angeführt worden ist, das werden Sie vielfach bestätigt finden, wo Sie nur wirklich prüfen wollen, wo Sie vermuten können im Leben, daß etwas anderes hereinspielt als das, was nur ausschließlich zur Erdenmission und zum Erdenbewußtsein gehört, wo also etwas hereinspielt, das hinter der Sphäre des Daseins seine Urstände hat, das mehr oder weniger durch den sonderbaren äußeren Verlauf schon auf etwas Abnormes, wie der gewöhnliche Mensch sagen würde, hinweist. Wer aber vom Standpunkte der Geisteswissenschaft aus beobachtet, würde sagen: Es ist so, wie wenn mit Fingern darauf hingewiesen würde, daß, weil in den Ursachen ein anderer Sinn liegt, sich auch die Wirkungen in ihrem karmischen Verlauf ganz besonders sinnvoll zeigen.
Da sehen wir also, daß wir in der Tat, wenn wir das Walten des Übersinnlichen hinter dem Sinnlichen ins Auge fassen, schon durch die Art und Weise, wie uns die Erscheinungen, die äußeren Tatsachen entgegentreten, darauf hingewiesen werden: Es ist etwas anderes mit diesen äußeren Tatsachen als mit denjenigen, die nicht so verlaufen, daß Übersinnliches in ihnen mitspielt. — Es wäre ja außerordentlich wünschenswert, wenn einmal auch in der äußeren Wissenschaft etwas anderes untersucht würde zu allen möglichen unnötigen Dingen, die heute in der Wissenschaft so zahlreich zutage gefördert werden, und die der in gewisser Beziehung geistvolle Ästhetiker Friedrich Theodor Vischer einmal damit gegeißelt hat, daß er sagte: Es fand sich einmal ein Gelehrter, der wühlte sich ein in das Goethe-Haus und untersuchte dort allen möglichen Staub, der seit Jahren abgelagert war, und alle Papiere, die noch in den Papierkörben seit langen Zeiten sich fanden, ging dann in allerlei abgelegene Räume, stieß übelriechende Kehrichtfässer um und brachte dann eine Abhandlung zustande über den «Zusammenhang der Frostbeulen der Frau Geheimrat von Goethe mit den symbolisch allegorischen Figuren im zweiten Teile des Faust». —- Das ist etwas radikal. Aber in den Bücherkatalogen, die über die allergelehrtesten Abhandlungen herausgegeben werden, ist schon so etwas zu finden. Es wäre nützlich für die äußere Wissenschaft, wenn sie statt dessen, was der V-Vischer charakterisieren wollte, einmal solche Dinge verwenden würde, an denen sich eklatant zeigt, daß in den Geschehnissen, die man geneigt ist für Zufall zu halten, doch etwas waltet, was uns schon in der Art, wie es uns entgegentritt, zeigt, daß bei solchen Ereignissen, wo der Mensch untertaucht in das Psychische, auch der Sinn eklatant hervortritt. Natürlich tritt er in dem, was man so leichten Herzens mit Zufall benennt, auch hervor; nur ist es da nicht so genau zu sehen, da muß schon eine geistige Beobachtung hinzukommen, wenn darin das Walten des ja überall vorhandenen Gesetzes gesehen werden soll. Und wir sehen dann in dem, was uns gerade wie das Gegenteil der Gesetzmäßigkeit entgegentritt, was uns als Zufall entgegentritt, auch wenn wir unser Leben nur betrachten, das Zusammenstoßen von zwei Welten, richtig das Zusammenstoßen zweier Welten. — Was ist das eigentlich?
Der Mensch hat seine Erdenmission zu vollbringen, das heißt, er hat das, was wir jetzt das normale Bewußtsein nennen, auszubilden. Er hat also durch die weise Welteneinrichtung die Möglichkeit vor sich, eine ganz große Sphäre von Ereignissen als Zufall zu betrachten. Es unterliegt also gewissermaßen seiner Willkür, dort Gesetzmäßigkeit hineinzubringen. Aber niemals verläuft nur eine Strömung, sondern es verlaufen immer mehrere Strömungen. Wir sehen, wie ja überall Spirituelles hineinspielt, das heißt solches Spirituelles, an dem auch der Mensch teilnimmt. Es wäre auch Spirituelles in einem äußeren Ereignis von der geschilderten Art, wenn der Betreffende, von dem gesprochen worden ist, kein Pfarrer gewesen wäre; aber dann wäre er nicht in diesen Tatsachenzusammenhang hineingestellt. Ich meine es also so, daß der Mensch mit seiner Seelenentwickelung an dem Spirituellen selber beteiligt ist. Das ist das, was sich neben der verstandes- und vernunftmäßigen Strömung in der Welt auch klar darstellt. Immer spielen beide Strömungen in unser Leben herein. Sie dürfen nicht etwa glauben, daß zum Beispiel diejenigen, welche als Monisten auftreten, das heißt als Materialisten, immer ganz unabhängig sind vom Spirituellen oder gar nichts glauben, wie sie annehmen. Der ganze Monismus ist nichts anderes als ein Glaube; es handelt sich nur darum, daß er ein Glaube ist, der dem Wesentlichen des Menschen gegenüber das Spirituelle verdunkelt. So daß es sich eigentlich darum handelt, daß man bei solchen Dingen Maja wirklich durchschaut. Schwer ist es ja allerdings, bei dem menschlichen Vorurteil immer die Maja zu durchschauen. Wenn man in der Maja tief drinnensteckt, durchschaut man sie nicht so leicht. Wer heute auf einem geschichtlich materialistischen Standpunkt steht, der wird vielleicht sagen: Die Entwickelung der Menschheit verläuft so, daß aus gewissen rein materialistischen Gegensätzen im menschlichen Zusammenleben sich irgendeine Art von Zusammenbruch entwickeln wird, und aus diesem Zusammenbruch wird dann eine neue Gesellschaftsordnung erwachsen. -— Wir wissen, daß eine solche Voraussetzung gemacht wird bei der Strömung des geschichtlichen Materialismus. Man hat prophezeit, daß die Entwickelung so vor sich geht, daß durch den Gegensatz der Klassen und Stände ein Zusammenbruch der Geselischaftsordnung zustande kommt, und daraus würde sich dann herausentwickeln eine Art Neubegründung der Gesellschaft. Ein solcher geschichtlicher Materialist wird ganz gewiß zugeben, daß er an nichts glaubt, sondern nur auf geschichtliche Tatsachen sich stützt, und er wird aus einer gewissen inneren Befriedigung, ja Beseligung heraus sagen: Was waren das doch für sonderbare Kerle, die von der Apokalypse gesprochen haben, von einem tausendjährigen Reich und so weiter, die von einer andern Gestaltung der Zukunft aus der geistigen Welt heraus gesprochen haben! - Er wird sie als zurückgebliebene Propheten über die Achsel ansehen. Daß er aber doch nur den andern Glauben übernimmt, daß er an Stelle des spiritualistischen Glaubens den materialistischen Glauben setzt, davon hat er keine Ahnung. Nur muß so etwas von dem Wahrheitsuchenden durchschaut werden; er muß immer mehr und mehr über die Maja hinauskommen.
So stoßen in der angedeuteten Art in uns zwei Welten zusammen, eine, welche bloß zusammenhängt mit Verstand und Vernunft, wie sie sich aus der Erdenmission ergeben, und die andere, welche zusammenhängt mit spirituellen Ereignissen, die sich so gruppieren, daß sie auch in ihrer Zufälligkeit eklatant für sich selber sprechen, wie es in dem angedeuteten Falle war, den wir durch unzählige andere Fälle vermehren könnten.
Was ist es denn, was uns dazu bringen kann, daß wir zwar stehenbleiben bei dem, was ja durchaus im Sinne der Erdenmission liegt: in den Zufall durch unsere eigene Willkür erst die Gesetzmäßigkeit hineinzubringen, so daß wir wirklich an das anknüpfen, was uns eine weise Weltenentwickelung gegeben hat, daß wir gewisse Dinge als zufällig anschauen können, und dann aber, wenn wir gescheiter sind, erst die Gesetzmäßigkeit hineinprägen wollen? Was ist es, daß wir so die Gesetzmäßigkeit hineinbringen? Fassen wir sozusagen ohne Schonung gegenüber den gegenwärtigen Schwächen das ins Auge, was da vorliegt.
Die Menschen der Gegenwart werden sich mit kühnem, wissenschaftlichem Wagemut auf die Naturgesetze stürzen und die Naturtatsachen in solche Gesetze einfassen. Da sind die Menschen kühn. Warum sind sie da kühn? Es ist vielleicht schonungslos, aber es ist doch in einer gewissen Weise wahr: die Menschen sind kühn, weil dazu nichts weiter gehört! Daß man Naturgesetze anerkennt, daß man dort Gesetze voraussetzt, wo die äußeren Tatsachen so stramm sprechen, dazu gehört kein besonderer Mut. Wir würden heute sogar geneigt sein, dem Leugner von Naturgesetzen einen stärkeren Respekt zuzusprechen als dem Anerkenner derselben. Wenn jemand sagen würde: Da sagen die Leute, es gibt Naturgesetze, aber das kann auch nur Zufall sein, - so würden wir diesem vielleicht mehr Respekt entgegenbringen, weil es ein radikal kühner Entschluß wäre, in der Sphäre der Gesetzmäßigkeit auch einen bloßen Zufall anzunehmen. Nietzsche war nahe daran, alles als einen Zufall zu betrachten. So könnte also jemand sagen: Wenn die Sonne bisher alle Tage aufgegangen ist, so könnte das ebenfalls auf einem Zufall beruhen, und die Menschen hätten nicht weniger Recht, dieses tägliche Aufgehen der Sonne als einen Zufall anzusehen wie andere Ereignisse. — Das könnte stark, könnte mutig sein, nur wäre es natürlich falsch. Aber Naturgesetze anerkennen, die in den chemischen, in den physikalischen Vorgängen wirken, das ist ein Mut, der ja da ist, den die Menschen haben, und er soll ihnen nicht abgesprochen werden; aber er ist billig. Denn die Welt läßt sich nicht leicht als eine bloße Zufälligkeit betrachten, insofern man es mit Naturtatsachen zu tun hat. Aber der Mut verdunstet gegenüber den Dingen, die man gewöhnlich als zufällig bezeichnet, wo der Mensch gerade stark sein sollte - nämlich dem Zufall gegenüber - und sich sagen sollte: Da treten mir in einer gewissen Sphäre Ereignisse gegenüber, welche sich scheinbar sinnlos zusammenschließen; ich werde einen tieferen Sinn darin suchen. — Hineintragen den Sinn in die äußere Zufälligkeit, das hieße, sich mit starker Seele den äußeren Zeichen entgegenwerfen, so daß der Mut auch andauerte gegenüber den scheinbar zufälligen Ereignissen. So daß also das heutige Phantasieren gegenüber dem Zufall aus einer inneren Schwäche stammt, weil sich der Mensch nicht getraut gegenüber den Dingen, die er heute Zufall nennt, ein Gesetz anzuerkennen. Das ist etwas, was man bezeichnen darf als wissenschaftliche Feigheit, als Feigheit der Wissenschaft gegenüber dem Zufall: stehenzubleiben und nicht den Mut zu haben, in das, was sich als ein bloßes wirres Chaos darbietet, die Gesetze hineinzutragen, weil das Gesetz sich nicht selbst anbietet und dazu zwingt, es aus innerem Mut hineinzutragen. Daher muß entgegentreten der mutlosen Wissenschaft, die sich heute bloß auf Naturgesetze ausdehnen will, die mutvolle, starke, kühne Wissenschaft des Geistes, welche die innere Seele so belebt, daß in das scheinbare Chaos der Zufälligkeiten Gesetz und Ordnung hineingebracht wird. Und das ist diejenige Seite der Geisteswissenschaft, von der man sagen muß: Der Mensch soll durch sie stark werden, um nicht bloß dort Gesetzmäßigkeiten anzuerkennen, wo die äußeren Verhältnisse zu Stärke und Mut zwingen, sondern auch dort, wo er sein Inneres aufrufen muß, um so zu sprechen, wie sonst nur die Naturereignisse mit ihrem Zwange zu ihm sprechen. Die Natur ist fertig, ist da. Der Mensch tritt ihr gegenüber. Neben die Natur und überall in die Natur hinein stellt sich die Zufälligkeit. Der Mensch ist selbst in diese Zufälligkeit hineinverwoben, und ein großer Teil dessen, was er sein Schicksal nennt, liegt in den Gesetzen dieser Zufälligkeit. Was muß geschehen? Was geschehen muß, das sei heute noch beantwortet. Geschehen muß etwas, was man in der Tat vielfach heute in der äußeren exoterischen Welt nicht einmal ahnt, wovon man sich gar keine Vorstellung macht. Es braucht, damit das geschehen soll, was geschehen könnte, eine Anfeuerung des Impulses, der zur äußeren Wissenschaftlichkeit treibt, eine Anfeuerung, die nicht von dieser äußeren Wissenschaftlichkeit allein kommen kann, ganz unmöglich von ihr kommen kann. Es braucht einen Einfluß auf diese äußere Wissenschaft von der geistigen, von der spirituellen Forschung her. Denn die äußere Wissenschaft wird, weil sie sich zwingen läßt zu ihren Gesetzmäßigkeiten, sich nicht aufrafflen können zu dem Mut, der notwendig ist, um in das Reich der scheinbaren Zufälligkeiten spirituelle Gesetzmäßigkeit hineinzuschauen. Es hängt das mit dem zusammen, das oft hier berührt worden ist, daß Geisteswissenschaft, wenn sie ernst genommen sein soll, auf einen neuen Impuls hören muß, der zugleich hinweist auf eine Befeuerung des menschlichen Seelenmutes, der dazu führen muß, daß etwas durchaus Neues in die Welt hineintreten muß: wenn dieses Neue auch nichts anderes ist als die Neuerfassung desselben Impulses, welcher der Menschheit zwar gegeben worden ist, aber mehr oder weniger unbewußt gegeben worden ist und zur Bewußtheit von unserem Zeitalter an aufgerufen werden muß. Man sieht es überall, wie ein neuer Impuls kommen muß. Aber die anderen merken es auch, welche diesen neuen Impuls nicht wollen. Sie merken es ganz klar; aber sie geben sich manchmal in einer recht merkwürdigen Weise darüber Rechenschaft. Sie sagen es zwar nicht direkt. Aber das Merkwürdige ist doch, daß alle die, welche den Mut nicht haben zu dem, was jetzt gekennzeichnet worden ist, sich zwar noch in einer merkwürdigen Weise abzufinden vermögen mit allen möglichen philosophischen und sonstigen Auseinandersetzungen über die geistige Welt, die noch so ein bißchen Kompromisse schließen mit dem, was als natürliche Gesinnung herrscht. Sie werden da und dort eine anerkennenswerte Nachsicht finden mit alledem, was in eine geistige Welt hineinweist, was sich aber doch in einer gewissen Art noch gefallen läßt, zusammengeworfen zu werden mit alledem, das man sonst gern hat und das sich noch zeigen kann unter anständigen, naturwissenschaftlich gesinnten Leuten: aber irgendwo wird da eine Ausnahme gemacht. Diejenigen, die so recht glauben, daß sie das Recht dazu haben «unbedingt» zu urteilen, sie werden sagen: Ja, mit denen, die eine idealistische Philosophie vertreten, welche eine allgemeine, auf Vernunft begründete Annahme einer geistigen Welt macht, mit denen läßt sich ja reden, mit denen kann man sich auseinandersetzen. -— Aber in merkwürdige Töne, in merkwürdige Taten verfallen die Menschen, wenn sie etwas hören von Geisteswissenschaft oder Anthroposophie. Da wird ihnen unbehaglich. Sie geben sich darüber nicht so ganz Rechenschaft, aber das eine ist ihnen klar: damit wollen sie nichts zu tun haben. Da werden sie auch unerbittlich, und da sind sie nicht so ganz nachsichtig, da wird geschimpft und die Geisteswissenschaft hingestellt als etwas Phantastisches, Erträumtes und Willkürliches. Und selbst die, welche noch von oben herunter zuweilen eine Nachsicht haben mit andern idealistischen Richtungen, der Geisteswissenschaft gegenüber verhalten sie sich doch so, daß fast der Goethesche Ausspruch zuschanden wird: «Den Teufel spürt das Völkchen nie, und wenn er sie beim Kragen hätte! », weil sie da die Anthroposophie so empfinden, als wenn es schon der leibhaftige Teufel wäre. Sie sagen es oft nicht, aber es ist so, ist ganz merkwürdig so.
Man kann heute hinweisen auf einen Fall, der sich in unsern Reihen selber zugetragen hat, kann deshalb darauf hinweisen, weil er jetzt schon durch deutsche Zeitungen geht. Da hatte einer der Unsrigen an einer nordischen Universität eine Abhandlung als Doktotschrift eingereicht über das «Verhältnis des Ich zum Denken». Wäre er in der glücklichen Lage gewesen, in der ich selber war, bevor ich unter dem Namen «Theosophie» die Weltanschauung vertreten habe, die ich jetzt vertrete, als ich meine «Philosophie der Freiheit» schrieb, so würden die Menschen ja keine Ahnung, ich sage, keine «falsche » Ahnung haben, daß in dieser Abhandlung das Verhältnis des Ich zum Denken eine Beziehung zur Theosophie habe. Denn gar nichts kommt darin über Theosophie vor, so wenig wie in meiner «Wahrheit und Wissenschaft » und in der «Philosophie der Freiheit » etwas von Theosophie vorkommt. In diesen beiden Schriften haben die Menschen gar nicht geahnt, was dahintersteckt, haben auch nichts geredet, und die Dinge haben zuweilen einemerkwürdig günstige Beurteilung erfahren. Ich konnte das so recht prüfen. Eines Tages wurde ich auf Grund meiner Goethe-Schriften aufgefordert, das Kapitel über Goethes Verhältnis zur Naturwissenschaft zu schreiben. Das Werk erschien lange Zeit nicht, das Manuskript lag lange beim Herausgeber. Es war dazumal fast eine Selbstverständlichkeit, daß mir dieses Kapitel übertragen war, und es zweifelte auch keiner der in Betracht kommenden Menschen daran, daß dieses Kapitel gerade von mir geschrieben werden sollte. Aber da geschah etwas Merkwürdiges: Ich hatte angefangen, das Wort Theosophie auszusprechen, ja, ich war sogar offiziell innerhalb der theosophischen Bewegung aufgetreten - und die Abhandlung wurde mir als «unbrauchbar» zurückgeschickt!
Sie sehen, welche inneren Gründe da spielen. Da kann man die Dinge abfangen, welche da mitspielen: wäre unser Freund nicht Theosoph, so würden die Menschen nicht verkannt haben, daß da eine logisch dialektische Abhandlung vorliegt über das Verhältnis des Ich zum Denken. Aber nun ist jene Universitätsstadt, wo sich das zugetragen hat, nicht so groß, man wußte, daß der Betreffende ein Theosoph ist, und nun war seine Arbeit unbrauchbar für die Gelehrten, die noch dazu Experimentalpsychologen sind, die da sagen: Gesetze erkennen wir nur da an, wo der äußere Zwang herrscht. — Wenn jemand aber Gesetze anerkennt, wo kein äußerer Zwang herrscht, wie ja bei dem Verhältnis des Ich zum Denken kein äußerer Zwang herrschen kann, so ist der Betreffende von vornherein zurückgewiesen. Kurz, die Abhandlung unseres Freundes wurde zurückgewiesen. Es wurde aber noch etwas anderes gemacht. Diese Abhandlung ist ja in einer nordischen Sprache geschrieben, die nur sehr wenige kennen, und da schickte man sie nun an einen alten deutschen Gelehrten, der «zufällig» diese nordische Sprache kennt - ich sage dies absichtlich. Dem alten Herrn mutete man ja viel Philosophie zu; aber man konnte nicht das voraussetzen, was in diesem Falle günstig war: daß der Betreffende nicht Theosoph war!
So hat er also sein Urteil abgegeben, hat es objektiv abgegeben, und siehe da: es wurde ein außerordentlich günstiges Urteil.
Solcher Geschichten reihte sich an diese Abhandlung noch eine an, und worauf es dabei ankommt, werden Sie gleich sehen. In diesen Tagen wurde mir ein Ausschnitt aus der «Frankfurter Zeitung» geschickt, wo in einer unglaublichen Weise über diese Sache berichtet wird, so daß man absolut nicht mehr erkennt, worum es sich handelt; denn es wird die Sache geradezu - obwohl sie selbst mit der Theosophie nichts zu tun hat - so dargestellt, als ob nun an einer nordischen Universität über Theosophie gestritten wird! Nicht über Theosophie, sondern über einen ganz anderen Punkt! Und das dürfte nicht verschleiert werden. Darüber nämlich: ob es noch möglich ist, irgendwo eine Bresche zu schießen gegen die Intoleranz, von der wir gesprochen haben. Über das, worauf es eigentlich ankommt, darüber wird nicht gesprochen. Da spielen eben andere Gründe mit, und so werden Sie die kuriosesten Entstellungen über solche Vorgänge finden.
Ich erwähne es, damit Sie die Sache wissen und beurteilen können, und weil so etwas immer wieder und wieder vorkommt und sich selbst unter den Theosophen Leute finden, die es ernst nehmen und sagen: Da oder dort ist etwas Spirituelles -, während Sie darüber belehrt sein sollten, daß sie das, was als ein wirklich neuer Impuls kommen soll, nicht zu suchen haben da oder dort, sondern in derGeisteswissenschaft selber. Denn nur dadurch gedeiht, was die Welt vorwättsbringen soll, wenn es sich in seiner eigenen Kraft erfaßt. Und so muß sich der Mensch erfassen in seiner eigenen Kraft, um dennoch die Welt in ihrer scheinbaren Zufälligkeit als sinnvoll und gottdurchdrungen zu durchschauen. Dieser Impuls muß aus der Geisteswissenschaft heraus gegeben werden. Wie muß er gegeben werden? So, daß die Menschen erkennen werden, daß einmal im Laufe der Menschheitsentwickelung der Zeitpunkt da war, der jetzt eben neu erkannt werden soll, auf den uns unter anderem so bedeutungsvoll im Markus-Evangelium hingedeutet wird, der damals eingetreten ist, jetzt aber für das menschliche Bewußtsein erobert werden soll, auf den im Markus-Evangelium im ersten Kapitel mit den Worten hingedeutet wird: «Es ist erfüllt der Inhalt der alten Zeit, und herbeigekommen ist das Reich der Himmel; erkennt euch und schauet hin auf dasjenige, was aus der neuen Botschaft fließt!» Und dann wird, wenige Stellen weiter, merkwürdig gesprochen von dem Christus Jesus. Es handelt sich wahrhaftig in unserer Gemeinschaft nicht darum, ein orthodoxes Dogma zu vertreten, sondern darauf hinzuweisen, wie an einer Stelle der Menschheitsentwickelung der Impuls eingetreten ist, der jetzt zur Stärkung der inneren Kräfte führen muß, durch den das menschliche Ich sich erkennt, aber auch in der Welt sich selbst schauen lernt und in sich selbst hineintragen lernt, was sonst nur als blinder Zufall erscheint. Warum spricht zu dem Menschen aus den Naturerscheinungen heraus kein Zufall? Warum spricht er da von Gesetzmäßigkeit? Das ist aus dem Grunde, weil nach dem Ablauf der Saturn-, Sonnen- und Mondenentwickelung eingegriffen haben die Geister der Form, die Exusiai. Und wenn Naturgesetze sich offenbaren, so sind das keine abstrakten Gesetze, sondern es sind im spirituellen Sinne die Taten der Exusiai, der Geister der Form. Und indem der Mensch hineinschaut in den Ablauf der Naturereignisse, schaut er in den Naturgesetzen die Taten der Exusiai. Aber zusammengesunken ist der Mensch in seinem Mut. Und da, wo die Exusiai nicht sprechen, wo sie nicht handgreiflich hinweisen auf das, was sie in die Naturtatsachen hineingelegt haben, da ahnt der Mensch nichts mehr davon, daß dort auch Geistiges als die Gesetzmäßigkeit spricht. Dahin aber muß es kommen, daß der Mensch von den Ereignissen, die er heute noch in das Reich des Zufalls wirft, so sprechen lernt, wie in den Naturtatsachen die Exusiai sprechen. Zusammengeklappt in seinem Mut ist der Mensch. Wie lernt er nur sprechen über das, was als Menschenschicksal durch die Menschheit zieht? Nur wie die «Grammatiker», die nur die Worte aufzählen und keinen Zusammenhang suchen, und gar oft glauben, daß keine wirkende und lebendige Kraft darinnen wäre. Der Mensch aber muß lernen nicht nur in den Naturtatsachen, in den Taten der Exusiai einen Zusammenhang zu sehen, sondern er muß auch durch einen inneren Impuls so sprechen lernen über die Ereignisse in der Menschheit, wie wenn die Exusiai auch sprechen würden in dem, was ihm heute als Zufälligkeit erscheint. Damit aber das geschehen kann, mußte Einer kommen, der nicht spricht wie die, welche nichts wissen von den scheinbaren Zufälligkeiten. Der da kommen mußte, der mußte sprechen nicht wie die Grammatiker, sondern wie die Exusiai aus den Naturtatsachen sprechen. So sprach der Christus aus dem Jesus. Und das zeigt uns das Evangelium in einer wunderbaren Weise an, indem es uns nicht bloß in abstrakter Weise sagt: «Und sie entsetzten sich über seiner Lehre», sondern indem es gleich hinzufügt: «...denn er lehrte, wie die Exusiai lehren», ἦν γὰρ διδάσκων αὐτοὺς ὡς ἐξουσίαν ἔχων, (ēn gar didaskōn autous hōs exousian echōn). Wo lehren die Exusiai? In den Naturtatsachen! So, mit derselben Naturnotwendigkeit sprach der Christus aus dem Jesus über das, was er zu sagen hatte über die scheinbar nicht durch Naturgesetze beherrschten Reiche.
Das ist der Impuls, der hineinkommen muß in die Menschen. Dann werden sie den Mut finden, in den heutigen Zufälligkeiten das Reich der spirituellen Gesetzmäßigkeit kennenzulernen und nach und nach darüber so sprechen zu lernen, wie die Exusiai, wie die Geister der Form in den Naturtatsachen sprechen. Das war der große Osterimpuls der Menschheit, daß in dem Jesus von Nazareth etwas lebte, was da sprach mit derjenigen inneren Notwendigkeit, mit der sonst die Naturgesetze in den Naturtatsachen sprechen, von dem irdischen Mineralreich bis oben hinauf über das Reich der Wolken in das Reich der Sterne hinein. So sprach der Christus in dem Jesus von Nazareth! Und wenn der Mensch die Möglichkeit findet, seinen Mut anzufeuern durch diesen Impuls, dann wird er die einheitliche Gesetzmäßigkeit in allen Tatsachen des Weltgeschehens erkennen, in den Naturtatsachen und auch in den Geistestatsachen, von denen man glaubt, daß dort der Zufall spielt. Das ist das Neue, daß die Menschen, abgesehen von allen Vorurteilen, verstehen lernen müssen, worin das Gewaltige des Christus-Impulses besteht und worüber hinaus sie der ChristusImpuls heben kann. Mit solchen Gedanken schreiten wir entgegen demjenigen Fest, das man als Erinnerungsfest an jene Tatsache bezeichnet, durch welche erkannt wurde im Laufe der Menschheitsentwickelung, daß ein solcher Impuls der Menschheit zuteil geworden ist. Es wird mancherlei von dem, was gerade im heutigen Vortrage gesagt worden ist, ganz gut verwertet werden können als eine Art Ostermeditation, und Sie werden dann verspüren, daß das, was aus einer solchen Betrachtung wie der heutigen hineinfließt in die Seele, nützlich sein kann für die Stimmung, die den Menschen dem Osterfeste entgegenbringen kann, wie das auch in unserem Seelenkalender charakterisiert worden ist.
Third Lecture
I would like to begin today's discussion with the word “chance.” We speak in many different ways about certain events in the external world being explainable by the fact that they follow laws, that we recognize certain laws, natural laws, in them, while other events are described in such a way that people actually say: He recognizes no law as to why this or that happened at a particular moment in time; he can only acknowledge chance in the sequence of events as it appears before his eyes. In particular, our present science will be inclined, wherever the abstract and purely intellectual laws which it alone recognizes and which it calls laws of nature are insufficient, to speak of mere chance, that is, of something in relation to which it is absolutely forbidden to assume any lawfulness whatsoever. Contemporary science strictly forbids speaking of any kind of lawfulness precisely where it speaks of chance, where its laws do not apply. For, as is evident in general and in particular, there is hardly anything more intolerant in the entire history of mankind than precisely that which is built up on facts as a scientific attitude. Not the facts of science, for they cannot be intolerant, and we also attribute the greatest merit to contemporary science in relation to the presentation of facts. The materialistic attitude of our time is one of the most intolerant things that has ever befallen humanity in the course of time.
If we now look at chance emotionally in the sense of our spiritual science, we first ask ourselves: How does chance approach human beings? How does what we call chance present itself to human beings? When it occurs, it presents itself as if human beings, out of their thoughts, out of their ideas of whatever kind, could not presume to attribute a meaning, an inner lawfulness, to this chance. It appears as if human reason must simply let chance take its course as it presents itself and cannot concern itself with whether there is any lawfulness in this chance. This is especially true of those coincidences that seem to fall into human life as seemingly inexplicable, so that people, with their reason and intellect, do not really want to come to terms with them. Strangely enough, people behave differently with their feelings, and this is something that is not taken into account at present, but which is nevertheless deeply instructive: feelings cannot always be mastered by the prejudices of the intellect and reason in the way they appear, but arise — as you can see from numerous public lectures and lectures on the branches of science — from hidden depths of the soul that are even more intelligent than the human intellect and reason. Thus it happens that people are struck by what the mind and reason call chance, but which nevertheless attracts or repels them in their feelings, making them feel pleasant or unpleasant. Let us take just one specific case, which you will not deny has occurred to you many times in a similar way in your life. Let us take the case of a student sitting and sweating over some arithmetic problem; he sits there terribly and sweats because he cannot find the solution to this arithmetic problem. But after sitting and sweating for a long time, he has finally solved it and is now happy that he has arrived at a result. But he says to himself: If I want to be absolutely sure that I won't have to repeat the year and get a bad grade, I have to check this problem again! — and he prepares himself to check it again after he has eaten his dinner. Then, quite by chance, through something completely unrelated, a classmate of the student comes in and asks, “What did you figure out?” They compare their answers and they match, and the student is spared what would otherwise have been his fate. He is now free, does not have to spend another hour sitting and sweating, and can go straight to bed. If the father is an “enlightened” man, he will say: The other student did not rush in to save my son an hour that might have been harmful to his health, but was sent by his mother to bring me this or that which I had forgotten. So the father calls it a coincidence. But can you deny, which you will not deny, that the student feels quite pleasant, even if he does not believe that an angel brought this classmate to him? He will be quite pleasantly touched by it in his feelings, quite differently from what his intellect and reason might say. The father will certainly not be inclined to believe that an angel from heaven sent this classmate to his son, but he will nevertheless be sympathetically touched by it.
This is what I mean when I say that feeling can be wiser when it arises from the hidden depths of the soul than intellect and reason, which are supposed to develop independently in the course of the earthly mission, so that they are dependent on themselves as if abandoned by God and therefore easily fall into error, that in what presents itself to them there is no divine-spiritual lawfulness, but that in fact there is nothing living in it at all. So we may say: What rises up from the depths of our soul, whereby we are, as in this case, more intelligent in feeling than in intellect and reason, points out to us very clearly that the assertion of spiritual science is correct, that what lies hidden in the depths of the soul and rises up as feeling from these hidden depths originates from that epoch in which human beings were not yet left to their own devices, and that what speaks in our feelings as sympathy and antipathy still originates from the ancient lunar epoch. So that human beings in their intellect and reason must first become as intelligent in the course of Earth's development as they have become in their feelings through the ancient lunar development. Now someone may say: I have wisely noticed that feelings are not always entirely intelligent, that they can also be very stupid. This stems from the fact that our feelings as earthly human beings are already influenced by our intellect and reason, which already have an effect on our feelings, so that when they become stupid, it is only because they are influenced by intellect and reason. If it were not already influenced by the general conditions of incarnation and by the general development of humanity, then it would actually be the more intelligent part of the human being that would be opposed to reason and intellect, which are the more stupid parts.
When we look at the matter in this way, something very peculiar to chance emerges, which is extremely instructive. We could even raise the question: Is it not sensible that human beings can view certain things in this way, if they want to view them in this way, that they call them chance? Is that not perhaps sensible? The question could very well be raised, and it does not prove to be meaningless when we consider that in the course of earthly evolution, humans are supposed to develop understanding and reason, what we call our normal consciousness. At the end of Earth's development, they should be so far along that they can see the lawfulness in those facts that they still consider random today. That is why they still appear random to them today. They cannot yet directly discern the law in them, as they can in necessary natural events; their lawfulness is still hidden from them. But human beings will learn precisely in what what conceals the lawfulness during the earth's evolution and thus proves to be chance, to recognize a deeper lawfulness, a lawfulness which, when the earth's evolution has come to an end, will actually impose itself with the same necessity as the laws of nature now impose themselves, but only when the earth's evolution has come to an end. If what we call chance already confronted us as the laws of nature do, human beings would not be able to learn anything from it. They would not be able to decide to say to themselves: You can regard it as meaningful and also as chance! — So, because it is in human hands and in human will to apply understanding and reason to what presents itself as chance, he learns to find his way into earthly incarnations, learns to penetrate with understanding and reason what chance seemingly presents in a disorderly manner, so that what cannot appear to him as rigid, abstract laws must appear as spiritual laws.
Here we see a very wise connection in the becoming of the world which, if we understand it properly, tells us that it is extraordinarily spiritual in the world's existence that certain things come to us as chance; therefore, we must first unravel them ourselves on the threads of a lawfulness that we must first discover in them. And so that we may seize upon ourselves, throw ourselves into the balance in order to advance in our development, it was placed in our will to be either wise or foolish, to recognize a lawfulness even in coincidences or to allow only the rigid laws of nature to apply. Thus, little by little, it will become apparent that, in the course of time, those branches of knowledge will come into being that want to make use only of the external, abstract, intellectual laws of nature and will reject everything else as chance. These external branches of knowledge will appear as activities of the soul life, but if man had looked up with his soul in the sense of the conclusion of Goethe's “Faust” into a higher world and into the vicinity of what is referred to in all mysticism as the “Eternal Feminine,” where the eternal laws of nature and the branches of science are symbolically and mystically represented as feminine, they would prove to be “foolish virgins” at the end of earthly existence. In contrast, in what today claims to be spiritual science, something will develop that will bring lawfulness and wisdom where the foolish virgins, the outer sciences, cannot bring any lawfulness. This will develop into a number of branches of knowledge, and these will be the “wise virgins” at the end of the Earth's development. And the beautiful parable in the Gospel already shows what will happen to the foolish and wise virgins when the times are fulfilled.
These things are always suitable for introducing us into the mysteries of world evolution. But when we connect what we have directly experienced from observing the outer world with some of what we have learned through spiritual science, a very remarkable connection emerges, and I ask you to follow this connection with me in your thoughts.
You know that during their time on earth, human beings will increasingly acquire the content, insights, achievements, and experiences of normal consciousness. But all development proceeds slowly and gradually. And therefore, what will only be normal for human beings in the future will intrude—and is already intruding—into our purely abstract development of reason and understanding, into the mere natural sciences: what intrudes is not merely what originates from normal consciousness, but what has to do with higher forms of consciousness. This is, of course, something that must be veiled from normal consciousness, but which points to the deeper background of existence. It is therefore natural that wherever something protrudes that transcends normal consciousness, it will also become apparent in a remarkable way that cannot be easily dismissed as chance. Or, in other words, as long as human beings function in social life with only normal consciousness, one can easily speak of chance. Just consider life. If you interact with each other as human beings in such a way that you do not claim that anything other than what reason and intellect can bring into human interaction through speech and action plays a role, then you will be able to speak lightly of chance. For then everything in human coexistence and in external facts that cannot be penetrated by a certain lawfulness will appear as chance, so that it will be difficult to discover how even in the seemingly random there is a real lawful connection. But let us assume that something enters our earthly life that breaks through the ordinary human interaction based solely on intellect and reason, something that is more than just intellect and reason in human coexistence. And so that you may see what I mean, I would like to cite a specific case, which I ask you to regard as a case that actually occurred in life and from which we can learn many things by means of spiritual science. Let us take a rather harsh, unpleasant, indeed ugly case, from which we can learn, as if from an experiment, what really happens.
It happened in a certain place that a pastor stole a wife from her husband. The pastor had developed a kind of love affair with this woman, and the husband was extremely unhappy about this. Now there were two people in the same place who were friends and who were fond of the pastor, not only through their intellect and reason, but also through their feelings. They were under his spell because he influenced them not only through his intellect and reason, but also through religious worship, through the spiritual life of religion. The fact that this worship did not work particularly well in this case is not important here, but rather the means to which the two resorted and the fact that the pastor was the spiritual advisor of these two. And it came to the point where the two friends wanted to do something good for the pastor and discussed how to get rid of the husband by any means necessary. In this respect, the case is ugly because the spiritual element is mixed with the selfish human element; in a sense, it becomes a kind of black magic. So the two friends discussed murdering the husband, and they did it. The two had thus incurred a heavy guilt, not only through their rational decision, but also through the presence of a psychological element that permeated the community. So we have the strange case that in a human context we have not only what is within the mind and reason, but also what is behind the mind and reason; we have it at work because the pastor was a pastor and worked with the means of spiritual life. What can we now expect, given the spiritual scientific premises we have already acquired? Since events are causes and as such have consequences, we can expect that something else will follow what has happened. In most cases where something happens that has to do only with intellect and reason, you will find many so-called coincidences. These coincidences will manifest themselves in life in such a way that you will easily dismiss them as coincidences if you have not yet been touched by spiritual science. But people will not be able to dismiss as coincidences those effects in life that follow from causes in which spiritual and psychic forces have played a part. Two friends had committed murder together. We must therefore expect that in this case karma was particularly effective and would compel us, by the way it occurred, not to think of it as mere coincidence. So something special must have happened if, as in this case, such a thing was the cause: an influence, so to speak, that could be described with words such as gray or black magic. And lo and behold, what really happened? Curiously, the two murderers fell ill, with two different diseases, and both died at the same hour! Anyone who wants to speak of coincidence will, of course, want to speak of coincidence here as well. But anyone who does not want to speak only of coincidence will be tempted to think a little deeper. And what has been cited as this striking example will be confirmed many times over if you are willing to really examine where in life you can suspect that something else is at work than what belongs exclusively to the earthly mission and earthly consciousness, where something is at work that has its origins beyond the sphere of existence, which, more or less through its strange external course, already points to something abnormal, as the ordinary person would say. But anyone observing from the standpoint of spiritual science would say: It is as if it were being pointed out with one's fingers that, because there is a different meaning in the causes, the effects also show themselves to be particularly meaningful in their karmic course.
So we see that when we consider the workings of the supersensible behind the sensible, we are already pointed to this by the very way in which the phenomena, the external facts, appear to us: there is something different about these external facts than about those that do not unfold in such a way that the supersensible plays a part in them. It would be extremely desirable if, for once, external science would investigate something other than all the unnecessary things that are so numerous in science today and which the in a certain sense spiritual aesthetician Friedrich Theodor Vischer once castigated by saying: There was once a scholar who rummaged around in Goethe's house and examined all the dust that had accumulated there over the years, and all the papers that had been lying in the wastebaskets for a long time, then went into all sorts of remote rooms, knocked over foul-smelling rubbish bins, and then produced a treatise on 'The connection between the frostbite on Mrs. Goethe's feet and the symbolic allegorical figures in the second part of Faust'. — That is somewhat radical. But something similar can be found in the book catalogues published about the most learned treatises. It would be useful for external science if, instead of what V-Vischer wanted to characterize, it would use things that clearly show that in events that we are inclined to consider chance, there is something at work that already shows us in the way it presents itself that in such events, where man submerges into the psychic, the meaning also comes to the fore in a striking way. Of course, it also comes to the fore in what we so lightly call chance; only it is not so easy to see there, and spiritual observation must be added if the working of the law that is everywhere present is to be seen in it. And then we see in what appears to us as the opposite of lawfulness, in what appears to us as chance, even if we only look at our own lives, the collision of two worlds, indeed the collision of two worlds. What is that actually?
Human beings have a mission to fulfill on earth, which means that they must develop what we now call normal consciousness. Through the wise structure of the world, they therefore have the opportunity to view a very large sphere of events as chance. It is thus, in a sense, up to them to introduce lawfulness into it. But there is never just one current, there are always several currents. We see how the spiritual plays a part everywhere, that is, the spiritual in which human beings also participate. There would also be something spiritual in an external event of the kind described if the person in question had not been a pastor; but then he would not have been placed in this factual context. I therefore believe that human beings, through the development of their souls, are themselves involved in the spiritual. This is what is clearly evident alongside the intellectual and rational currents in the world. Both currents always play a role in our lives. You must not believe, for example, that those who present themselves as monists, that is, as materialists, are always completely independent of the spiritual or believe nothing at all, as they assume. The whole of monism is nothing but a belief; it is only a matter of the fact that it is a belief which obscures the spiritual in relation to the essence of the human being. So that it is really a matter of seeing through Maya in such things. It is, of course, difficult to see through Maya when human prejudice is involved. When one is deeply immersed in Maya, it is not easy to see through it. Anyone who today stands on a historical materialistic point of view will perhaps say: The development of humanity is such that certain purely materialistic opposites in human coexistence will lead to some kind of collapse, and out of this collapse a new social order will arise. We know that such a premise is made in the current of historical materialism. It has been prophesied that development will proceed in such a way that the opposition of classes and estates will bring about a collapse of the social order, and out of this a kind of new foundation of society will then develop. Such a historical materialist will certainly admit that he believes in nothing, but bases himself solely on historical facts, and he will say with a certain inner satisfaction, even bliss: What strange fellows they were who spoke of the apocalypse, of a thousand-year kingdom, and so on, who spoke of a different configuration of the future arising from the spiritual world! He will look down on them as backward prophets. But he has no idea that he is merely adopting the beliefs of others, that he is replacing spiritualistic belief with materialistic belief. Only those who seek the truth must see through this; they must increasingly overcome the Maya.
Thus, in the manner indicated, two worlds collide within us, one that is connected only with the intellect and reason, as they arise from the earthly mission, and the other that is connected with spiritual events that are grouped in such a way that, even in their randomness, they speak for themselves in a striking manner, as was the case in the example mentioned, which we could multiply by countless other examples.
What is it, then, that can lead us to remain with what is entirely in accordance with the mission of the earth: to introduce lawfulness into chance through our own arbitrariness, so that we really build on what a wise world development has given us, so that we can regard certain things as coincidental, and then, when we are wiser, want to impose lawfulness on them? What is it that makes us introduce regularity in this way? Let us take a look, without sparing the current weaknesses, at what is before us.People today will boldly and scientifically venture into the laws of nature and encase the facts of nature in such laws. People are bold in this respect. Why are they bold? It may be harsh, but it is true in a certain sense: people are bold because nothing more is required! It takes no particular courage to recognize natural laws, to presuppose laws where external facts speak so clearly. Today, we would even be inclined to accord greater respect to those who deny natural laws than to those who acknowledge them. If someone were to say, “People say there are laws of nature, but that could just be coincidence,” we would perhaps show them more respect, because it would be a radically bold decision to assume mere coincidence in the realm of lawfulness. Nietzsche was close to viewing everything as chance. So someone could say: If the sun has risen every day so far, this could also be based on chance, and people would be no less justified in viewing the daily rising of the sun as chance than other events. — That could be strong, it could be courageous, but it would of course be wrong. But recognizing the laws of nature that operate in chemical and physical processes is a courage that people have, and it should not be denied them; but it is cheap. For the world cannot easily be regarded as mere chance insofar as one is dealing with natural facts. But courage evaporates in the face of things that are usually called chance, where man should be strong—namely, in the face of chance—and should say to himself: Here, in a certain sphere, I am confronted with events that seem to come together in a meaningless way; I will seek a deeper meaning in them. — To carry meaning into external randomness would mean to confront the external signs with a strong soul, so that courage would also endure in the face of seemingly random events. Thus, today's fantasizing about chance stems from an inner weakness, because human beings do not dare to recognize a law in the things they today call chance. This is something that can be described as scientific cowardice, as the cowardice of science in the face of chance: standing still and not having the courage to bring laws into what presents itself as mere chaotic confusion, because the law does not offer itself and compel us to bring it in out of inner courage. Therefore, the courageous, strong, bold science of the spirit, which enlivens the inner soul in such a way that law and order are brought into the apparent chaos of chance, must oppose the timid science that today wants to extend itself merely to the laws of nature. And that is the side of spiritual science of which one must say: Man should become strong through it, so that he does not merely recognize laws where external circumstances compel him to strength and courage, but also where he must call upon his inner self to speak as otherwise only natural events speak to him with their compulsion. Nature is complete, it is there. Man stands opposite it. Chance stands beside nature and everywhere within nature. Man himself is woven into this chance, and a large part of what he calls his destiny lies in the laws of this chance. What must happen? What must happen must be answered today. Something must happen that in fact is not even suspected in many quarters of the outer, exoteric world today, something of which people have no conception whatsoever. For what could happen to happen, there needs to be a stimulation of the impulse that drives outward scientific activity, a stimulation that cannot come from this outward scientific activity alone, that cannot possibly come from it. An influence on this outer science is needed from spiritual research. For outer science, because it allows itself to be constrained by its own laws, cannot muster the courage necessary to look into the realm of apparent coincidences and see spiritual laws. This is connected with what has often been mentioned here, namely that spiritual science, if it is to be taken seriously, must listen to a new impulse that at the same time points to a kindling of the human soul's courage, which must lead to something entirely new entering the world: even if this new thing is nothing other than the rediscovery of the same impulse that has been given to humanity, but has been given more or less unconsciously and must be brought to consciousness in our age. One can see everywhere that a new impulse must come. But those who do not want this new impulse also notice it. They notice it quite clearly, but they sometimes give themselves account of it in a very strange way. They do not say it directly. But the strange thing is that all those who do not have the courage to do what has now been described are still able to come to terms with all kinds of philosophical and other arguments about the spiritual world, which still compromise a little with what is the prevailing natural attitude. Here and there they will find commendable indulgence for everything that points to a spiritual world, but which can still, in a certain way, be tolerated when thrown together with everything else that people otherwise like and that can still be displayed among decent, scientifically minded people: but somewhere an exception is made. Those who truly believe that they have the right to judge “unconditionally” will say: Yes, those who represent an idealistic philosophy that makes a general, rational assumption about a spiritual world—with them, one can talk, one can argue. But people fall into strange ways of thinking and acting when they hear something about spiritual science or anthroposophy. It makes them uncomfortable. They don't quite understand why, but one thing is clear to them: they want nothing to do with it. They become relentless and not very forgiving, they rant and rave and portray spiritual science as something fantastical, dreamt up and arbitrary. And even those who occasionally show some leniency towards other idealistic movements from their lofty heights behave towards spiritual science in such a way that Goethe's saying is almost rendered meaningless: “The little people never feel the devil, even when he has them by the throat!” because they perceive anthroposophy as if it were the devil incarnate. They often do not say so, but it is so, and it is quite remarkable.
Today we can point to a case that occurred in our own ranks, and we can point to it because it is already appearing in German newspapers. One of our own submitted a dissertation to a Nordic university on “The Relationship of the Ego to Thinking.” Had he been in the fortunate position in which I myself was before I began to represent the worldview I now represent under the name of “theosophy” when I wrote my “Philosophy of Freedom,” people would have no idea, I say, no “false” idea, that in this treatise the relationship of the ego to thinking has a connection with theosophy. For there is nothing in it about theosophy, just as there is nothing about theosophy in my “Truth and Science” and in the “Philosophy of Freedom.” In these two writings, people had no idea what lay behind them, said nothing about them, and the things were sometimes judged in a strangely favorable light. I was able to verify this quite clearly. One day, on the basis of my writings on Goethe, I was asked to write a chapter on Goethe's relationship to natural science. The work did not appear for a long time; the manuscript lay with the publisher for a long time. At that time, it was almost a matter of course that I was entrusted with this chapter, and none of the people who came into consideration doubted that this chapter should be written by me. But then something strange happened: I had begun to use the word “theosophy,” and I had even appeared officially within the theosophical movement—and the treatise was sent back to me as “unusable”!
You can see the inner reasons at work here. One can discern the factors that played a role: if our friend had not been a theosophist, people would not have failed to recognize that this was a logical dialectical treatise on the relationship between the self and thought. But now, the university town where this happened is not so large, people knew that the person in question was a theosophist, and so his work was useless to the scholars, who are also experimental psychologists, who say: We only recognize laws where external compulsion prevails. But if someone recognizes laws where no external compulsion prevails, as is the case with the relationship between the ego and thinking, where no external compulsion can prevail, then the person in question is rejected from the outset. In short, our friend's treatise was rejected. But something else was done. This treatise is written in a Nordic language that very few people know, and so it was sent to an old German scholar who “happened” to know this Nordic language—I say this deliberately. The old gentleman was credited with a great deal of philosophical knowledge, but one could not assume what was favorable in this case: that the person in question was not a theosophist!
So he gave his opinion, gave it objectively, and lo and behold: it was an extremely favorable opinion.
This treatise was followed by a series of similar stories, and you will soon see what is important here. Recently, I was sent an excerpt from the Frankfurter Zeitung, which reports on this matter in such an unbelievable way that it is absolutely impossible to recognize what it is about; for although the matter has nothing to do with Theosophy, it is presented as if there were now a dispute about Theosophy at a Nordic university! Not about theosophy, but about something completely different! And that should not be obscured. Namely, whether it is still possible to break through the intolerance we have been talking about. What really matters is not being discussed. Other reasons are at play here, and so you will find the most curious distortions of such events.
I mention this so that you may know and judge for yourselves, and because such things happen again and again, and even among theosophists there are people who take them seriously and say: Here or there is something spiritual — whereas you should be taught that what is to come as a truly new impulse is not to be sought here or there, but in spiritual science itself. For only in this way can what the world is destined to bring forth flourish when it grasps itself in its own power. And so human beings must grasp themselves in their own power in order to see through the apparent randomness of the world and recognize it as meaningful and permeated by God. This impulse must come from spiritual science. How must it be given? In such a way that people will recognize that there was a time in the course of human evolution, which is now to be recognized anew, which is pointed to so meaningfully in the Gospel of Mark, among other places, which occurred at that time but must now be conquered for human consciousness, which is pointed to in the first chapter of the Gospel of Mark with the words: “The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of heaven is at hand; recognize yourselves and look to that which flows from the new message!” And then, a few lines further on, there is a remarkable statement about Christ Jesus. It is truly not a matter in our community of representing an orthodox dogma, but of pointing out how, at a certain point in human evolution, an impulse entered which must now lead to the strengthening of the inner forces through which the human ego recognizes itself, but also learns to see itself in the world and to carry within itself what otherwise appears only as blind chance. Why does chance not speak to human beings from natural phenomena? Why does he speak of lawfulness? It is because, after the course of the Saturn, Sun, and Moon evolutions, the spirits of form, the Exusiai, intervened. And when natural laws reveal themselves, they are not abstract laws, but in a spiritual sense they are the deeds of the Exusiai, the spirits of form. And when humans look into the course of natural events, they see in the laws of nature the deeds of the Exusiai. But humans have lost their courage. And where the Exusiai do not speak, where they do not point tangibly to what they have placed in the facts of nature, humans no longer suspect that something spiritual is speaking there as lawfulness. But it must come to pass that human beings learn to speak about the events that they still attribute to chance in the same way that the Exusiai speak in the facts of nature. Human beings are cowering in their courage. How can they learn to speak about what passes through humanity as human destiny? Only like the “grammarians” who merely list words and seek no connection, and often believe that there is no effective and living force within them. But man must learn not only to see a connection in the facts of nature, in the deeds of the Exusiai, but he must also learn, through an inner impulse, to speak about the events in humanity as if the Exusiai themselves were speaking in what today appear to him as chance. But for this to happen, one had to come who did not speak like those who know nothing of apparent coincidences. He who had to come had to speak not like the grammarians, but like the exusiai speak from the facts of nature. Thus spoke Christ from Jesus. And the Gospel shows us this in a wonderful way, not merely telling us in an abstract way, “And they were astonished at his teaching,” but immediately adding, “...for he taught them as one having authority,” ἦν γὰρ διδάσκων αὐτοὺς ὡς ἐξουσίαν ἔχων, (ēn gar didaskōn autous hōs exousian echōn). Where do the Exusiai teach? In the facts of nature! Thus, with the same natural necessity, Christ spoke through Jesus about what he had to say about the realms that were apparently not governed by natural laws.
This is the impulse that must enter into human beings. Then they will find the courage to recognize the realm of spiritual lawfulness in today's coincidences and gradually learn to speak about it as the Exusiai do, as the spirits of form speak in the facts of nature. That was the great Easter impulse for humanity, that something lived in Jesus of Nazareth that spoke with the same inner necessity with which the laws of nature speak in the facts of nature, from the earthly mineral kingdom up to the realm of the clouds and into the realm of the stars. Thus spoke Christ in Jesus of Nazareth! And when human beings find the opportunity to stir up their courage through this impulse, they will recognize the unified lawfulness in all facts of world events, in the facts of nature and also in the facts of the spirit, where one believes that chance plays a role. This is the new thing that people, setting aside all prejudices, must learn to understand: what is so powerful about the Christ impulse and what the Christ impulse can lift them beyond. With such thoughts we are approaching the festival that commemorates the fact that, in the course of human evolution, it was recognized that such an impulse has been given to humanity. Much of what has been said in today's lecture can be used very well as a kind of Easter meditation, and you will then feel that what flows into the soul from such a contemplation as today's can be useful for the mood that people can bring to the Easter festival, as has also been characterized in our soul calendar.